Problem 4.

4: Gauss Elimination Method

Solve the following system of equations using the Gauss elimination method.
Given system of equations:
2x₁ + x₂ − x₃ + 2x₄ = 0
x₁ − 2x₂ + x₃ − 4x₄ = 3
3x₁ − x₂ − 2x₃ − x₄ = −3
−x₁ + 2x₂ + x₃ − 2x₄ = 13
The system of equations in matrix form is:
2 1 −1 2 x1 0
1 −2 1 −4 x2 3
[ ] [x ] = [ ]
3 −1 −2 −1 3 −3
−1 2 1 −2 x4 13
a21 1 a31 3 a −1
With m21 = = = 0.5, m31 = = = 1.5, m41 = 41 = = −0.5, the
a11 2 a11 2 a11 2
first pass with Gaussian elimition yields:
2 1 −1 2 x1 0
0 −2.5 1.5 −5 2 x 3
[ ] [x ] = [ ]
0 −2.5 −0.5 −4 3 −3
0 2.5 0.5 −1 x4 13
a′32 −2.5 a′42 2.5
Next, with m32 = = = 1, m42 = = = −1, the second pass with
a′22 −2.5 a′22 −2.5
Gaussian elimination yields:
2 1 −1 2 x1 0
0 −2.5 1.5 −5 x2 3
[ ] [x ] = [ ]
0 0 −2 1 3 −6
0 0 2 −6 x4 16
a′′
43 2
Next, with m43 = = = −1, the third pass with Gaussian elimination
a′′
33 −2
yields:
2 1 −1 2 x1 0
0 −2.5 1.5 −5 x2 3
[ ] [x ] = [ ]
0 0 −2 1 3 −6
0 0 0 −5 x4 10
10 −6−1(−2)
Using back substitution, x4 = = −2, x3 = = 2, x2 =
−5 −2
3−(−5)(−2)−(1.5)(2) 0−(2)(−2)−(−1)(2)−(1)(4)
= 4, x1 = = 1. Thus, the solution is
−2.5 2
[x1 x2 x3 x4 ] = [1 4 2 −2]
Problem 4.9: Gauss–Jordan Elimination Method
Solve the following system of equations using the Gauss–Jordan elimination
method.
Given system of equations:
4x₁ + 3x₂ + 2x₃ + x₄ = 17
2x₁ − x₂ + 2x₃ − 4x₄ = 11
x₁ + 2x₂ − 2x₃ − x₄ = 8
−2x₁ + 4x₂ + 5x₃ − x₄ = 15
First, form the augmented matrix:
4 3 2 1 17
2 −1 2 −4 11
[ ]
1 2 −2 −1 8
−2 4 5 −1 15
The pivot element a11 = 4. Normalize row 1 by dividing by 4.
1 0.75 0.5 0.25 4.25 ←
2 −1 2 −4 11 ← −(2)[1 0.75 0.5 0.25 4.25]
[ ] =
1 2 −2 −1 8 ← −(1)[1 0.75 0.5 0.25 4.25]
−2 4 5 −1 15 ← −(−2)[1 0.75 0.5 0.25 4.25]
1 0.75 0.5 0.25 4.25
0 −2.5 1 −4.5 2.5
[ ]
0 1,25 −2.5 −1.25 3.75
0 5.5 6 −0.5 23.5
Normalize row 2 by dividing by -2.5 and eliminate above/below:

1 0.75 0.5 0.25 4.25 ← −(0.75)[0 1 −0.4 1.8 −1]

0 1 −0.4 1.8 −1 ←
[ ] =
0 1,25 −2.5 −1.25 3.75 ← −(1.25)[0 1 −0.4 1.8 −1]
0 5.5 6 −0.5 23.5 ← −(5.5)[0 1 −0.4 1.8 −1]
1 0 0.8 −1.1 5
0 1 −0.4 1.8 −1
[ ]
0 0 −2 −3.5 5
0 0 8.2 −10.4 29
Normalize row 3 by dividing by -2 and eliminate above/below:
 1 0 0.8 −1.1 5 ← −(0.8)[0 0 1 1.75 −2.5]
0 1 −0.4 1.8 −1 ← −(−0.4)[0 0 1 1.75 −2.5]
[ ] =
0 0 1 1.75 −2.5 ←
0 0 8.2 −10.4 29 ← −(8.2)[0 0 1 1.75 −2.5]
1 0 0 −2.5 7
0 1 0 2.5 −2
[ ]
0 0 1 1.75 −2.5
0 0 0 −24.75 49.5
Normalize row 4 by dividing by -24.75 and eliminate above:
1 0 0 −2.5 7 ← −(−2.5)[0 0 0 1 −2]
0 1 0 2.5 −2 ← −(2.5)[0 0 0 1 −2]
[ ] =
0 0 1 1.75 −2.5 ← −(1.75)[0 0 0 1 −2]
0 0 0 1 −2 ←
1 0 0 0 2
0 1 0 0 3
[ ]
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 −2
Final solution: x₁ = 2, x₂ = 3, x₃ = 1, x₄ = −2
Chapter 8:
8.1 Finite Difference Formulas of First Derivative
8.1.1 Two-point forward difference formula for first derivative

′(
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f ′′′ (xi ) 3 f (4) (xi ) 4
f(xi+1 ) = f(xi ) + f xi )h + h + h + h +⋯
2! 3! 4!
where h = xi+1 − xi
Note: above is also Taylor series formula of f(xi+1 ).
Rewritten as:

′(
f ′′ (ξ) 2
f(xi+1 ) = f(xi ) + f xi )h + h
2!
where ξ is a value of x between xi and xi+1
′( )
f(xi+1 ) − f(xi ) f ′′ (ξ)
→ f xi = − h
h 2!
f ′′ (ξ)
truncation error = − h = O ( h)
2!
′( )
f(xi+1 ) − f(xi )
→ f xi = + O(h)
h
8.1.2 Two-point backward difference formula for first derivative
′′ ( ) ′′′ ( ) (4) ( )
f x i f x i f xi 4
f(xi−1 ) = f(xi ) − f ′ (xi )h + h2 − h3 + h +⋯
2! 3! 4!
′
f ′′ (ξ) 2
f(xi−1 ) = f(xi ) − f (xi )h + h
2!
′( )
f(xi ) − f(xi−1 ) f ′′ (ξ)
→ f xi = + h
h 2!
f ′′ (ξ)
truncation error = h = O ( h)
2!
f(xi ) − f(xi−1 )
→ f ′ (x i ) = + O(h)
h
8.1.3 Two-point central difference formula for first derivative

′(
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f ′′′ (ξ1 ) 3
f(xi+1 ) = f(xi ) + f xi )h + h + h
2! 3!
′
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f ′′′ (ξ2 ) 3
f(xi−1 ) = f(xi ) − f (xi )h + h − h
2! 3!
′′′ ( ) ′′′ ( )
f ξ 1 f ξ2 3
f(xi+1 ) − f(xi−1 ) = 2f ′ (xi )h + h3 + h
3! 3!
′( )
f(xi+1 ) − f(xi−1 ) f ′′′ (ξ1 ) f ′′′ (ξ2 ) 2
→ f xi = −( + )h
2h 2.3! 2.3!
f(xi+1 ) − f(xi−1 )
→ f ′ (x i ) = + O ( h2 )
2h
f ′′′ (ξ1 ) f ′′′ (ξ2 ) 2
truncation error = − ( + ) h = O(h2 )
2.3! 2.3!
8.1.4 Three-point forward and backward difference formulas for first derivative
Forward:

′(
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f ′′′ (ξ1 ) 3
f(xi+1 ) = f(xi ) + f xi )h + h + h
2! 3!
′
f ′′ (xi ) 2
f ′′′ (ξ2 )
f(xi+2 ) = f(xi ) + f (xi )2h + (2h) + (2h)3
2! 3!
′
f ξ1 3 f ′′′ (ξ2 )
′′′ ( )
4f(xi+1 ) − f(xi+2 ) = 3f(xi ) + 2f (xi )h + 4 h − (2h)3
3! 3!
′ 2
4f(xi+1 ) − f(xi+2 ) = 3f(xi ) + 2f (xi )h − 2hO(h )
−3f(xi ) + 4f(xi+1 ) − f(xi+2 )
f ′ (x i ) = + O(h2 )
2h
Similar, three point backward
 3f(xi ) − 4f(xi−1 ) + f(xi−2 )
f ′ (x i ) = + O(h2 )
2h
Example 8-3: f(x) = x 3 . Calculate the first derivative at point x = 3 numerically
with the 3-point forward difference formula, using:
a. points x = 3, x = 4, x = 5
x 3 4 5
f′(x) 27 64 125
−3f(3) + 4f(4) − f(5) −3.27 + 4.64 − 125
f ′ (3) = = = 25
2.1 2
25 − 27
error = | | . 100% = 7.41%
27
8.2 Finite Difference Formulas of Second Derivative
8.2.1 Three-point central difference formula for the second derivative
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f ′′′ (xi ) 3 f (4) (xi ) 4
′(
f(xi+1 ) = f(xi ) + f xi )h + h + h + h +⋯
2! 3! 4!
′
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f ′′′ (xi ) 3 f (4) (xi ) 4
f(xi−1 ) = f(xi ) − f (xi )h + h − h + h +⋯
2! 3! 4!
f ′′ (xi ) 2 f (4) (xi ) 4
f(xi+1 ) + f(xi−1 ) = 2f(xi ) + 2 h +2 h +⋯
2! 4!
′′ ( )
f(xi−1 ) − 2f(xi ) + f(xi+1 )
f xi = 2
+ O(h2 )
h
8.2.2 Three-point forward and backward difference formula for the second
derivative
Forward:

′′ (
f(xi ) − 2f(xi+1 ) + f(xi+2 )
f xi ) = 2
+ O(h2 )
h
Backward:
f(xi−2 ) − 2f(xi−1 ) + f(xi )
f ′′ (xi ) = 2
+ O(h2 )
h

First derivative
Method Formula Truncatio
n Error
2-point f(xi+1 ) − f(xi ) O(h)
f ′ (x i ) =
forward h
3-point ′(
−3f(xi ) + 4f(xi+1 ) − f(xi+2 ) O ( h2 )
)
f xi =
forward 2h
2-point f(xi ) − f(xi−1 ) O(h)
f ′ (x i ) =
backwar h
d
3-point ′(
3f(xi ) − 4f(xi−1 ) + f(xi−2 ) O ( h2 )
f xi ) =
backwar 2h
d
2-point ′(
f(xi+1 ) − f(xi−1 ) O ( h2 )
)
f xi =
central 2h
4-point ′(
f(xi−2 ) − 8f(xi−1 ) + 8f(xi+1 ) − f(xi+2 ) O(h4 )
f xi ) =
central 12h
Second derivative
Method Formula Truncatio
n Error
3-point f(xi ) − 2f(xi+1 ) + f(xi+2 ) O(h)
f ′′ (xi ) =
forward h2
4-point ′′ (
2f(xi ) − 5f(xi+1 ) + 4f(xi+2 ) − f(xi+3 ) O ( h2 )
f )
xi =
forward h2
3-point f(xi−2 ) − 2f(xi−1 ) + f(xi ) O(h)
f ′′ (xi ) =
backwar h2
d
4-point ′′ (
2f(xi ) − 5f(xi−1 ) + 4f(xi−2 ) − f(xi−3 ) O ( h2 )
f xi ) =
backwar h2
d
3-point ′′ (
f(xi−1 ) − 2f(xi ) + f(xi+1 ) O ( h2 )
f )
xi =
central h2
5-point f ′′ (xi ) O(h4 )
central −f(xi−2 ) + 16f(xi−1 ) − 30f(xi ) + 16f(xi+1 ) − f(xi+2 )
=
12h2
 Third derivative
Method Formula Truncatio
n Error
4-point −f(xi ) + 3f(xi+1 ) − 3f(xi+2 ) + f(xi+3 ) O(h)
f ′′′ (xi ) =
forward h3
5-point f ′′′ (xi ) O ( h2 )
forward −5f(xi ) + 18f(xi+1 ) − 24f(xi+2 ) + 14f(xi+3 )
−3f(xi+4 )
=
2h3
4-point −f(xi−3 ) + 3f(xi−2 ) − 3f(xi−1 ) + f(xi ) O(h)
f ′′′ (xi ) =
backwar h3
d
5-point f ′′′ (xi ) O ( h2 )
backwar 3f(xi−4 ) − 14f(xi−3 ) + 24f(xi−2 ) − 18f(xi−1 )
d +5f(xi )
=
2h3
4-point −f(xi−2 ) + 2f(xi−1 ) − 2f(xi+1 ) + f(xi+2 ) O ( h2 )
f ′′′ (xi ) =
central 2h3
6-point f(xi−3 ) − 8f(xi−2 ) + 13f(xi−1 ) − 13f(xi+1 ) O(h4 )
central +8f(xi+2 ) − f(xi+3 )
f ′′′ (xi ) =
8h3

Chapter 9: Integration
9.1.1 Rectangle method
𝑏 𝑏
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
𝑜𝑟 𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎

9.1.2 Composite rectangle

Domain [𝑎, 𝑏] is divided into N subintervals by 𝑁 + 1 points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑁+1
where 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝑏
 𝑏
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= 𝑓 (𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥2 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑓 (𝑥𝑁 )(𝑥𝑁+1 − 𝑥𝑁 )
𝑁

= ∑[𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )(𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 )]
𝑖=1

When the subintervals have the same width h:

𝑏 𝑁

𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )

𝑎 𝑖=1

9.2.1 Midpoint
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ( ) (𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎 2 2
9.2.2 Composite Midpoint
Domain [𝑎, 𝑏] is divided into N subintervals by 𝑁 + 1 points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑁+1
where 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝑏
𝑏
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
= 𝑓( ) (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓 ( ) (𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) + ⋯
2 2
𝑥𝑁 + 𝑥𝑁+1
+𝑓( ) (𝑥𝑁+1 − 𝑥𝑁 )
2
𝑁
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1
= ∑[𝑓( )(𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 )]
2
𝑖=1

When the subintervals have the same width h:

𝑏 𝑁
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ℎ ∑ 𝑓( )
𝑎 2
𝑖=1

9.3.1 Trapezoidal
𝑏 𝑏
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑎
1 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑏 )
= 𝑓 (𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑎) + [𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓 (𝑎)](𝑏 − 𝑎) = (𝑏 − 𝑎)
2 2
9.3.2 Composite Trapezoidal
Domain [𝑎, 𝑏] is divided into N subintervals by 𝑁 + 1 points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑁+1
where 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝑏
𝑏
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥3 )
= ( )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + (𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) + ⋯
2 2
𝑓(𝑥𝑁 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥𝑁+1 )
+ (𝑥𝑁+1 − 𝑥𝑁 )
2
𝑁
1
= ∑[𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 )](𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 )]
2
𝑖=1

When the subintervals have the same width h:

𝑏 𝑁 𝑁−1
ℎ ℎ
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∑[𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 )] = [𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓 (𝑏)] + ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑎 2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=2

9.4.1 Simpson’s 1/3 method

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
Domain [𝑎, 𝑏], 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥3 = 𝑏, 𝑥2 = ,ℎ =
2 2
𝑏
ℎ
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = [𝑓 (𝑥1 ) + 4𝑓 (𝑥2 ) + 𝑓(𝑥3 )]
𝑎 3
ℎ 𝑎+𝑏
= [𝑓 (𝑎) + 4𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 (𝑏 )]
3 2
9.4.2 Composite Simpson’s 1/3 method
Domain [𝑎, 𝑏] is divided into even number N subintervals with equal width ℎ =
𝑏−𝑎
by 𝑁 + 1 points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑁+1 , where 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝑏,
𝑁
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥𝑁+1
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ + + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥3 𝑥𝑁−1
𝑁 𝑥𝑖+1
= ∑ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑖=2,4,6,… 𝑥𝑖−1

ℎ
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = [𝑓 (𝑥1 ) + 4𝑓 (𝑥2 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥3 ) + 𝑓(𝑥3 ) + 4𝑓 (𝑥4 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥5 ) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑥𝑁−1 )
3
+ 4𝑓 (𝑥𝑁 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥3 )]
 𝑁 𝑁−1
ℎ
= [𝑓(𝑎) + 4 ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) + 2 ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓 (𝑏)]
3
𝑖=2,4,6,… 𝑖=3,5,7,…

9.4.3 Simpson’s 3/8 method

𝑎−𝑏
Domain [𝑎, 𝑏], 4𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥4 = 𝑏, 𝑥2 = 𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑥3 = 𝑎 + 2ℎ, ℎ =
3
𝑏
3ℎ
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = [𝑓 (𝑎) + 3𝑓 (𝑥2 ) + 3𝑓(𝑥3 ) + 𝑓(𝑏)]
𝑎 8
9.4.4 Composite Simpson’s 3/8 method
Domain [𝑎, 𝑏] is divided into 𝑁 (𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3) subintervals with equal
𝑏−𝑎
width ℎ = by 𝑁 + 1 points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑁+1 , where 𝑥1 = 𝑎, 𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝑏,
𝑁
𝑥4 𝑥7 𝑥𝑁+1
𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ + + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑥4 𝑥𝑁−2
𝑁−2 𝑥𝑖+3
= ∑ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑖=1,4,7,… 𝑥𝑖

When the subintervals have the same width h:

3ℎ
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = [𝑓 (𝑥1 ) + 3𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 3𝑓 (𝑥3 ) + 𝑓(𝑥4 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥4 ) + 3𝑓 (𝑥5 ) + 3𝑓(𝑥6 )
8
+ 𝑓 (𝑥7 ) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑥𝑁−2 ) + 3𝑓(𝑥𝑁−1 ) + 3𝑓(𝑥𝑁 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑁+1 )]
𝑁−1 𝑁−2
3ℎ
= [𝑓(𝑎) + 3 ∑ [𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 )] + 2 ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓 (𝑏)]
8
𝑖=2,5,8,… 𝑖=4,7,10,…
1.8
Problem 9.1: Compute ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 with ℎ = 0.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 0.6

x 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8

f(x) 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.3 2 3.2 4.8

a. rectangle
𝑏 𝑁

ℎ = 0.3, 𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.3(0.5 + 0.6 + ⋯ + 3.2) = 2.53

𝑎 𝑖=1
 𝑏 𝑁

ℎ = 0.6, 𝐼(𝑓 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.6(0.5 + 0.8 + 2) = 1.98

𝑎 𝑖=1

b. trapezoidal
𝑁−1
ℎ
𝐼(𝑓 ) = [𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓 (𝑏)] + ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
2
𝑖=2
0.3
ℎ = 0.3, 𝐼(𝑓 ) = (0.5 + 4.8) + 0.3(0.6 + ⋯ + 3.2) = 3.165
2
0.6
ℎ = 0.6, 𝐼(𝑓 ) = (0.5 + 4.8) + 0.6(0.8 + 2) = 3.27
2
c. Simpson’s 3/8
𝑁−1 𝑁−2
3ℎ
𝐼 (𝑓 ) = [𝑓(𝑎) + 3 ∑ [𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖+1 )] + 2 ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓 (𝑏)]
8
𝑖=2,5,8,… 𝑖=4,7,10,…
3 ∙ 0.3
ℎ = 0.3, 𝐼(𝑓 ) = [0.5 + 3(0.6 + 0.8 + 2 + 3.2) + 2 ∙ 1.3 + 4.8] = 3.116
8
3 ∙ 0.6
ℎ = 0.6, 𝐼(𝑓 ) = [0.5 + 3(0.8 + 2) + 4.8] = 3.0825
8