Scalaz: Functional Programming in Scala

Rnar Bjarnason
http://scalaz.org

Who am I?
Rnar li Bjarnason @runarorama Senior Software Engineer, Capital IQ, Boston Contributor to Scalaz since 2008 Author, "Functional Programming in Scala" (Manning, 2012)

What is Scalaz?
A library for pure functional programming in Scala Purely functional data types Type classes Pimped-out standard library Effect tracking Concurrency abstractions

Functional Programming
Functional Programming is Programming with Functions

What is a Function?
A function f : A => B relates every value of type A to exactly one value of type B. This is all a function is allowed to do. No side-effects!

What's a Side-Effect?
Reading/writing les Re-assigning variables Setting elds on objects Mutating data structures Throwing an exception Anything that violates Referential Transparency

Referential Transparency
An expression e is referentially transparent if every occurrence of e can be replaced with its value without affecting the observable result of the program. A function f is pure if the expression f(x) is referentially transparent for all referentially transparent x.

A Side-Effect Appeals to a Lie

// Not a function of type Int => Int def foo(x: Int): Int = { launchTheMissile x + 1 }

Functional Programming is: being honest about types.

Why?
Modularity: Elements of a program can be separated, repurposed, and recombined. Compositionality: Understand the components, and the rules of combination, and you understand the whole.

In Scala, FP is a Discipline
Scala does not enforce referential transparency. It's up to you to keep your types honest.

Scalaz: Getting Started

import scalaz._ import Scalaz._

Scalaz: Getting Started

Where is the code? A => Identity[A] M[A] => MA[M[_], A] M[A, B] => MAB[M[_,_], A, B] Wrappers: OptionW[A], ListW[A], etc.

Example: Type-safe Equality

Old and busted:
def isInMap(k: String, v: String, m: Map[String, String]): Boolean = m.get(k) == v

Example: Type-safe Equality

New hotness:
scala> def isInMap(k: String, | v: String, | m: Map[String, String]): Boolean = | m.get(k) === v <console>:17: error: type mismatch; found : String required: Option[String] m.get(k) === v ^

Example: Type-safe Equality

A type class:
trait Equal[A] { def equal(a1: A, a2: A): Boolean }

Equal[T] witnesses that T can be compared for equality.

Example: Type-safe Equality

An equality for strings
implicit val stringEq: Equal[String] = equal(_ == _)

Example: Type-safe Equality

An equality for options
implicit def optionEq[A:Equal]: Equal[Option[A]] = equal { (a1, a2) => (a1 |@| a2)(_ === _) | (a1.isEmpty && a2.isEmpty) }

Example: Type-safe Equality

New hotness:
def isInMap[K,V:Equal](k: K, v: V, m: Map[K,V]): Boolean = m.get(k) === Some(v)

Example: Type-safe Equality

Benets: Type safety Compositionality Modularity

Monoid Type Class

trait Semigroup[M] { def append(a: M, b: M): M }

append(a, append(b, c)) = append(append(a, b), c)

trait Monoid[M] extends Semigroup[M] { val zero: M }

append(a, zero) = a append(zero, a) = a

Examples of Monoids
Int with + and 0 Int with * and 1 Boolean with || and false A => A with compose and identity List[A] with ++ and Nil String with + and "" Scalaz has a lot of Monoid instances.

Using a Monoid
scala> 1 |+| 2 res0: Int = 3 scala> mzero[Int] res1: Int = 0

Monoids are Type Safe

scala> 1 + "3" res9: String = 13 scala> 1 |+| "3" <console>:14: error: type mismatch; found : String("3") required: Int 1 |+| "3" ^

Monoids Compose
(Monoid[A], Monoid[B]) => Monoid[(A, B)]
scala> (1, "foo") |+| (3, "bar") res12: (Int, String) = (4,foobar) scala> mzero[(Int, String)] res13: (Int, String) = (0,"")

Monoids Compose
Monoid[B] => Monoid[A => B]
f |+| g = (x => f(x) |+| g(x)) mzero[A => B] = (x => mzero[B])

Monoids Compose
Monoid[A] => Monoid[Option[A]]
scala> some("abc") |+| some("def") res2: Option[String] = Some(abcdef) scala> mzero[Option[String]] res3: Option[String] = None

Monoids Compose
Monoid[V] => Monoid[Map[K,V]]
scala> Map("a" -> 2, "b" -> 1) |+| Map("a" -> 3, "c" -> 4) res14: Map[String,Int] = Map(a -> 5, c -> 4, b -> 1)

Monoids add Modularity

The same code can be re-used for all monoids:
def sum[A:Monoid](as: List[A]): A = as.foldLeft(mzero)(_ |+| _)

Foldable
If there exist implicit Foldable[M] and Monoid[A], then M[A].sum: A M[B].foldMap(B => A): A

Foldable
Example:
scala> List(1,2,3).asMA.sum res15: Int = 6 scala> List(some(1), some(4), none).asMA.sum res16: Option[Int] = Some(5) scala> some(2) foldMap (_ + 1) res17: Int = 3 scala> List(3,4,5) foldMap multiplication res18: scalaz.IntMultiplication = 60

Validation
Purely functional error handling
sealed trait Validation[+E, +A] case class Success[+E, +A](a: A) extends Validation[E, A] case class Fail[+E, +A](e: E) extends Validation[E, A]

Validation
Creating successes and failures
scala> 10.success res24: scalaz.Validation[Nothing,Int] = Success(10) scala> "oops".fail res25: scalaz.Validation[String,Nothing] = Failure(oops)

Validation
def checkEmail(e: String): Validation[String, String] = if (validEmail(e)) email.success else "Invalid email address".fail

Validation
Validations compose with map and flatMap.
def validateWebForm(name: String, email: String, phone: String) : Validation[String, WebForm] = for { e <- checkEmail(email) p <- checkPhone(phone) } yield WebForm(name, e, p)

Validation
If the failure type is a Monoid, we can accumulate failures.
def validateWebForm(name: String, email: String, phone: String) : Validation[String, WebForm] = (checkEmail(email) |@| checkPhone(phone)) { WebForm(name, _, _) }

Validation
Scalaz provides ValidationNEL where the failure is a list.
type ValidationNEL[E, A] = Validation[NonEmptyList[E], A]

Validation
def validateWebForm(name: String, email: String, phone: String) : ValidationNEL[String, WebForm] = (checkEmail(email).liftFailNel |@| checkPhone(phone).liftFailNel) { WebForm(name, _, _) }

Validation
A list of validations can be turned into a validation of a list.
scala> type MyValidation[A] = Validation[String, A] defined type alias StringValidation scala> val x: List[MyValidation[Int]] = | List(1.success, 2.success) x: List[MyValidation[Int]] = List(Success(1), Success(2)) scala> x.sequence res9: MyValidation[List[Int]] = Success(List(1, 2))

Applicative Functors
Any M[A] can be composed with |@| if there exists Applicative[M] in implicit scope.
scala> (some(30) |@| some(10) |@| some(2)) { (x, y, z) => | if (x > 20) y else z } res10: Option[Int] = Some(10) scala> (List("foo","bar") |@| List("baz","qux")) { _ |+| _ } res11: List[String] = List(foobaz, fooqux, barbaz, barqux) scala> (((_: Int) + 1) |@| ((_: Int) * 2)) { _ |+| _ } res12: Int => Int = <function1> scala> res12(4) res13: Int = 13

Applicative Functors
Any F[G[A]] can be inverted to G[F[A]] if there exists Applicative[G] and Traverse[F].
scala> List(some(1), some(2), some(3)).sequence res14: Option[List[Int]] = Some(List(1, 2, 3)) scala> res14.sequence res15: List[Option[Int]] = List(Some(1), Some(2), Some(3))

Applicative Functors
Any F[G[A]] can be inverted to G[F[A]] if there exists Applicative[G] and Traverse[F]
scala> type IntFn[A] = Int => A defined type alias IntFn scala> val fs: List[IntFn[Int]] = List(_ + 1, _ * 2) fs: List[Int => Int] = List(<function1>, <function1>) scala> val f = fs.sequence f: Int => List[Int] = <function1> scala> f(10) res16: List[Int] = List(11, 20)

Applicative Functors
trait Applicative[M[_]] { // (a |@| f)(_(_)) def apply[A, B](a: M[A], f: M[A => B]): M[B] def pure[A](a: A): M[A] } trait Traverse[T[_]] { def traverse[M[_]:Applicative, A, B]( a: T[A], f: A => M[B]): M[T[B]] } x.sequence = traverse(x, a => a)

State
f: (A, S) => (B, S) g: (B, S) => (C, S) f andThen g : (A, S) => (C, S)

State
f: A => S => (B, S) g: B => S => (C, S)

How to compose these?

State
type State[S, A] = S => (A, S) f: A => State[S, B] g: B => State[S, C] ((a: A) => f(a) flatMap g): A => State[S, C]

State
A generic zipWithIndex:
type IntState[A] = State[Int, A] def indexed[M[_]:Traverse, A](m: M[A]) = m.traverse[IntState, (A, Int)](a => for { x <- init _ <- modify((_:Int) + 1) } yield (a, x)) ! 0

Thank You!
More information: http://scalaz.org #scalaz on Freenode http://groups.google.com/scalaz Come talk to me at any time today.