Presente Simple Continuo: AFIRMATIVO S+ be (pres. Simpl.

)+V (ing)+C I am walking You We They are walking He She It is walking NEGATIVO S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C I am not walking He is not She You walking are not It We walking They

AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V (ing)+C I will be lending Yo u We Th ey will be lendin g He She It Will be lending

NEGATIVO S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base form)+V (ing)+C I will not be lending will Yo He not u She be will not W It lendin be e g lending Th ey

INTERROGACIN Be (pres. simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+? Am I walking? You Are We walking? They Pasado Simple Continuo: AFIRMATIVO S+ be (pasd. simpl.)+V (ing)+C I was driving He was You were She driving We It driving They Is He She It walking?

INTERROGACIN Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V (ing)+C+? Will I be lending? Will You We They AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has)+V (P.p)+C I have bought You We The y have bought (youv e) He Sh e It has bought (hes) Be lending? Will He She It be lending?

NEGATIVO S+ be (pasd. simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C I was not driving He was not You were not She driving We It driving They

Presente Perfecto: NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V (P.p)+C I have not bought He has not Sh You have not bought e We bought (hasnt) It The (havent) y

INTERROGACIN Be (pasd. simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+? Was I driving? You We driving? They He She It

INTERROGACIN driving? Aux.(have/has)+S+V (P.p)+C+? Have I bought? Has He bought?

Were

Was

Futuro Simple Continuo:

Hav e

You We They

bought ?

She It

Nota: El presente perfecto, se forma con to have a modo de auxiliar y el verbo en participio pasado. En la tercera persona se emplea el has. Pasado Perfecto: AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C I had bought (Id) You We The y had bought (youd) He She It had bough t (hed) NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V (P.p)+C I had not bought Yo u We The y had not bought (hadnt) He Sh e It

You We The y

will have bought (youll have)

Sh e It

boug ht (hell have )

You We The y

will not have bought (wont have)

She It

bought (wont have)

INTERROGACIN Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V (P.p)+C+? Will I have bought? He You have Will She Will We bought? It They Presente Perfecto Continuo: AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(in g)+C I have been has selling been He sellin Yo have Sh g u been e (hes We selling It been The (youve ) y been) NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(i ng)+C I have not been have selling not He have not been You She been selling We It selling (hasnt The (havent been) y been)

have bought?

had not bought (hadnt)

INTERROGACIN Aux.(had)+S+V (P.p)+C+? Had I bought? Had You We They bought ? Had He She It Bought?

Futuro Perfecto: AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V (P.p)+C I will have will bought He have NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V (P.p)+C I will not have will not bought He have Hav e

INTERROGACIN Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+? Have I been selling? He You Has She been selling? We It They

been selling?

Pasado Perfecto Continuo: AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C I had been selling Yo had u been We selling The (youd y been) had been sellin g (hed been ) NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C I had not been had selling not He had not been You She been selling We It selling (hadnt The (hadnt been) y been)

He Sh e It

Will I have been selling? He have You Will She been have been Will We It selling? selling? They TIEMPOS PASIVOS La voz pasiva de un verbo activo se forma poniendo el verbo tobe en el mismo tiempo que el verbo activo y aadiendo el participio pasado del verbo activo, es decir que el sujeto de un verbo en pasivo corresponde al objeto de un verbo en activo. Ejemplo: He wrote this book in 1976 (Activo) This book was written in 1976 (Pasivo) by: esta preposicin se usa para decir quin haca la accin o que la causaba, por ejemplo: Cristbal Coln discovered America in 1492 (Activo) America was discovered by Cristbal Coln in 1492 (Pasivo) Presente Simple (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ to be(present)+V (P.p)+C I am spoken here You are We spoke The n here y He Sh e It is spoke n here NEGATIVO S+ to be (present)+Neg+V (P.p)+C I am not spoken here You are not We spoken The here y He Sh e It is spoken here

INTERROGACIN Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+? Had I been selling? He You been Had She Had We selling? It They Futuro Perfecto Continuo: AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(i ng)+C I will have been will selling have been will have He sellin Sh You been g e We selling (hell It The (youll have y have been been) ) NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p) +V(ing)+C I will not have been selling will He not will not Yo Sh have have been u e been selling We It selli Th (wont have ng been) ey

been selling?

INTERROGACIN To be (present)+S+V (P.p)+C+? Am I spoken here? Are You We They spoken here? Is He She It spoken here?

INTERROGACIN Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+?

Pasado Simple (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ to be(past)+V (P.p)+C I was spoken here You were We spoke The n here y He Sh e It was spoke n here NEGATIVO S+ to be(past)+Neg+V (P.p)+C I was not spoken here You were not We spoken The here y He Sh e It was spoken here

Futuro Simple con (going to) Pasivo: AFIRMATIVO S+ to be+ going to be+V (P.p)+C I am going to is be made He goin Sh g to You are e be We going It mad The to be e y made NEGATIVO S+ to be+Neg+going to be+V (P.p)+C I am not going to be made is not He going You are not She to be We going to It made The be made y

INTERROGACIN to be(past)+S+V (P.p)+C+? Was I spoken here? Wer e You We They spoken here? Was He She It spoken here?

INTERROGACIN To be+S+going to be+V (P.p)+C+? Am I going to be made? He going to be You going to be Is She made? Are We made? It They Presente Continuo (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO S+ to be(present) +Neg+being +V (P.p)+C I am not being painted He is not being You are not She It painted We being They painted S+ to be(present)+being+V (P.p)+C I am being painted He is She being You are It painted We being They painted

Futuro Simple (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+(to be)+V (P.p)+C I will be told soon He will Sh be You will be e told We told It soon The soon y NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(to be)+V (P.p)+C I will not be told soon will not He be told will not You She soon be told We It (wont soon The be) (wont be) y

INTERROGACIN INTERROGACIN Aux.(will)+S+(to be)+V (P.p)+C+? Will I be told soon? He You be told Will She We soon? It They To be (present)+ S+being+V (p.p)+C+? be told soon? Am I being painted? You Are We being painted? They He She It being painted?

Will

Is

Pasado Continuo (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ to be(past)+being+V (p.p)+C I was being painted You We They were being painted He She It was being painted NEGATIVO S+ to be(past) +Neg+being +V (p.p)+C I am not being painted You We They were not being painted He She It was not being painted

You be being We told? They Presente Perfecto (Pasivo): Will AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has)+been+V (p.p)+C I have been told He has Sh You been have e We told been It The told y

She It

told?

NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has) +Neg +been +V (p.p)+C I have not been told He has not Sh You been have not e We told been told It The y

INTERROGACIN To be (past )+S+being +V (p.p)+C+? Was I being painted? Were You We They being painted? Was He She It being painted?

INTERROGACIN Aux.(have/has)+S+been+V (p.p)+C+? Have I been told? Hav e You We They AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+been+V (p.p)+C I had been spent He had Sh You been had e We spent been It The spent y been told? Has He She It been told?

Futuro Continuo (pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+be+being+V (P.p)+C I will be being told He will be Sh You being e We will be told It The being told y NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+be+being+V (P.p)+C I will not be being told He will not Sh be You will not e being We be being It told The told y

Pasado Perfecto (Pasivo): NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(had) +Neg +been +V (p.p)+C I had not been spent He had not Sh You had not been e We been spent It The spent y

INTERROGACIN Aux.(will)+S+be+being+V (P.p)+C+? Will I be being told? Will He be being

INTERROGACIN Aux.(had)+S+been+V (p.p)+C+? Had I been spent? Had He been spent?

Had

You We They

been spent?

She It

INTERROGACIN Aux.(have/has)+S+been+being+V (p.p)+C+? Have I been told? He She It been being told?

Futuro Perfecto (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+have/has+been+V (p.p)+C I will have been won He will Sh has You will e been We have It won The been y won NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(will)+have/has+Neg +been +V (p.p)+C I will have not been won You will have We not been The won y He Sh e It Hav e Nota:

You We They

been being told?

Has

Pasado Perfecto Continuo (Pasivo): will has not been won AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+been+being+V (p.p)+C I had been being spent He had Sh been You had e being We been It spent The being y spent NEGATIVO S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+been+being+V (p.p)+C I had not been being spent He had not had not Sh been You been e being We being It spent The spent y

INTERROGACIN Aux.(will)+S +have/has+been+V (p.p)+C+? Will I have been won? Will You We They have been won? Will He She It has been won?

INTERROGACIN Aux.(had)+S+been+being+V (p.p)+C+?

Presente Perfecto Continuo (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+ Aux.(have/has)+been+being+ V (p.p)+C I have been being told He has Sh been You have e being We been It told The being y told NEGATIVO S+Aux.(have/has)+Neg+been+bei ng+V (p.p)+C I have not been being told You have not We been The being told y He Sh e It has not been being told Had Nota:

Had I been spent? You We They been being spent? Had He She It been being spent?

Futuro Perfecto Continuo (Pasivo): AFIRMATIVO S+Aux.(will)+have/has+been +being+V (p.p)+C NEGATIVO S+Aux.(will)+have/has+Neg +been+being+V (p.p)+C

I will have been being won will You have We been The being y won

He Sh e It

will has been being won

I will have not been being won You We The y will have not been being won

He Sh e It

will has not been being won

Distancia Cercano Lejano

Singular This That

Plural These Those

INTERROGACIN Aux.(will)+S +have/has+been+being+V (p.p)+C+? Will I have been being won? Will Nota: EL ADJETIVO El Adjetivo se coloca antes del sustantivo que modifica, no varia segn el gnero o nmero. Pero existe algunas excepciones donde el Adjetivo va despus del sustantivo (to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to seem, to smell, to sound y to taste) Ejemplo: a good book It tastes nice EL ADVERBIO Los Adverbios son palabras que no varan segn el gnero o nmero. Los Adverbios matizan, modifican el significado del verbo, sustantivo, adjetivo o adverbio. Se forma aadiendo la terminacin ly (angry angrily); tambin existen adverbios parecidos al adjetivo (early early) y los que no derivan de otra palabra (here, soon). PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS Los Pronombres y Adjetivos Demostrativos son invariables en relacin al gnero, pero ellos tienen una forma singular y plural, su uso depende de la distancia del objeto o sujeto. You We They have been being won? Will He She It has been being won?

PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS Los Pronombres Relativos son WHO, WHICH, THAT que se emplean para introducir clusulas independientes. Ejemplo: I tipped the waiter who (that) served us. We thanked the people that (who) helped us. En estos dos ejemplos That y Who son intercambiables, pero es mucho mejor usar Who para las personas y That en relacin a cosas. En cambio Which se emplea nicamente para cosas. Ejemplo: The car which we rented doesnt work. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES Pronombre sujeto complemento reflexivo I Me Myself You You Yourself He Him Himself She Her Herself It It Itself We Us Ourselves You You Yourselves They Them Themselves

1 2 Singular 3 1 2 3

Plural

Pronombre reciproco Each other Each other Each other

B.P at

PREPOSICIONES BSICAS Used Example He has class at 8:30. Specific times My brother is at school. Definite place They live at 2388 Park Full address Road. Speed He was driving at 90 Idea of definite time miles per hour. and place

in

Exception: at night: use in for the other parts of the day. Inside Cities, boroughs States, countries Parts of countries Continents Parts of the day Months, seasons, years Time (length of time) within

The exercise is at the end of the lesson. We are in the kitchen. The school is in the UCV. How long have you lived in Caracas? I live in the West. We saw many interesting sights in Europe. We have class in the morning. Graduation will be in July. Youll have your exam in seven days. Ill be back in ten minutes. The book was on the table. Their house is on First Street. My apartment is on the sixth floor. My birthday is on October 22nd. There is no class on Saturday. He works on campus. Hes usually here on time. Note: in time for something)

by

of

Means, by way of (pasando por; por va de; como; por medio de; a modo de) Possessive of things Parts of a whole

You learn by repeating. You can get there by car. The leg of the chair was broken. I bought a pound of carrots. The light is over jack. The cabinets are over the counter. We are going to New York. The plane to Houston left an hour ago. He got to his office at eight. They will arrive in New York tonight. The temperature is above 40. There are cabinets above the sink. Is Caracas above or below sea level? Wine with your meal. To have dinner with Alex. To be fed up with What about me? Its for me. To work for a newspaper To work for a living Whats for dinner?

over

Exact position (vertical)

to

Destination Leave for Arrive at place Arrive in a city

on

On the surface Streets, avenues Floors Dates Days of the week On a farm, a planet, an island, campus Punctuality

above

Degree higher than Location higher than

below with

To a lower degree Con Con Estar harto de conmigo? Para m Para Trabajar para ganarse la vida De cenar

about for

Para la cena Buscar algo Hacia Tokyo Ir de paseo

To be ready for dinner To look for something To depart for Tokyo To go for a walk

back ask about ask for ask back ask in ask up back away back up be away be for be off be out be up bend over blow down blow out break away break in

modos preguntar por (un asunto) pedir, preguntar por invitar a volver invitar a entrar invitar a subir retroceder reforzar estar fuera estar a favor de irse, estar apagado estar fuera estar levantado inclinarse derrumbarse por el viento apagar (se) (una llama) soltarse irrumpir, interrumpir terminar el curso o una relacin devolver traer (consigo) hacer entrar

for ask after ask up to ask down ask out back out be about be back be in be on be over bend down blow away blow off blow up break down break off break out bring about bring down bring out preguntar por la salud pedir hasta (un precio) invitar a bajar invitar a salir volver atrs estar por (un lugar) estar de vuelta estar en casa estar encendido estar acabado agacharse llevarse (el viento) dejar salir (el vapor) volar (con explosivos) derruir, averiarse romper (se) (relaciones) estallar (una guerra) acarrear derribar, rebajar hacer salir, publicar

TIPS PARA TRADUCIR 1. Cuando nos encontramos ante la presencia de palabras en el idioma ingls que se asemejan a ciertas palabras en el idioma espaol y poseen el mismo significado, estas palabras son llamadas: verdaderas cognadas. 2. Cuando nos encontramos con palabras en el ingls que se parecen a ciertas palabras en el espaol, pero que su significado es diferente, estas palabras son llamadas: falsas cognadas. 3. Cuando nos encontramos con varias palabras seguidas unas de otras que pueden ser sustantivos, adjetivos o adverbios, nos detendremos a leer en el primer verbo, preposicin, conectivo o signo de puntuacin y procederemos a leer de derecha a izquierda sin omitir ninguna palabra. Solo jugaremos con los adjetivos o adverbios en el idioma espaol. 4. Cuando nos encontramos con un gerundio al empezar una oracin, para traducir aadimos un HOW y luego el gerundio en forma de infinitivo. Ejemplo: Describing the future. Como describir el futuro. (Marbella Delgado, 2003)

5. VERBOS COMPUESTOS (http://www.mansioningles.com. Visitado junio 2004, 20) VERBOS VERBOS TRADUCCIN TRADUCCIN COMP. COMP. add up add up totalizar alcanzar un total to answer answer contestar de malos responder de

break up bring back bring along bring in

bring up burn away burn out buy for buy up call at call back call in call out call up carry along carry on clear away clear out close down come about come along come away come for

criar, educar consumirse (el fuego) consumirse (el fuego) comprar por o para acaparar Hacer una visita, hacer escala Llamar (a alguien) para que regrese Llamar (a alguien) para que entre Gritar Telefonear Persuadir Continuar Dispersar (se) Marcharse Cerrar Suceder Acompaar, venir por (la calle) Desprenderse Venir por (en busca de)

brush off burn down burn up buy over call away call for call on call over call down carry off carry out clear off clear up close up come across come at come down come from

quitar el polvo derrumbarse (por el fuego) consumirse (por el fuego) sobornar Seguir llamando Pedir a voces, exigir Ir a ver (a alguien) Pasar lista, enumerar Llamar (a alguien) para que baje Llevarse a la fuerza Llevar a cabo Marcharse Aclararse (el tiempo,un misterio) Acercarse Encontrarse con Embestir Bajar Venir de

come in come on come to come up to count on count up to cry out cry to cut in cut out cut up die away die out do without draw back draw in draw on draw up drive back drive in drive off

Entrar Vamos! (en imperativo) Ascender (una suma), volver en s. Acercarse a Contar con Contar hasta Llorar a gritos Llamar a gritos Interrumpir Recortar, omitir Trinchar, triturar Cesar poco a poco Extinguirse Pasarse sin (carecer de) Retroceder Economizar, encoger (se) Aproximarse, retirar fondos Para (un vehculo) Rechazar Entrar en coche, introducir Alejarse en coche, ahuyentar

come off come out come up count in count up cry for cry over cut down cut off cut through die down do up draw away draw down draw off draw out drive away drive by drive out

Desprenderse Salir Subir Incluir Calcular Pedir llorando Lamentarse Reducir gastos, talar Separar de un tajo Acortar por un atajo

Apaciguarse Abrochar Alejarse Bajar Apartarse Sacar, redactar, alargarse (el da) Ahuyentar, alejarse en coche Pasar en coche Salir en coche, expulsar

eat away eat up fall down fall over fight on fill in find out fly about fly away fly off get about get at get back get to get out (of) get on get over get up give back give out go about go at go by go in / into go on

Erosionar Devorar Caerse Tropezar Seguir luchando Rellenar Averiguar Volar de un lado a otro Huir volando Desprenderse Ir de ac para all Dar a entender Volver, recuperar Llegar a Salir, apearse Subirse, progresar Saltar por encima, recobrarse Levantarse Devolver Agotarse, repartir Ir de un lado para otro Atacar Pasar por Entrar Continuar

eat into fall off fight off fight up fill up fix up fly at fly down get along get away get down get in / into get off get out get through give away give off give up go along go away go down go off go out

Roer Disminuir, desprenderse Ahuyentar Luchar valerosamente Rellenar, llenar Arreglar (un asunto) Atacar Descender Hacer progreso Escaparse Descender Entrar, meterse Apearse, bajarse Producir, salir Abrirse camino Repartir, denunciar Despedir (humo, olor) Entregar, rendirse Ir a lo largo de Marcharse Bajar Explotar, marcharse Salir, pasarse de moda, apagarse

go over go up go across hang about hang behind hang off hold back hold out hurry away hurry up jump about jump down jump on keep away keep down keep up knock at knock out look after look

Repasar Subir Atravesar Vagar Quedarse atrs Colgar (el telfono) Detener Resistir Irse rpidamente Darse prisa Dar saltos Bajar de un salto Subir de un salto Mantenerse alejado Controlar Mantenerse de pie, resistir Llamar (a la puerta) Dejar fuera de combate Cuidar Mirar atrs

go through go up to go without hang back hang from hang up hold on hurry along hurry off

Penetrar, sufrir Acercarse a Pasarse sin Retraerse Colgar de Colgar (un cuadro) Continuar Darse prisa Irse rpidamente

jump at jump in jump over keep back keep off knock about knock down

Atacar Entrar de un salto Saltar por encima de Mantenerse separado Abstenerse Golpear ac y all Derribar

look at look

Mirar Mirar abajo

behind look for look in look out look round move away move down move off move out pass away pass in pay for pay off point at point to point out pull away pull off pull up Buscar Mirar dentro Mirar fuera Mirar alrededor Alejarse Bajar Marcharse Mudarse (de domicilio) Fallecer Entrar Pagar Liquidar (una cuenta), pagar Sealar Sealar Destacar Arrancar Arrancar Parar (un vehculo)

down look forward to look like look over look up move along move in move on move up pass by pass on pay in pay up point away point down point up pull down pull out put away

put back Anhelar Parecer Mirar por encima de Mirar arriba, buscar Pasar, no detenerse Mudarse (de domicilio) No detenerse, pasar a (otro asunto) Moverse (para dejar sitio) Pasar por (un sitio) Pasar (de mano en mano) Ingresar (dinero) Pagar (una deuda) Sealar a lo lejos sit down Sealar abajo sit for Sealar arriba speak to Derribar Sacar Poner a un lado stand by stand out stay at put in put on put up run about run down run off run over see about see to send down send off send up set down shut in

Poner en su sitio Meter, instalar Ponerse (una prenda) Subir (algo), alojarse Correr de ac para all Pararse (un reloj), enfermar Escapar corriendo Atropellar Indagar Encargarse de Bajar (algo) Despachar,despedir (trabajadores) Subir (algo) Asentar, colocar Encerrar Sentarse Presentarse (a un examen) Hablar con Quedarse cerca Destacar Hospedarse

put down put off put out put up with run across run in run out run up see off send along send for send round set about set off shut up sit up speak for speak up stand off stand up stay by

Anotar, bajar (algo) Posponer Apagar, sacar Soportar Encontrarse con, atravesar corriendo Entrar corriendo Salir corriendo Subir corriendo Despedir (a alguien) Despachar Enviar por Circular Ponerse (a trabajar) Partir (para un viaje) Callarse, cerrar (una tienda) Incorporarse, sentarse erguido Hablar a favor de Hablar en alta voz Mantenerse alejado Ponerse de pie Permanecer al lado

stay in step across step in step up stop by stop up take down take in take out take up talk of tear away tear up throw back throw in throw out try on turn back turn off turn out

Quedarse en casa Atravesar Entrar Subir Quedarse al lado de Empastar (una muela), tapar (una botella) Escribir al dictado, bajar (algo) Engaar, meter Sacar, quitar Subir (algo) Hablar de Quitar (rasgando) Hacer pedazos (rasgando) Devolver Tirar hacia adentro Arrojar Probarse una prenda Darse la vuelta Apagar (la luz), cerrar (una llave) Apagar

stay out step down step out step up to stop in

de Quedarse fuera de casa Bajar Salir Acercarse a (alguien) Quedarse en casa

turn into walk about walk away walk in walk up work under

Convertirse Andar de ac para all Alejarse andando Entrar Subir Trabajar a las rdenes de

over turn up walk along walk down walk off work out write down

abajo Llegar Andar por Bajar Marcharse Calcular Anotar

take for take off take to talk about talk to tear off throw away throw down throw off throw up turn away turn down turn on turn

Tomar por (equivocarse) Quitarse (una prenda), despegar Llevar a Hablar acerca de Hablar con Separar (rasgando) Tirar (algo inservible) Tirar hacia abajo Echar fuera Tirar hacia arriba Mirar a otro lado Poner boca abajo Encender (la luz), abrir (una llave) Volcar, poner boca