SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) queries along with their

explanations:

1. CREATE DATABASE Queries

1. CREATE DATABASE School; – Creates a database named "School."

2. CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS Company; – Creates
"Company" only if it does not already exist.
3. DROP DATABASE School; – Deletes the "School" database.
4. ALTER DATABASE Company READ ONLY = TRUE; – Sets "Company"
database to read-only mode.

2. CREATE TABLE Queries

5. CREATE TABLE Students (ID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name

VARCHAR(100), Age INT); – Creates a "Students" table.
6. CREATE TABLE Employees (ID INT, Salary DECIMAL(10,2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)); – Creates an "Employees" table with a
primary key.
7. CREATE TABLE Orders (OrderID INT, OrderDate DATE,
CustomerID INT, FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES
Customers(CustomerID)); – Creates an "Orders" table with a
foreign key.
8. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Products (ProductID INT
PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50), Price DECIMAL(8,2)); –
Creates a "Products" table only if it does not exist.
9. CREATE TABLE Courses AS SELECT ID, Name FROM Students; –
Creates "Courses" table from "Students."
10. DROP TABLE Students; – Deletes the "Students" table.

3. ALTER TABLE Queries

11. ALTER TABLE Students ADD COLUMN Email VARCHAR(255); –

Adds an "Email" column to "Students."
12. ALTER TABLE Employees DROP COLUMN Salary; – Removes
"Salary" column from "Employees."
13. ALTER TABLE Orders MODIFY COLUMN OrderDate
TIMESTAMP; – Modifies "OrderDate" to TIMESTAMP.
 14. ALTER TABLE Products RENAME COLUMN Name TO
ProductName; – Renames "Name" to "ProductName."
15. ALTER TABLE Employees ADD CONSTRAINT chk_salary
CHECK (Salary > 0); – Adds a CHECK constraint for positive
salary.

4. CONSTRAINTS Queries

16. ALTER TABLE Students ADD CONSTRAINT unique_email

UNIQUE (Email); – Adds a UNIQUE constraint to "Email."
17. ALTER TABLE Students DROP CONSTRAINT unique_email; –
Drops the UNIQUE constraint.
18. ALTER TABLE Orders ADD FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID)
REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID); – Adds a foreign key
constraint.
19. ALTER TABLE Employees ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID); – Adds a
primary key to "ID."
20. ALTER TABLE Employees DROP PRIMARY KEY; – Removes
the primary key.

5. INDEX Queries

21. CREATE INDEX idx_name ON Students(Name); – Creates an

index on "Name."
22. DROP INDEX idx_name ON Students; – Drops the index on
"Name."
23. CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_email ON Students(Email); –
Creates a unique index on "Email."
24. ALTER TABLE Students DROP INDEX idx_email; – Removes
the unique index.
25. CREATE INDEX idx_order ON Orders(OrderDate DESC); –
Creates an index in descending order.

6. VIEW Queries

26. CREATE VIEW StudentView AS SELECT ID, Name FROM

Students; – Creates a view from "Students."
27. DROP VIEW StudentView; – Deletes the view.
 28. ALTER VIEW StudentView AS SELECT ID, Name, Age FROM
Students; – Modifies the view.
29. CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EmployeeView AS SELECT ID,
Salary FROM Employees; – Creates or replaces a view.
30. SELECT * FROM StudentView; – Retrieves data from the
view.

7. SEQUENCE Queries

31. CREATE SEQUENCE seq_student START WITH 1 INCREMENT

BY 1; – Creates a sequence starting from 1.
32. DROP SEQUENCE seq_student; – Deletes the sequence.
33. SELECT NEXTVAL('seq_student'); – Fetches the next value.
34. ALTER SEQUENCE seq_student RESTART WITH 10; – Restarts
sequence at 10.
35. CREATE SEQUENCE seq_emp MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 100
CYCLE; – Creates a sequence with limits and cycles.

8. TRIGGER Queries

36.
CREATE TRIGGER trg_before_insert BEFORE INSERT ON Students FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.Name = UPPER(NEW.Name);

– Converts "Name" to uppercase before insertion.

37. `DROP TRIGGER trg_before_insert;` – Deletes the trigger.
38. ```sql
CREATE TRIGGER trg_after_update
AFTER UPDATE ON Employees
FOR EACH ROW
INSERT INTO AuditTable (EmpID, ChangeDate) VALUES (OLD.ID,
NOW());

– Logs updates to an audit table.

39. ALTER TRIGGER trg_before_insert ENABLE; – Enables a trigger.
40. ALTER TRIGGER trg_before_insert DISABLE; – Disables a trigger.
9. STORED PROCEDURE Queries

41.

CREATE PROCEDURE GetStudents() BEGIN SELECT * FROM

Students; END;
– Creates a stored procedure to fetch students.
42. `DROP PROCEDURE GetStudents;` – Deletes the stored
procedure.
43. ```sql
CREATE PROCEDURE InsertStudent(IN name VARCHAR(100), IN age
INT)
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Students(Name, Age) VALUES(name, age);
END;

– Inserts a student using a stored procedure.

44. CALL InsertStudent('Alice', 22); – Calls the stored procedure.
45. ```sql CREATE PROCEDURE DeleteStudent(IN studentID INT)
BEGIN DELETE FROM Students WHERE ID = studentID; END;
– Deletes a student by ID using a stored procedure.

### **10. FUNCTION Queries**

46. ```sql
CREATE FUNCTION GetStudentCount() RETURNS INT
BEGIN
DECLARE count INT;
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO count FROM Students;
RETURN count;
END;

– Creates a function to return the student count.

47. SELECT GetStudentCount(); – Calls the function.
48. DROP FUNCTION GetStudentCount; – Deletes the function.
49. ```sql CREATE FUNCTION GetMaxSalary() RETURNS
DECIMAL(10,2) BEGIN RETURN (SELECT MAX(Salary) FROM
Employees); END;
– Retrieves the maximum salary.
50. `SELECT GetMaxSalary();` – Calls the function.
Here are SQL queries for DROP, TRUNCATE, and RENAME:

DROP Queries (Used to permanently remove objects from the database)

1. DROP TABLE Students; – Deletes the "Students" table completely.

2. DROP DATABASE School; – Deletes the "School" database.
3. DROP VIEW StudentView; – Removes the "StudentView" view.
4. DROP INDEX idx_name ON Employees; – Deletes the "idx_name" index on
"Employees."
5. DROP SEQUENCE seq_student; – Removes the "seq_student" sequence.

TRUNCATE Queries (Used to remove all records from a table but keep the
structure)

1. TRUNCATE TABLE Students; – Removes all data from the "Students" table.
2. TRUNCATE TABLE Employees; – Deletes all rows from the "Employees" table.
3. TRUNCATE TABLE Orders; – Clears all records in the "Orders" table.
4. TRUNCATE TABLE Products; – Removes all rows in the "Products" table while
keeping the schema.
5. TRUNCATE TABLE Customers RESTART IDENTITY; – Deletes all records and resets
identity columns.

RENAME Queries (Used to change names of tables, columns, or database

objects)

1. ALTER TABLE Students RENAME TO Learners; – Renames "Students" table to

"Learners."
2. ALTER TABLE Employees RENAME COLUMN Name TO FullName; – Changes column
"Name" to "FullName."
3. ALTER VIEW StudentView RENAME TO LearnerView; – Renames "StudentView" to
"LearnerView."
4. ALTER INDEX idx_name RENAME TO idx_fullname; – Renames index "idx_name"
to "idx_fullname."
5. ALTER SEQUENCE seq_student RENAME TO seq_learner; – Renames sequence
"seq_student" to "seq_learner."