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8 Tunnels

This document discusses tunnels and induced stress. It covers analysis of stress around underground cavities using methods like the Kirsch solution. It also discusses tunnel monitoring, improving rock quality with techniques like spiling and rock bolts, and examples of tunnel projects like the Channel Tunnel and Underground Research Laboratory.

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Alexandra Moldovan
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113 views20 pages

8 Tunnels

This document discusses tunnels and induced stress. It covers analysis of stress around underground cavities using methods like the Kirsch solution. It also discusses tunnel monitoring, improving rock quality with techniques like spiling and rock bolts, and examples of tunnel projects like the Channel Tunnel and Underground Research Laboratory.

Uploaded by

Alexandra Moldovan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tunnels and Induced Stress

EOSC316 Engineering Geoscience

Tunnels and induced stress

Analysis of stress around underground cavities Methods employed for tunnelling Improving rock quality Tunnel monitoring

Induced stress around a hole

Stress intensity around flaws

(b) an elliptical hole (a) a circular hole

How do we analyse the stress around a hole?

Kirsch solution (1898)

Kirsch solution
Polar co-ordinates
(r, ) r

Kirsch solution

r r r
radial stress tangential stress shear stress

Kirsch solution
Stress components at point (r, )
Radial: r = 0.5pz[(1+k)(1-a2/r2)+(1-k)(1-4a2/r2+3a4/r4)cos2] Tangential: = 0.5pz[(1+k)(1-a2/r2)-(1-k)(1+3a4/r4)cos2] Shear: r = 0.5pz[-(1-k)(1+2a2/r2-3a4/r4)sin2]

k = horizontal applied stress / vertical applied stress

Observations from the Kirsch solution


Radial and shear stresses are zero at the boundary of the opening (r = a) In the roof and the floor (0 and 180 degrees):
for k = 0, the stresses are tensional for k = 0.33, the stresses are zero for k > 0.33, the stresses around the entire boundary are compressional

Observations from the Kirsch solution


Sidewall stresses (90 and 270 degrees)
for k = 0, the stresses are a maximum of 3 x applied vertical stress for k = 1, stresses are 2 x applied vertical stress

Complexities of modelling stress

Shape Multiple openings 3D effects

Numerical solutions
Analytical solutions are possible for problems with simple boundary conditions Numerical methods must be employed for complex boundary conditions
Boundary methods, boundary of excavation divided into elements, rock mass represented by continuum Domain methods, rock mass divided into geometrically simple elements with assumed properties

Tunnelling methods
Drill and blast Roadheader Tunnel boring machine

Channel tunnel, Europe, 1992


50 km long, twin bores 7.6 m diameter In impermeable chalk marl
low fissure density UCS 5 9 MPa

Cut by TBM Lined with pre-fab concrete segments Kept 20 m sound rock between tunnel and seabed

Improving tunnelling rock quality


Advance ground improvement
Spiling

Active support
Rock bolts Shotcrete

Passive support

Improving tunnelling rock quality


Rock bolts

Shotcrete

Underground Research Laboratory, Canada

To test viability of high level waste at depth Max/min stress ratio ~5:1

Underground Research Laboratory, Canada

Tunnel along intermediate principal stress Max/min stress ratio ~5:1

Underground Research Laboratory, Canada


Sealing experiment AE monitoring Hydraulic pressure of up to 4 MPa

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