Strings

String is basically the sequence of characters. Any desired character can be accessed using
the index.
Strings
String is basically the sequence of characters.
 Any desired character can be accessed using the index.
For example
>>> country ="India"
>>> country[1] → Here using index the particular character is accessed
'n'
>>> country[2]
'd'

 The index is an integer value if it is a decimal value, then it will raise an error. For
example
>>> country(1.5)
TypeError: string indices must be integers
 The string can be created using double quote or single quotes. For example
>>> msg="Hello"
>>> print(msg)
Hello
>>> msg ='Goodbye'
>>> print(msg)
Goodbye
 Finding length of a String
There is an in-built function to find length of the string. This is len function. For example
>>> msg="Goodbye'
>>> print(msg)
Goodbye
>>> len(msg)
7
Traversing the String
We can traverse the string using the for loop or using while loop.

Example - The string can be traversed using for loop

Python Program
msg = 'GoodBye'
for index in range(0, len(msg)):
letter = msg[index]
print(letter)
index = index + 1
Output
G
o
o
d
B
y
e
>>>

Example Write a program to display a set of strings using range() function.

handsets = ['Samsung', 'OPPO', 'OnePlus', 'Apple')
print("The mobile handsets are...")
for i in range(len(handsets)):
print(handsets[i], end ="")
Output
The mobile handsets are...
Samsung OPPO OnePlus Apple
>>>
String Slices
String slice is an extracted chunk of characters from the original string. In python we can
obtain the string slice with the help of string indices. For example - We can obtain
>>> msg = "Good Morning"
>>> msg[0:4]
'Good'
>>> msg(5:12]
'Morning'
Here the string from 0 to less than 4 index will be displayed. In the next command the string
from 5th index to 11th index is displayed.

Fig. 3.8.1 string slice

We can omit the beginning index. In that case, the beginning index is considered as 0. For
example
>>> msg[:4] ←Here the starting index will be 0
'Good'
Similarly we can omit ending index. In that case, the string will be displayed upto its ending
character. For example -
>>> msg[5:] ← Here the last character of the string is the ending index
Morning
>>>
If we do not specify any starting index or ending index then the string from starting index 0 to
ending index as last character position will be considered and the entire string will be
displayed. For example
>>> msg[:]
Good Morning
>>>

2. Immutability
Strings are immutable i.e we cannot change the existing strings. For example
>>> msg = "Good Morning"
>>> msg[0]='g'
Output
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
To make the desired changes we need to take new string and manipulate it as per our
requirement. Here is an illustration
Python Program
msg = 'Good Morning'
new_msg = 'g'+ msg[1:]
print(new_msg)

Program Explanation :
In above example the new_msg string is created to display "good morning" instead of “Good
Morning"
The string slice from character 1 to end of string is concatenated with the character'g'. The
concatenation is performed using the operator +.

3. String Functions and Methods

In this section we will discuss various string functions and methods.
1. String Concatenation
Joining of two or more strings is called concatenation.
In python we use + operator for concatenation of two strings.
For example –
2. String Comparison
The string comparison can be done using the relational operators like <,>,= = . For example
>>> msg1="aaa"
>>> msg2="aaa"
>>> msg1= =msg2
True
>>> msg1="aaa"
>>> msg2="bbb"
>>>print(msg1<msg2)
True
Note that, the string comparison is made based on alphabetical ordering. All the upper case
letters appear before all the lower case letters.
3. String Repetition
We can repeat the string using * operator. For example
>>> msg="Welcome!"
>>> print(msg*3)
Welcome!Welcome!Welcome!
4. Membership Test
The membership of particular character is determined using the keyword in. For example -
>>> msg ="Welcome"
>>> 'm' in msg
True
>>> 't' in msg
False
>>>

Methods in String Manipulation

Some commonly used methods are enlisted in the following table.
Method : count ()
Purpose : This methods searches the substring and returns how many times the substring
is present in it.
Method : capitalize()
Purpose : This function returns a string with first letter capitalized. It doesn't modify the
old string
Method : find()
Purpose : The find() method returns the lowest index of the substring (if found). If not found,
it returns - 1.
Method : index
Purpose : This method returns the index of a substring inside the string (if found). If the
substring is not found, it raises an exception.
Method : isalnum().
Purpose : The isalnum() method returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
Method : isdigit()
Purpose : The isdigit() method returns True it all characters in a string are digits. If not, it
returns False
Method : islower()
Purpose : The islower() method returns True if all alphabets in a string are lowercase
alphabets. If the string contains at least one uppercase alphabet, it returns False
Let us illustrate these methods with the help of python code.

4. String Module
The string module contains number of constants and functions to process the strings. To use
the string module in the python program we need to import it at the beginning.
Functions
We will discuss, some useful function used in string module.
1. The capwords function to display first letter capital
The capwords is a function that converts first letter of the string into capital letter.
Syntax
string.capwords(string)
Example program : Following is a simple python program in which the first character of each
word in the string is converted to capital letter.
stringDemo.py
import string
str = 'i love python programming'
print(str)
print(string.capwords(str))
Output

2. The upper function and lower case

For converting the given string into upper case letter. We have to use str.uppr() function
instead of string.upper. Similarly str.lower() function is for converting the string into lower
case. Following program illustrates this.
StringDemo1.py
import string
text1 = 'i love programming'
text2 = 'PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON IS REALLY INTERESTING'
print("Original String: "text1)
print("String in Upper Case: ",str.upper(text1))
print("Original String: "text2)
print("String in Lower Case: ",str.lower(text2))
Output
Original String: i love programming
String in Upper Case: I LOVE PROGRAMMING
Original String: PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON IS REALLY INTERESTING
String in Lower Case: programming in python is really interesting
>>>
3. Translation of character to other form.
The maketrans() returns the translation table for passing to translate(), that will map each
character in from_ch into the character at the same position in to_ch. The from_ch and to_ch
must have the same length.
Syntax
string.maketrans(from_ch, to_ch)
Programming Example
Stringmodule2.py
from_ch = "aeo"
to_ch = "012"
new_str = str.maketrans(from_ch,to_ch)
str = "I love programming in python"
print(str) print (str.translate(new_str))
Output
I love programming in python
I 12v1 pr2gromming in pyth2n
Program explanation : In above program,
1) We have generated a translation table for the characters a, e and o characters. These
characters will be mapped to 0, 1 and 2 respectively using the function maketrans.
2) The actual conversion of the given string will take place using the function translate.
3) According the above programming example, the string “I Love Programming in Python” is
taken. From this string we locate the letters a, e and o, these letters will be replaced by 0, 1
and 2 respectively.
4) The resultant string will then be displayed on the console.
Constants
Various constants defined in string module are -

We can display the values of these string constants in python program. For example -
ConstantDemo.py
5. Programming Examples Based on String
Example 3.8.2 Write a Python program to find the length of a string
Solution :
def str_length(str):
len = 0
for ch in str:
len + = 1
return len
print(“\t\t Program to find the length of a string”)
print(“Enter some string:”)
str = input()
print(“Length of a string is: “,str_length(str))
Output
Program to find the length of a string
Enter some string:
Python
Length of a string is : 6
>>>

Example 3.8.2 Write a Python program to count occurrence of each word in given sentence.
Solution :
def count_occur(str):
data = dict()
words=str.split()
for word in words:
if word in data:
data(word]+ = 1
else:
data[word]=1
return data
print("Enter some string:")
str = input()
print(count_occur(str))
Output
Enter some string :
A big black bear sat on a big black rug
{'A': 1, 'big': 2, 'black': 2, 'bear': 1, 'sat': 1, 'on': 1, 'a': 1, 'rug': 1}
>>>

Example 3.8.4 Write a Python program to copy one string to another.

Solution : print("Enter some string:")
str1=input()
str2="
for i in range (len(str1)):
str2=str2+str1[i]
print("The copied string is: ".str2)
Output
Enter some string:
Technical
moitulo The copied string is: Technical
>>>

Example 3.8.5 Write a Python program to check if a substring is present in the given string
or not.
Solution : print("Enter some string: ")
str1=input().
print("Enter a word: ")
str2=input()
if(str1.find(str2)= =-1):
print("The substring ",str2," is not present in ",str1)
else:
print("The substring",str2," is present in ",str1)
Output
Enter some string:
sky blue
Enter a word:
blue The substring blue is present in sky blue
>>>

Example 3.8.6 Write a Python program to count number of digits and letters in a string,
Solution :
print("Enter some string: ")
str = input()
digit_count = 0
letter_count = 0
for i in str:
if(i.isdigit());
digit_count + = 1
else:
letter_count + = 1
print("Total number of digits in ",str," are ", digit_count)
print("Total number of letters in ",str," are ",letter_count)
Output
Enter some string :
Python123Program
Total number of digits in Python123Program are 3
Total number of letters in Python123Program are 13
>>>

Example 3.8.7 Write a Python program to count number of vowels in a string,

Solution :
print("Enter some string: ")
str = input()
vowel_count = 0
for i in str:
if((i= ='a' or i= ='e' or i= ='i' or i= ='o' or i= ='u')
or((i= ='A' or i= ='E' or i= ='I' or i= ='0' or i=='U'))):
vowel_count+=1
print("Total number of vowels in ",str," are ",vowel_count)
Output
Enter some string:
India
Total number of vowels in India are 3
>>>

Example 3.8.8 Write a Python program to check if the string is palindrome or not.
Solution :
print("Enter some string:")
str = input()
rev_str = reversed(str)
if(list(str) = = list(rev_str));
print("The string",str," is palindrome ")
else
print("The string ",str," is not palindrome")
Output
Enter some string :
madam
The string madam is palindrome
>>>

Example 3.8.9 Write a Python program to sort the word in a sentence in an alphabetic order.
Solution :
print("Enter some string: ")
str = input()
words_list = str.split()
words_list.sort()
print("The words in sorted order are...")
for word in words_list:
print(word)
Output
Enter some string :
I like python program very much
The words in sorted order are...
I
Like
much
program
python
very
>>>