EE366-Digital Signal Processing

Muhammad Nafees Naveed

Office: 1st Floor (last office towards corridor)

Email: m.nafees@ceme.nust.edu.pk

Reading List/Resources
1. Foundation of Digital Signal Processing Theory, algorithms and Hardware Design (by Patrick Gaydecki)

2. The scientists and Engineers guide to Digital Signal Processing (Second Edition by W. Smith)
3. Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition (Oppenheim,Wilsky with S.Hamid Nawab) 4. Discrete Time Signal Processing, 2nd Edition (Oppenheim, schafar with John R. Buck) 5. Digital Processing: A computer Based Approach (Sanjit K. Mitra, 2nd Edition)

Pre-requisites
1.

EM-242 Digital Logic Design Frequency Response of Linear Systems Laplace and Fourier Transform

2. 3.

Note: It is assumed that the student already has a knowledge of basic calculus, complex number algebra, differential equations and the Laplace Transform. For further information on these topics refer to DSP Theory, algorithms and Hardware design book

DSP Assessment
Your individual grade in this course will be weighted average of the following component: 1. 20% Quizzes & Assignments

2.
3.

30 % Mid-Exams
50 % Final Exam

Course Aims & Objectives

1. The course provides an insight to theory and applications of DSP. Upon completion of this course, you should have a solid information in the basics of DSP related to Signals and System Analysis and Design.

2. The presented material will describe DSP Techniques, applications, and implementations. The course is intended to familiarize the audience with active areas of DSP development, and provide direction of further investigation.

Course Aims & Objectives

3. 4. 5. 6. Provide a thorough and complete introduction to the subject of modern digital signal processing. Emphasise the links between the theoretical foundations of the subject and the essentially practical nature of its realisation. Encourage and understanding through the use of algorithms and real world examples. Provide useful skills through exploring both off-line and real-time DSP software and hardware.

Course Outline
1. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing: signals, transducers and sensors, different types of electrical signals, time domain and frequency domain, analogue and digital data, what is DSP, applications of DSP. Conversion of Analogue to Digital Signal: Binary representation of number, sampling, decibel unit, quantization error, aliasing and anti-aliasing, Nyquist frequency criteria, analogue to digital converter.

2.

Course Outline (continued)

3. Correlation and Convolution: Correlation and its application, flipping. 4. applications, convolution and its

Periodic Function and Fourier Synthesis: periodic function, time domain and frequency domain, Fourier series (constructing a wave form with sin waves, cosine waves or with both) Gibbs phenomenon, Fourier Theory and Fourier Transform

Course Outline (continued)

5. Discrete Fourier Transforms: Fourier Transform Algorithms, Windowing, necessity of DSP, Orthogonal Signals, DFT explained, calculating the dc value of a signal, spectrum analysis, Fast fourier transforms, scaling.

6.

Windows: Introduction, frequency resolution and DFT, spectral leakage and correlation, Rectangular window, hanning window, hamming window, close of window.

Course Outline (continued)

7. Digital Filters: Introduction, moving average digital filters, digital filter design, IIR filter, cut off frequency, band pass and band stop filters, filter structure, higher order filters DSP Systems: Digital signal processor architecture, DSP applications, Limitations of DSP

8.

Course at a glance

DSP: Time Distribution of course contents

S.No. Topics Approximate Time Period ( in terms of weeks) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction to DSP Converting Analogue Signal to Digital Signal Correlation and Convolution Periodic Function and Fourier Synthesis Discrete Fourier Transform Windows Digital Filters Digital Signal Processing Systems 1 week 1 week 4 weeks 4 weeks 3 weeks 1 week 1 week 1 week

DSP Learning Outcomes

1. Knowledge and understanding Demonstrate a mastery and detailed knowledge of the founding principles of DSP, and understand how the various fundamental equations both operate and are constructed. 2. Intellectual skills To recognise the different classes of problem in digital signal processing, and to decide upon appropriate methodologies in their solution. 3. Practical skills Program and debug existing DSP hardware platforms, and devise, code and test off-line and real-time DSP algorithms, both using PCs and dedicated DSP hardware. 4. Transferable skills and personal qualities Perform literature searching; scientific report writing; use of graphing and presentation packages; project planning; team work.

DSP Learning Outcomes

S. No. 1. Learning Objectives Have understood the basic concept of Time and frequency domain, analogue and digital.

2.

Have grasped the concepts of sampling and quantization, aliasing and niquist frequency criteria

3.

Analyse the response of a linear system. Have learnt the requirement of linearity

4. 5. 6.

Have learnt different types of signal decompositions. Can analyze signals using convolution and correlation Can analyse signals using DFT and FFT

What is a signal?
In dictionary

Signal can be defined as anything that serves to indicate, warn direct, commandments, gesture, etc.
But in terms of electronics or electrical engineering A signal is an electrical quantity or effect as current, voltage, or electromagnetic wave, that can be varied in such a way to convey information

What is a signal?
o Keep this thing in mind that information is the key concept i.e.

signals are always presumed to represent or convey useful information

o Electrical effects that do not convey useful information are

termed noise. The major measure of signal quantity is signal to noise ratio.

What is a signal?
o Most signals do not originate in electrical form. In the world around

us signals occur as pressure, disturbances, temperature variations, mechanical displacements or as change in light intensity.
o It is often advantageous to convert signals to electric voltages or

currents so that they may be more easily processed using electrical and electronic devices.

Transducers
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy in to other. Example: A thermister is a device that converts heat energy into a change in resistance. Transducer that produce electrical signals in the area of measurement and control are called sensors e.g. Solar cells, accelerometers, hall effect, thermocouples etc

Transducers
Microphones convert pressure variations in to electric

voltages but are usually not called sensors

The word Transducer is a broader term that includes all

energy transformers- even loudspeakers and Motors.

Typical transducers and sensors are shown. These include

Thermocouple, infrared sensor on remote control, loud speaker and microphone.

Different Types of Signals

An electrical signal that does not change its amplitude with

time, over the duration of its measurement, is called a direct current (DC) signal. E.g a signal measured across a battery is a DC signal.

However, amplitudes of most signals that are encountered in

practice do change with time.

Different Types of Signals

We can observe what a signal looks like by plotting its

amplitude on the vertical axis (y axis) versus time on the horizontal axis (x-axis).
If the shape of a corresponding plot happens to be a sine

wave, then the signal is called a sinusoidal signal.

If the shape is triangular then the signal is called triangular

signal.

Different Types of Signals

One of the most common type of signal that occur in

nature is the sine wave. These waves are produced for example by musical instruments, people talking etc.
Many signals including triangular waves and square

waves can be shown to be composed of a combination of sine waves.

Different Types of Signals

Therefore sine waves can be considered to be the building

blocks of many other signals.

The lowest frequency sine wave is known as fundamental

frequency or first harmonic. Frequencies that are integer multiple of the fundamental frequency are known as harmonics. E.g. The harmonics with a frequency N times that of the fundamental frequency is known as the Nth Harmonic.

Square Wave
A square wave is generated by the summation of three sine waves. This wave is made up only of odd harmonics. In this case the square wave is made up of first, third and fifth harmonic.

Square Wave and Sine wave

Square Wave
1. How many complete cycles or periods of the square wave are shown? Approximately how many divisions is the duration? Approximately how many divisions is the peak to peak amplitude of the square wave 2. 3.

4.
5.

How many oscillations do you notice at the top and bottom of the square wave
How many divisions is the rise time of the signal?

Sine Wave
1. How many complete cycles of the sine waves are shown?

2.

If one division on the x-axis correspond to 1 ms one division on y axis correspond to 0.1 V then:
a. b. c. What is the period of the sine wave? What is the frequency? What is the peak to peak voltage of the sine wave? What is the average value for one cycle?

and

d.

Triangular and Sawtooth Waves

1. Triangular waves are also created by the addition of odd harmonics of sine waves. But how many odd harmoics do we need to get a reasonable triangular wave?

2. Sawtooth waves are combination of both odd and even harmonics of sine waves.

Triangular and Sawtooth Waves

Time and Frequency Domain

1. Monitoring how the signals changes with the passage of time is known as time-domain representation of the signal. This representation is very useful for many applications such as measuring the average value of a signal.

2. The frequency domain representation tells us the amplitudes and the frequencies of the constituent sinusoidal waves present in signal being measured. This representation is also known as spectrum of signal.

Time and Frequency Domain

Time and Frequency Domain

Time-frequency representation of saw tooth table

Analogue and Digital

1. An analogue signal changes continuously over time. Its often referred as continuous signal. An example of a continuous signal is the measurement of the volume of gas in the fuel tank of your car over certain time duration, such as a day or an entire week. 2. If an analogue signal is measured only at specific instants of time then we obtain what is known as discrete time signal. Discrete-time signals are discrete in time, but continuous in amplitude. E.g measurement of the height of an individual on his or her birthday.(Note the height can be any value but measurement is taken only once a year)

Analogue and Digital

Converting an analogue signal into a discrete time domain

is achieved by a process known as sampling. The number of samples taken per second is known as sampling frequency.
Converting a discrete time signal into a digital signal is

known as quantization.

What is Digital Signal Processing?

A) Digital:
Signals are either Analogue, Discrete, or Digital signals.

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What is Digital Signal Processing?

B) Signal:
It is an information-bearing function, It is either:

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What is Digital Signal Processing?

C) Processing:

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What is Digital Signal Processing?

DSP involves manipulation of signals that have their origins in analogue world. Such signals may be produced for example by video, audio, radio, telemetry, radar or ultrasonic sensor systems. Moreover, DSP is used to enhance or change( some times even to degrade) signals obtained from real world sensors and instrumentation systems.

Sequence of Events in DSP Chain

What is DSP used for?

Noise removal Enhancement Special effects Compression/decompression

Application Areas

Application Areas