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Ponchon Savarit

The document describes the Ponchon-Savarit graphical method for determining the equilibrium stages in a fractionating column. It involves plotting the enthalpy-concentration diagram with bubble point and dew point curves. Tie lines represent equilibrium stages. The method constructs straight lines between an upper operating point OD and stages above to determine compositions, and between a lower operating point OW and stages below to determine compositions. The feed point F and lines OD-F and F-OW locate the operating points and allow determining all equilibrium stages in the column.

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Abdulhamid Ben-Najma
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835 views14 pages

Ponchon Savarit

The document describes the Ponchon-Savarit graphical method for determining the equilibrium stages in a fractionating column. It involves plotting the enthalpy-concentration diagram with bubble point and dew point curves. Tie lines represent equilibrium stages. The method constructs straight lines between an upper operating point OD and stages above to determine compositions, and between a lower operating point OW and stages below to determine compositions. The feed point F and lines OD-F and F-OW locate the operating points and allow determining all equilibrium stages in the column.

Uploaded by

Abdulhamid Ben-Najma
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Enthalpy-Concentration Method Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Method

1.

[ H i , hi xi , yi ]The Enthalpy-Concentration diagram

The Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram


Bubble point curve Dew point curve Tie lines Superheated vapor Sub cooled liquid
1

Two phase region

2.

Drawing of saturated liquid enthalpy curve

Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j

hi = mic pi (Ti T ref )

h j = m jc pj (T j T ref )

Enthalpy of liquid mixture:

hmix = xi c pi (T Tref ) +(1 xi ) c pj (T Tref ) + Hsol

3.

Drawing of saturated vapor enthalpy curve

Vapour Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j

H i = hi + i H j = h j + j
Enthalpy of vapour mixture

H mix = y i [i + c pyi (T T ref )] + (1 y i )[ j +c pyj (T T ref )]

4.

Drawing of Tie Lines

RECTIFICATION SECTION

Material balance:

V n +1 = L n + D V n +1 y n +1 = L n x n + Dx D (L n + D ) y n +1 = L n x n + Dx D L n x D y n +1 = D y n +1 x n
Energy balance:
V n +1H n +1 = L n h n + Dh D + Q c (L n + D )H n +1 = L n h n + D (h D + Ln = D (hD + Qc ) H n +1 D H n +1 h n
Ln expressions: D

Qc ) D

Combining by equating the reflux ratio


4

x D y n +1 = y n +1 x n

( hD +

Qc ) Hn D H + 1 hn n

+1

The equation represents three relationships for stages :

n and n + 1

Q x D , (hD + c ) , [ y n +1 , H n +1 ] , [ x n , h n ] , D
The point x D , (hD + c ) has a constant value. D The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the
Q [H , h x i , y i ] diagram all out of the point x D , (hD + c ) represented D

by symbol

O D referred to as the UPPER OPERATING POINT.

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

1. Locate

x D , x = xD , y1 = x D . hD
and

2. Read the enthalpies of distillate


=H D h D D

HD

3. Draw

O D at x D , (hD +

Qc Q ) , notice that O D lies a distance c D D

above hD . 4. For a total condenser :

Qc = DV 1 = D D (R + 1)
Qc = D R D + D

5. Notice that O D lies a distance R D above H D Construction procedure:


Equilibrium tie-line from y 1 locates x 1 .

x 1 joined to

O D locates

y 2 ( operating relationship,

straight line O D x 1 fixes position of


y2)

Equilibrium tie-line from y2 locates x2 .

x2 joined to

O D locates

y3 ( operating relationship,

straight line OD x 2 fixes position of y3 ).

and so on .. y n locates straight line relationship.

x n by

equilibrium and the by the operating

O D x n locates y n +1

..this continues until a tie-line falls on or passes x F the feed composition. .. in this way the equilibrium stages are determined (each tie line represent an equilibrium stage).

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

STRIPPING SECTION

Material balance:

V m +1 = L m W V m +1 y m +1 = L m x m W x w (L m W ) y m +1 = L m x m W x w L m y m +1 x w = W y m +1 x m
Energy balance:

V m +1H m +1 = L m h m W hw + Q b Q (L m W )H n +1 = L m h m W (hw b ) W Q H m +1 ( hw b ) Lm W = W H m +1 hm
8

Q b W Energy added to the reboiler per unit bottoms product

Combining by equating the ratio

Lm expressions: W

y m +1 x w = y m +1 x m

H m +1 (hw

H m +1 h m

Qb ) W

The equation represents three relationships for all values of m and m +1 :

Q x w , ( hw b W

) ,

[ y m +1 , H m +1 ]
Q

[ x m , hm ]

The point x w , ( hw b ) has a constant value. W The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the

[H , h x i , y i ]

diagram

all

out

of

the

point x w , ( hw

Qb W

represented by the symbol OPERATING POINT.

OW referred to as the LOWER

Construction procedure: 1. Locate curve. 2. The reboiler N + 1 is an equilibrium stage, hence x w and y N +1 are in equilibrium. The tie lie from x w locates. y N +1 . 3. Straight line joining y N +1 with the lower operating point locates x N on the saturated liquid bubble point curve. 4. xN locates yN by equilibrium tie line relationship. 5. Straight line joining y N to the operating point OW locates x N 1 .

xw at intersection of

x = xw and the bubble point

OW

10

6. and so on using tie line and operating point relationships for number of equilibrium stages until x F is reached or crossed by a tie line.

Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method

THE FRACTIONATOR

11

Material balance: Material balance

F = D +W Fx F =Dx D + Wx w ( D +W ) x F= Dx D Wx w + W x D x F = D x F x w

F H F + Qb = Qc + DhD + Whw ( D + W ) H F + Qb = Qc + DhD + Whw DH F + W H F = D( hD + ( hD + Qc Q ) + W ( hw b ) D W

Qc ) HF W D = D H ( h Qb ) F w W

Combining by equating the ratio

W expressions D
12

xD xF x F xw

Qc )H F D = Q H F ( hw b ) W (hD +

Here a relationship between three points:

Q Q x w , (hw b ) , x D , (hD + c ) , x F , H F W D
x F , H F is the feed point represented by the symbol
F.

The equation, thus, represent a straight line OW FO D joining the operating points F , OW , O D . By drawing the line OW FO D from any two of the three operating points the third will be located. The equilibrium stages for the whole fractionator will be determined as shown in the following steps: 1. Locate x iD and extend upwards 2. Calculate D = (H D h D ) 3. Locate O D at a distance R D above H D 4. Fix the feed point F from knowledge of x iF and H F 5. extend the line O D F to intersect the vertical line x = x iw at OW 6. Start construction of equilibrium stages starting from y 1 using tie lines and upper operating point O D one after the other until the feed point F is passed. 7. After that the lower operating point OW is used with x to give
y , followed by tie line from y to give x , then x with OW to give y and so on .

13

8. Construction stops when x iw is reached or passed.

14

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