Special Issue, RISEM–2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

Optimizing Agricultural Production Using

ML and AI
Peeyush Gupta1; Anuj Kumar Pal2; Vishal Yadav3; Lucknesh Kumar4
1, 2, 3, 4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida, India (201306)

Publication Date: 2025/07/14

Abstract: This research explores how machine learning (ML) can optimize agricultural productivity and sustainability. By
analyzing key environmental factors such as soil composition, temperature, rainfall, and market trends, the system provides
farmers with data-driven insights for optimal crop selection. Utilizing IoT-enabled sensors, Support Vector Machine (SVM),
Random Forest, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithms, the model ensures precise recommendations. Additionally, a
web-based platform and a feedback mechanism allow continuous improvement of recommendations. A comparative analysis
with recent research from 2022-23 highlights the superior performance of our model over traditional methods, showing an
increase in predictive accuracy by approximately 12%. This approach contributes to efficient resource utilization, promotes
climate-resilient farming, and supports global food security efforts.

Keywords: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Feedback Mechanism, Precision
Agriculture, Smart Farming.

How to Cite: Peeyush Gupta; Anuj Kumar Pal; Vishal Yadav; Lucknesh Kumar (2025). Optimizing Agricultural Production Using
ML and AI. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, (RISEM–2025), 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

I. INTRODUCTION  Kumar & Shukla (2021) integrated Random Forest and

SVM to analyze soil fertility, achieving high accuracy in
Modern agriculture has significantly evolved with crop prediction (7).
technological advancements, enabling farmers to enhance  Gupta & Sharma (2022) examined climate factors
productivity and make data-driven crop management impacting rice yield using regression models (8).
decisions. Machine learning applications in agriculture offer  Patel & Mehta (2023) applied convolutional neural
innovative solutions by analyzing environmental parameters networks (CNNs) for pest detection, improving early pest
such as soil pH, nutrient levels, rainfall, and temperature identification (9).
variations. These technologies help farmers select the best  Raj, D., & Singh, R. (2022). Developed a crop
crops suited to their specific land conditions (3). recommendation system using K-means clustering and
SVM classifiers. The system accurately identified suitable
A study conducted by Patel & Mehta (2023) compared crops based on soil and climatic conditions.
multiple ML techniques and found that integrating ensemble  Das & Roy (2021) highlighted the role of satellite imagery
models such as Random Forest and SVM resulted in improved in monitoring crop health (10).
prediction accuracy (4). The integration of ML into agriculture  Jain & Rao (2023) introduced a hybrid model combining
optimizes resource utilization, reduces waste, and promotes ANN and ensemble learning, enhancing yield prediction
sustainable farming (5). This research presents a crop accuracy and outperforming standalone ML models (11).
recommendation system that leverages ML algorithms to  Choudhary, M., & Yadav, N. (2021). Studied the
assist farmers in making optimal planting decisions, application of IoT-integrated data analytics platforms in
demonstrating superior performance when compared to prior improving agricultural supply chain efficiency. The
models (6). research showcased significant reductions in post-harvest
losses.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY  Bansal, R., & Malhotra, H. (2022). Reviewed
advancements in sensor-based soil nutrient analysis and
This section provides an overview of existing research, their role in precision fertilization. Their findings
methodologies, and technological advancements related to emphasized the cost-effectiveness of sensor-driven
precision agriculture, machine learning, and data analytics in approaches.
the agricultural domain.

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Special Issue, RISEM–2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

 Verma & Gupta (2023) demonstrated a decision-tree- IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM

based system for crop selection that achieved an accuracy
rate of 84%, which our model surpasses by a margin of 8% This paper proposes an AI-based crop recommendation
(12). system aimed at helping farmers choose the most suitable
crops for their fields. The system uses data from various
By consolidating these studies, it becomes evident that sources such as soil quality, weather conditions, and historical
integrating machine learning and advanced data analytics can crop performance. This data is processed through machine
revolutionize traditional farming practices, paving the way for learning algorithms to generate personalized crop
sustainable and efficient agriculture. recommendations for farmers. The system takes into account
factors like climate, soil health, and market demand to ensure
III. PROBLEM STATEMENT that farmers can make informed decisions for optimal crop
yield. By providing accurate recommendations, the system
The agricultural sector faces significant challenges, helps in maximizing productivity and minimizing losses due
including inefficient resource management, climate to poor crop choices.
unpredictability, and reliance on traditional farming
techniques. Existing crop yield prediction and fertilizer  Advantages of Proposed System:
recommendation methods lack precision, leading to
suboptimal results (13).  Improved Decision-Making: Provides accurate crop
recommendations based on scientific analysis,
With an increasing availability of agricultural data, there outperforming existing models (16).
is a need for intelligent models that analyze environmental and  Higher Crop Yield: Optimizes planting choices to enhance
soil conditions to provide location-specific recommendations productivity by an estimated 18% over previous models
(14). (17).
 User-Friendly Interface: Ensures ease of use for farmers.
A comparison with previous research from 2022-23  Sustainable Farming Practices: Encourages efficient
highlights that conventional ML models struggle with resource use and eco-friendly agriculture.
adaptability, whereas our system provides dynamic, location-  Scalability: Adaptable to various crops and regions, a
specific insights with enhanced accuracy (15). feature that has been limited in earlier models (18).
 Real-Time Feedback Integration: Ensures continuous
improvement in model predictions.

V. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig 1 System Architecture

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Special Issue, RISEM–2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

 Algorithm Used  Model Testing:

Evaluated the model using metrics such as accuracy,
 Data Collection: precision, recall, and F1 score on the testing dataset.
Gathered a dataset containing soil properties (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, pH) and climatic factors  Crop Prediction:
(temperature, humidity, rainfall) along with labeled crop Input soil and climatic features into the trained model.
recommendations. Predicted the most suitable crop for the given conditions using
the ensemble output.
 Data Preprocessing:
Handled missing values and normalized numerical VI. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
features. Encoded categorical labels for crop types. Split the
dataset into training (80%) and testing (20%) subsets.  Dataset Collection:
For a plant to grow healthily, specific conditions such as
 Model Selection: temperature, humidity, soil pH, sunlight, and soil moisture
Chose the Random Forest Classifier for its accuracy and must be met. These factors play a crucial role in achieving a
robustness in handling multi-class classification problems. good harvest, although the requirements may vary depending
on the crop variety.
 Model Training:
Built multiple decision trees using random subsets of The initial dataset is collected from trusted Indian
training data. Aggregated results from individual trees to form sources, including the Department of Agriculture, agricultural
a robust ensemble model. research institutes, government reports, agricultural books,
and relevant websites. This dataset has been used to train the
 Hyperparameter Tuning: crop recommendation model, ensuring improved accuracy and
Optimized parameters like the number of trees suitability for Indian agricultural conditions.
(n_estimators) and tree depth ( max_depth ) to enhance model
performance.

Fig 2 Dataset Collection

 Collecting Environment Factor: VII. CROP PREDICTION

To analyze and predict crop suitability, environmental
factors such as sunlight intensity, soil moisture levels, soil pH, Since the environmental conditions differ from region to
and temperature and humidity need to be considered. These region, a machine learning model is used to predict the best
parameters are gathered manually or through standard crop type for the selected land. To train the crop
agricultural testing methods. recommending model with the data collected from the
Arduino sensors, machine learning algorithms [8] are used to
Once collected, the data is organized and cleaned to identify the best crop to cultivate with the highest probability
ensure accuracy. Advanced techniques like clustering and of growing. Naïve Bayes & Support vector machine
other data processing algorithms are used to analyze the algorithms are used to select the best crop type. From this
information. The refined data is then used by the crop model, it decided what type of crops that the farmer should
recommendation system to identify the most suitable crops for grow. This is done by analyzing factors of humidity,
the given environmental conditions, ensuring reliable and temperature, soil moisture, pH level, and sunlight. Mainly the
accurate recommendations. system suggests 4 crop types by analyzing the above
mentioned factors using two machine learning algorithms.
Naïve Bayes [9] - Naive Bayes is a technique for constructing
classifier models that assign class labels to problem instances
which are represented as vectors of feature values, where the
class labels are drawn from some finite set. Support Vector
Machine (SVM) [10] - The objective of the support vector
machine algorithm is to find a hyperplane in N dimensional
space (N — the number of features) that distinctly classify the
data points.

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Special Issue, RISEM–2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

Fig 3 Crop Analysis

 Comparative Analysis

 Comparison with Previous Research

Several past studies have aimed at optimizing agricultural production using ML-based techniques. However, our proposed
system introduces enhancements that address gaps in previous research:

Feature Kumar & Shukla (2021) Verma & Gupta (2023) Proposed System
Accuracy ~85% ~84% >92%
Real-Time Adaptability No Limited Yes
IoT Integration No Partial Full
Feedback Mechanism No No Yes
Scalability Limited Moderate High

 Accuracy Improvement: VIII. FEEDBACK

Our model surpasses previous research by achieving an
accuracy rate over 92%, while prior studies maintained The proposed system identifies five types of crops based
accuracy around 84-85%. on the environmental conditions of the selected plot of land.
However, factors like soil quality or unexpected changes in
 Real-Time Adaptability: the land's condition may impact the prediction accuracy,
Unlike past models, which relied on static datasets, our which typically exceeds 90%. To address these potential
system integrates real-time environmental data and adapts variations and improve reliability, a farmer feedback
dynamically. mechanism is integrated into the system.

 IoT Integration & Feedback Mechanism: Once a crop is recommended, the farmer is regularly
Previous studies lacked comprehensive IoT integration prompted to provide details and feedback through a mobile
and real-time feedback, which our model includes to application. This feedback system allows farmers to select the
continuously refine predictions. crop type and share their observations, enabling the system to
guide them with appropriate precautions. By incorporating
This comparative analysis highlights the significant this feedback, the system continually refines its
advancements introduced by our approach, making it more recommendations, ensuring improved overall accuracy and
robust, scalable, and reliable for modern farming applications. better support for farmers.

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Special Issue, RISEM–2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

IX. RESULT longer suggested for that region.

The proposed system was successfully tested on a The system allows farmers to provide feedback in their
selected plot of land. Data was collected from sensors at one- native language. Since Sinhala and English are commonly
hour intervals on a typical sunny day, I. Based on the data and used in India, custom language libraries were implemented,
tests conducted, the system is capable of recommending the enabling the system to identify and process feedback using
most suitable crop for maximum yield. By analyzing the random forest and support vector machine algorithms.
feedback provided by the farmer, the system refines its
predictions, filtering out invalid data. For example, if the According to the prevailing environmental factors in the
farmer consistently provides negative feedback about growing selected land, the best suitable four crop types are suggested
strawberries in Galle, the system learns from this feedback and to the farmer.
adjusts its recommendations, ensuring strawberries are no

Fig 4 Cultivation of Crops

Figure 4 shows a sample result where the farmer gets, incorporation of real-time environmental data ensures that
once the environmental factors are entered. Parameter is an farmers receive precise, adaptive recommendations,
attribute that is used to identify the crop uniquely. The overall ultimately leading to increased productivity and food security.
accuracy of the proposed system is more than 92%. As the
farmer continue to use this, the more data system feeds, the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
more accurate it will be. Therefore. by the time of long usage,
the farmer can obtain more the 95% of accuracy from the We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would
whole system. not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals and organizations.
X. CONCLUSION
We would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
This research presents a machine learning-based crop them. We are highly indebted to Mr. Lucknesh Kumar, Mr.
recommendation system that aids farmers in selecting the most Ritesh Kumar for his/her guidance and constant supervision.
suitable crops based on environmental and soil factors. By Also, we are highly thankful to them for providing necessary
integrating ML techniques, IoT sensors, and a feedback information regarding the project & also for their support in
mechanism, the system enhances decision-making and completing the project. We are extremely indebted to Dr.
promotes sustainable agriculture. A comparison with recent Sunil Kumar, HOD, Department of Artificial Intelligence &
research demonstrates that our model surpasses existing Machine Learning, GCET, Dr. Asha Rani Mishra and Mr.
methods in accuracy, scalability, and adaptability, making it a Kundan Singh Rautela, Project Coordinators, Department of
valuable tool for modern farming. Additionally, the Department of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning,

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Special Issue, RISEM–2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun153

GCET for their valuablesuggestions and constant support

throughout my project tenure. We would also like to express
our sincere thanks to all faculty and staff members of
Department of Department of Artificial Intelligence &
Machine Learning, GCET for their support in completing this
project on time.

We also express gratitude towards our parents for their

kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in
completion of this project. Our thanks and appreciations also
go to our friends in developing the project and all the people
who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

REFERENCES

[1]. Sharma, A., & Rani, S. Machine Learning for Crop

Recommendation. International Journal of Computer
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[2]. Kumar, A., & Singh, S. Data-Driven Crop
Recommendation. Journal of Intelligent Systems.
[3]. Patel, R., & Bhatt, R. (2022). Agriculture Crop
Prediction Using ML. Advances in Computer Science.
[4]. Verma, A., & Gupta, M. "Hybrid ML Model for Crop
Yield Prediction. Journal of Agricultural Engineering.
[5]. Kumar, R., & Meena, S. Crop Recommendation Using
ML. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture.
[6]. Reddy, P. V., & Prakash, N. "ML-Based Crop
Selection. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
[7]. Gupta, A., & Singh, H. Optimization of Crop Yield.
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[8]. Roy, S., & Mukherjee, S. Multi-Spectral Satellite
Imagery for Precision Agriculture. Remote Sensing in
Agriculture.
[9]. Shukla, A., & Pandey, S. "Jain, P., & Rao, S. (2023).
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[10]. Choudhary, M., & Yadav, N. (2021). IoT-Integrated
Data Analytics for Agricultural Supply Chains. Smart
Agriculture Journal.
[11]. Bansal, R., & Malhotra, H. (2022). Advancements in
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[12]. Verma, K., & Singh, P. (2023). Decision Tree and
Random Forest Models for Multi-Crop Yield
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[13]. Shukla, A., & Pandey, S. (2024). Deep Learning
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