UTOMATIC YNAMIC NCREMENTAL ONLINEAR NALYSIS

ADINA Primer

Report ARD 11-7 ADINA R & D, Inc.

December 2011

ADINA Primer
Report ARD 11-7

December 2011, revised April 2012

ADINA R&D, Inc. 71 Elton Avenue Watertown, MA 02472 USA tel. (617) 926-5199 telefax (617) 926-0238 www.adina.com

Notices ADINA R & D, Inc. owns both this software program system and its documentation. Both the program system and the documentation are copyrighted with all rights reserved by ADINA R & D, Inc. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. ADINA R & D, Inc. makes no warranty whatsoever, expressed or implied that the Program and its documentation including any modifications or updates are free from errors or defects. In no event shall ADINA R&D, Inc. become liable to the User or any party for any loss, including but not limited to, loss of time, money or goodwill, which may arise from the use of the Program and its documentation including any modifications and updates. Trademarks ADINA is a registered trademark of K.J. Bathe / ADINA R & D, Inc. All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Copyright Notice 8 ADINA R & D, Inc. 1996 - 2012 April 2012 Printing PRINTED IN USA

Table of contents

Table of contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................. Intro-1 Icon locator tables........................................................................................................ Icons-1 Active Zone Boolean Operator ......................................................................... Icons-1 Boundary Plot Define Contact Groups.............................................................. Icons-2 Define Contact Pairs Delete Volumes............................................................... Icons-3 Display Zone First Solution .............................................................................. Icons-4 Group Outline Mesh Lines................................................................................ Icons-5 Mesh Plot Node Symbols.................................................................................. Icons-6 Open Show Contact Surfaces............................................................................ Icons-7 Show Deformed Mesh Subdivide Surfaces....................................................... Icons-8 Subdivide Volumes Zoom................................................................................. Icons-9 Hints ............................................................................................................................ Hints-1 Topic indexes............................................................................................................. Topics-1 Problem 1: Deflection of a beam ........................................................................................ 1-1 Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension .............................................................................. 2-1 Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M .................................................. 3-1 Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load........................................................................... 4-1 Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading...................... 5-1 Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity................................................................................. 6-1 Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder................................................... 7-1 Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner ................................................................................. 8-1 Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder................................................................ 9-1 Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load..................................................................... 10-1 Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load C mode superposition................................. 11-1 Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load .............................................................. 12-1 Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality ........................................................................ 13-1 Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame........................................................................ 14-1 Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole.................................................................. 15-1 Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection using ADINA-M ............................... 16-1 Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body using ADINA-M .............................................. 17-1 Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel .......................................... 18-1 Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe .................................................. 19-1 Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure ................... 20-1 Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure ........... 21-1 Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates ............................... 22-1 Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend................................................................ 23-1 Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow.......................................... 24-1 Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks ............................................ 25-1 Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge................................................................. 26-1 Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads ........................................... 27-1 Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel........................... 28-1 Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M ................................. 29-1

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Table of contents

Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction ................ 30-1 Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser....................................................... 31-1 Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method........................................ 32-1 Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis 33-1 Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system ................. 34-1 Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates............... 35-1 Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method ................................ 36-1 Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh ............................ 37-1 Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger ........................................................ 38-1 Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome ................................ 39-1 Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M ................................................... 40-1 Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M .................................................. 41-1 Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel ........................................... 42-1 Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method .................... 43-1 Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assembly with a bolt .................................................. 44-1 Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment..................... 45-1 Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model ...................... 46-1 Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models................................... 47-1 Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD ............................................... 48-1 Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD................................................ 49-1 Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam.................................................... 50-1 Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe..................................................................... 51-1 Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube............................................................................... 52-1 Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block .................................................. 53-1 Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity................................ 54-1 Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force ....................................................... 55-1 Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel......................... 56-1

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ADINA Primer

Introduction

Objective
The ADINA primer is designed to familiarize you with the basic functionality and usage of the ADINA System version 8.8, in particular the basic functionality and usage of the AUI (ADINA User Interface). The problems solved in the primer are designed to illustrate different features of the ADINA System. The problems are presented in enough detail so that you can work through them without additional assistance. The problems are briefly summarized here: Problem 1: Deflection of a beam. We introduce the geometry-based modeling features of the AUI with a simple beam problem. Several variants of the same problem are presented to demonstrate how an existing model can be modified. Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension. We generate elements onto several geometry surfaces. Deletion and regeneration of elements is demonstrated. Zooming into the graphics window and graph plotting are introduced. Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M. Problem 2 is solved using the body sheet feature of ADINA-M. The advantage of using the body sheet feature is that the geometry does not need to be broken up into several geometry surfaces. We also demonstrate how to transform the stresses into a cylindrical coordinate system. Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load. We generate elements onto a geometry volume. During the problem solution we rotate the mesh plot with the mouse. Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading. We generate 3-D elements by revolving 2-D elements about an axis. Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity. We introduce two-dimensional fluid flow modeling with the AUI and ADINA-CFD. Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder. We demonstrate modeling of contact conditions. We also show the use of time functions to control load levels in static analysis. In addition we show how to create an animation file in different graphics formats. Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner. We demonstrate modeling of a simple shell structure. We also demonstrate frequency analysis. Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder. We demonstrate thermal analysis with ADINA-Thermal, then we show how the temperature solution is included in stress analysis. Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load. We demonstrate setting up a dynamic analysis. We also show how to perform a restart analysis.

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Introduction

Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load C mode superposition. Problem 10 is solved using mode superposition for the dynamic time integration. Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load. We demonstrate setting up a response spectrum analysis. Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality. The plate with a hole considered in problem 2 is reanalyzed using the relatively inefficient 3 and 4-node elements. Our purpose is to demonstrate the mesh quality indicators of the AUI. Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame. We demonstrate the use of the momentcurvature material model in modeling a simple structure. We also show the use of the ATS method to determine a collapse load. Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole. We demonstrate the ADINA potential-based fluid elements and the ADINA-CFD fluid elements in an FSI (fluid-structure-interaction) analysis. Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M: We demonstrate the usage of ADINA-M for the definition of a simple solid geometry, then we mesh the solid geometry with free-form meshing and obtain a linear static solution. Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M: We demonstrate the modeling of a cracked body using ADINA-M and the CRACK-M feature. We also demonstrate fracture mechanics analysis (3-D stationary crack). Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel. We demonstrate FSI analysis in which the deformation of a flexible structure affects the flow field. A moving mesh is used in the fluid domain. Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe. We demonstrate 3D fluid flow analysis with mass transfer. Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure. We demonstrate 2D fluid flow analysis in which natural convection and specular radiation are considered. We also demonstrate the automatic nondimensionalization feature and freeform meshing within geometry surfaces. Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure. We demonstrate 2D fluid flow analysis in which solid element groups are used to model walls and in which the walls are subjected to radiation and convection boundary conditions. Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates. We demonstrate the modeling of a simple rubber component. The ATS method is used to obtain the solution in one load step.

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Introduction

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend. We demonstrate limit load analysis of a pipe bend modeled with shell elements and an elastic-plastic material description. Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow. We demonstrate 3-D FSI analysis with a pipe flow problem. The pipe is modeled with shell elements and the fluid is modeled with 6-node prismatic fluid elements. We use slip boundary conditions between the fluid and the solid to minimize the number of fluid elements required. Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks. We demonstrate how to add elements to a model using the element birth/death feature, and we discuss the modeling of a convection boundary condition that changes during the analysis. This problem is solved using ADINA-Thermal. Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge. We demonstrate how to read in batch file commands into the AUI, and show some analyses useful in bridge analysis: dead load analysis, response spectrum analysis, dynamic analysis with prescribed ground motion. Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads. We demonstrate how to perform harmonic and random vibration analysis on a simple beam structure. Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel. We demonstrate particle tracing in an unsteady flow field. Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M. We demonstrate the use of ADINA-M in modeling shell-shell intersections. We also demonstrate how to plot bending moments and membrane forces within shells. Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction. We demonstrate some of the features of the subsonic potential-based fluid elements of ADINA: prescribed mass fluxes, infinite boundary conditions, steady-state and dynamic analysis. We also demonstrate the axisymmetric shell element. Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser. We demonstrate the input of a parabolic velocity boundary condition. Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method. We demonstrate the VOF (volume of fluid) method. Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis. We demonstrate various features used in metal forming analysis, including the rigid-target contact algorithm. We also demonstrate explicit time integration. Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system. We demonstrate ADINA-TMC in the solution of a fully-coupled thermo-mechanical analysis. We also demonstrate the contact-slip loads.

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Introduction

Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates. We demonstrate modeling of an auxetic foam material with temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects. Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method. We demonstrate the use of the VOF method in the analysis of air bubbles. Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh. We demonstrate the sliding-mesh feature of ADINA-CFD. Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger. We demonstrate the use of ASME steam table materials, fan boundary conditions, and the multigrid solver of ADINA-CFD. Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome. We demonstrate thermal FSI modeling, and the use of a layer table to control the meshing near boundaries. Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M. We demonstrate the use of the gluemesh feature to glue a shaft to a ring. Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M. We demonstrate importing of a Parasolid file into ADINA-M, then we demonstrate modifying the geometry using the discrete boundary representation (discrete BREP) feature. Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel. We demonstrate the FCBI-C elements of ADINA-CFD and the k- turbulence model. Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method. We demonstrate the use of the TLA-S method to obtain the final deformed solution of a large strain contact problem, without the need to specify solution steps or time functions. Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assembly with a bolt. We demonstrate the use of the bolt element. Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment. We demonstrate some consequences of using 6 degree of freedom nodes in large displacement shell analysis. Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model. We solve the thermal stress problem of Problem 9 using the ADINA TMC feature of ADINA Structures. Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models. We perform simple numerical experiments to demonstrate the ability of rubber material models to fit experimental data, and to demonstrate the stability of rubber material models in biaxial tension. The rubber material models considered are Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden and SussmanBathe.

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ADINA Primer

Introduction

Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD. We demonstrate the use of the steered adaptive mesh (SAM) feature for CFD to refine a fluid mesh where needed, in the steady-state analysis of laminar flow between cylinders. Both SAM manual mode and SAM automatic mode are demonstrated. Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD. We demonstrate the use of the SAM feature for CFD to remesh a moving fluid mesh when the mesh becomes too distorted, in an FSI problem of a parachute immersed in air. Both SAM manual mode and SAM automatic mode are demonstrated. Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam. We demonstrate linearized buckling analysis, initial imperfections and the warping beam. Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe. We demonstrate thermal FSI and also boundary thermal FSI analysis. Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube. We demonstrate the Bathe method of time integration, the plastic-cyclic material model, the 3D-shell element and double-sided contact. Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block. We demonstrate the potentialbased electromagnetic formulation of ADINA-EM. Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity. We demonstrate harmonic electromagnetic analysis, and coupled thermal / electromagnetic analysis. Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force. We demonstrate coupled structural / electromagnetic analysis. Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel. We demonstrate coupled structural / CFD / electromagnetic analysis. If you are interested in learning about a specific topic, the Topic Indexes chapter can help you find the problem(s) in which the topic is discussed.

Revisions in this printing

This printing of the Primer has some revisions compared with the previous printing (report ARD 10-6, June 2010). New problems in this printing: Problems 53 to 56 are new.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Introduction

Revised problems in this printing: Problem 1: An orientation vector is used instead of an auxiliary point to define the beam coordinate system. The beam cross-section is plotted, and the neutral axis is plotted as a curved line. Problem 7: Instructions for creating FLC files are removed. Problem 11: The mode shapes are plotted with curved neutral axis lines. Problem 14: Orientation vectors are used instead of auxiliary points to define the beam coordinate systems. Problem 17: This problem is completely revised in order to use the CRACK-M feature. The OpenCascade geometry modeler is used. Problem 18: The Model Tree is used to display the ADINA model by itself Problem 22: Stiffness stabilization is no longer used. Problem 27: The beam cross-section is plotted. Problem 40: This problem is totally revised. The gluemesh feature is demonstrated with a simple example. Problem 44: The 3D-bolt element is now used. Problem 48: This problem is revised to use the manual and automatic modes of SAM. Problem 49: This problem is revised to use the manual and automatic modes of SAM. Problem 50: The beam cross-section is plotted.

Additional documentation
At the time of printing of this manual, the following documents are available with the ADINA System: Installation Notes Describes the installation of the ADINA System on your computer.

Intro-6

ADINA Primer

Introduction

ADINA User Interface Command Reference Manual Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures Model Definition, Report ARD 11-2, December 2011 Volume II: ADINA Heat Transfer Model Definition, Report ARD 11-3, December 2011 Volume III: ADINA CFD Model Definition, Report ARD 11-4, December 2011 Volume IV: ADINA EM Model Definition, Report ARD 11-5, December 2011 Volume V: Display Processing, Report ARD 11-6, December 2011 These documents describe the AUI command language. You use the AUI command language to write batch files for the AUI. ADINA User Interface Primer, Report ARD 11-7, December 2011 This manual. Theory and Modeling Guide Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures, Report ARD 11-8, December 2011 Volume II: ADINA Heat Transfer, Report ARD 11-9, December 2011 Volume III: ADINA CFD & FSI, Report ARD 11-10, December 2011 Volume IV: ADINA EM, Report ARD 11-11, December 2011 Provides a concise summary and guide for the theoretical basis of the analysis programs ADINA, ADINA Thermal, ADINA CFD, ADINA FSI, ADINA TMC and ADINA EM. The manuals also provide references to other publications that contain further information, but the detail contained in the manuals is usually sufficient for effective understanding and use of the programs. ADINA Verification Manual, Report ARD 11-12, December 2011 Presents solutions to problems that verify and demonstrate the usage of the ADINA System. Input files for these problems are distributed along with the ADINA System programs. TRANSOR for I-deas Users Guide, Report ARD 11-15, December 2011 Describes the interface between the ADINA System and NX I-deas. This guide is available in html format and is directly accessible from the TRANSOR interface within I-deas. The use of TRANSOR for I-deas to perform pre-/post-processing and ADINA analysis within the I-deas environment is described. TRANSOR for Femap Users Guide, Report ARD 11-16, December 2011 Describes the interface between the ADINA System and Femap. This guide is available as a pdf file. The use of TRANSOR for Femap to perform pre-/post-processing and ADINA analysis within the Femap environment is described. ADINA System 8.8 Release Notes, December 2011 Provides a description of the new and modified features of ADINA System 8.8.

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Introduction

You will also find the following book useful: K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996 Provides theoretical background to many of the solution techniques used in the ADINA System. .

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ADINA Primer

Icon locator tables

Use the following tables to find out where icons are located. Icons are organized into six toolbars: General, Display, Modeling, ADINA-M (UNIX only), Results, Macro. In addition, some icons can be found on the Module Bar. Choose ViewToolbars to display or hide the toolbars. This table refers to the standard locations of the icons (that is, to the locations of the icons before any user customizations).

Icons from Active Zone to Boolean Operator

Icon name and picture Active Zone All Mesh Lines Analysis Options Animate Apply Fixity Apply Load Batch Continue Bitmap Snapshot Body Modifier Body Revolved Body Sweep Boolean Operator Location Display toolbar 1 Results toolbar 2 Module bar Results toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar General toolbar General toolbar ADINA-M toolbar ADINA-M toolbar ADINA-M toolbar ADINA-M toolbar

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Zone drop-down list. 2) This icon is in the Lines drop-down list.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Icon locator tables

Icons from Boundary Plot to Define Contact Groups

Icon name and picture Boundary Plot Change Zone Clear Clear Band Plot Clear Trace Plot Clear Vector Plot Color Element Groups Create Band Plot Create Vector Plot Coordinate Systems Coupling Options Cross Sections Cull Front Faces Cut Surface Data File/Solution Define Bodies Location General toolbar Display toolbar 1 General toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Modeling toolbar Module bar Modeling toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar, ADINA-M toolbar Modeling toolbar

Define Contact Groups

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Zone drop-down list.

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Icon locator tables

Icons from Define Contact Pairs to Delete Volumes

Icon name and picture Define Contact Pairs Define Contact Surfaces Define Element Groups Define Lines Define Points Define Section Sheet Define Surfaces Define Volumes Define Zone Delete Bodies Delete Lines Delete Mesh Delete Points Delete Surfaces Delete Volumes Location Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar ADINA-M toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar Display toolbar 2 Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Define Contact Groups drop-down list. 2) This icon is in the Zone drop-down list.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Icon locator tables

Icons from Display Zone to First Solution

Icon name and picture Display Zone Dynamic Pan 2 Dynamic Resize 3 Dynamic Rotate (XY) 4 Dynamic Rotate (Z) 5 Element Labels Error Plots Fast Forward Fast Rewind First Solution Location Display toolbar 1 General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Zone drop-down list. 2) Dragging the mouse moves all picked graphics. You can also hold down the Ctrl key to resize all picked graphics, the Shift key to rotate graphics out-of-plane or the Alt key to rotate graphics in-plane. 3) Dragging the mouse resizes all picked graphics (equivalent to holding down the Ctrl key when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed). 4) Dragging the mouse rotates all picked graphics out-of-plane (equivalent to holding down the Shift key when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed). 5) Dragging the mouse rotates all picked graphics in-plane (equivalent to holding down the Alt key when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed).

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ADINA Primer

Icon locator tables

Icons from Group Outline to Mesh Lines

Icon name and picture Group Outline Hidden Surfaces Removed Highlight Import Parasolid Model Iso View 1 Iso View 2 Iso View 3 Last Solution Line/Edge Labels Load Plot Manage Materials Measure Measure Angle Mesh Bodies Mesh Edges Mesh Faces Mesh Lines Location Results toolbar 1 Display toolbar General toolbar ADINA-M toolbar Display toolbar 2 Display toolbar 2 Display toolbar 2 Results toolbar Display toolbar General toolbar Modeling toolbar General toolbar General toolbar ADINA-M toolbar ADINA-M toolbar ADINA-M toolbar Modeling toolbar

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Lines drop-down list. 2) This icon is in the View drop-down list.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Icon locator tables

Icons from Mesh Plot to Node Symbols

Icon name and picture Mesh Plot Mesh Point Mesh Rigid Contact Surface Mesh Surfaces Mesh Volumes Mesh Zoom Model Outline Modify Band Plot Modify Mesh Plot Modify Vector Plot Movie Load Step Movie Mode Shape Next Solution New No Mesh Lines Node Labels Node Symbols Location General toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar General toolbar Results toolbar 2 Results toolbar General toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar General toolbar Results toolbar 2 Display toolbar Display toolbar

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Define Contact Groups drop-down list. 2) This icon is in the Lines drop-down list.

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ADINA Primer

Icon locator tables

Icons from Open to Show Contact Surfaces

Icon name and picture Open Pick Point Labels Previous Solution Query Quick Band Plot Quick Vector Plot Redo Redraw Refit Refresh Reset Mesh Plot Style Reset View Save Save AVI Location General toolbar General toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar General toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar General toolbar Results toolbar (Windows version only) Display toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar

Save Mesh Plot Style Save View Scale Displacements Shading Show Contact Surfaces

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Icon locator tables

Icons from Show Deformed Mesh to Subdivide Surfaces

Icon name and picture Show Deformed Mesh Show Discrete BREP Show Geometry Show Lines/Edges Show Material Axes Show Original Mesh Show Points Show Rigid Links and Constraints Location Results toolbar ADINA-M toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar

Show Segment Normals Show Surfaces/Faces Skew System Plot Smooth Plots Special Boundary Conditions Subdivide Bodies Subdivide Edges Subdivide Faces Subdivide Lines Subdivide Surfaces

Display toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar Results toolbar Modeling toolbar Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar 1 Modeling toolbar 1

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Define Element Groups drop-down list.

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ADINA Primer

Icon locator tables

Icons from Subdivide Volumes to Zoom

Icon name and picture Subdivide Volumes Surface/Face Labels Trace Downstream Trace Upstream Undo Unhighlight Unzoom All Unzoom Partially Vector Snapshot Volume/Body Labels Wire Frame XY View XZ View YZ View Zone Colors Zoom Location Modeling toolbar 1 Display toolbar Results toolbar Results toolbar General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar General toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar Display toolbar 2 Display toolbar 2 Display toolbar 2 Display toolbar 3 General toolbar

Notes: 1) This icon is in the Define Element Groups drop-down list. 2) This icon is in the View drop-down list. 3) This icon is in the Zone drop-down list.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Icon locator tables

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ADINA Primer

Hints

Program versions: ADINA System program versions are divided into two categories: UNIX and Windows. UNIX versions of the ADINA System include the Linux x86_64 version and the Linux Itanium version. The Windows version of the ADINA System is the version used on PCs running Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7), either 32-bit Windows or 64-bit Windows. The UNIX and Windows versions of the AUI are somewhat different. Therefore the Primer instructions occasionally are different for the UNIX and Windows versions. Invoking the AUI: Here are detailed instructions for invoking the AUI:
UNIX: At the UNIX command prompt, type

aui8.8
Windows: From the Start Menu, choose ProgramsADINA System 8.8 ADINA User Interface (AUI).

Choose ADINA Structures, ADINA Thermal, ADINA CFD or ADINA EM from the Module drop-down list (the drop-down list near the top left of the AUI control window) to prepare for pre-processing an ADINA, ADINA Thermal, ADINA CFD or ADINA EM model. Icon toolbars: In the primer instructions, we assume that all of the icon toolbars are selected and that all of the icons are displayed in the toolbars. Use the View menu to make sure that all of the toolbars are selected. Filling in a table: If we ask you to fill in a table, you may find it easier to enter the table column-by-column rather than row-by-row. In other words, first fill in column 1, then column 2, etc. instead of filling in row 1, then row 2, etc. Names in dialog boxes: When we ask you to enter a name or other text in the dialog boxes, we write it in upper-case. But you can type the name or text in either upper-case, lowercase or a mixture of upper and lower-case letters. For example, the following instructions come from problem 15: Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add Resultant name R, define it as SQRT(<Y-COORDINATE>**2 + <Z-COORDINATE>**2) You can type the name R as either an upper-case R or a lower-case r, and you can type the resultant itself using upper-case, lower-case or a mixture of upper and lower-case letters.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Hints

Choosing variables: When we ask you to choose a variable, we use instructions such as Set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) What this means is that you should choose Displacement from the left-hand list for the field, then choose Y-DISPLACEMENT from the right-hand list for the field. DISP MAG number: Many plots from the post-processor display the text DISP MAG . DISP MAG is an abbreviation for displacement magnification factor. The DISP MAG number is affected by many factors, including the size and aspect ratio of the graphics window. Therefore the DISP MAG numbers of your plots will be slightly different than the DISP MAG number of our plots. Quick review of graphics operations Picking graphics: Click the Pick icon , then click on one of the lines of the graphics to be picked (for example, a mesh plot). A bounding box appears around the graphics; this bounding box indicates the graphics is highlighted. To unhighlight the graphics, move the cursor onto empty space within the graphics window and click the left mouse button. You can also create a rubber-band box (marquee box) with the Pick icon. Click on empty space, then move the cursor while holding down the left mouse button. When the box is the correct size, release the left mouse button. Moving graphics: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Pan icon , hold down the left mouse button and move the cursor. The picked graphics moves along with the mouse cursor. When the picked graphics is in the proper position, release the left mouse button. , hold down Resizing graphics: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Resize icon the left mouse button and move the mouse diagonally up and to the right to enlarge the picked graphics and move the mouse diagonally down and to the left to shrink the picked graphics. The picked graphics dynamically resizes as you move the mouse. When the picked graphics is the proper size, release the left mouse button. Hint, instead of clicking the Dynamic Resize icon and hold the Ctrl key while dragging the mouse. , click the Dynamic Pan icon

Using the above instructions, the graphics are resized around their center. If you have zoomed into the model before resizing, you might find it more convenient to resize the graphics around the center of the graphics window. To do this, hold down both the Ctrl and Shift keys together while dragging the mouse.

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ADINA Primer

Hints

Rotating graphics out-of-plane: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Rotate (XY) , hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse. The picked graphics icon dynamically rotates as you move the mouse. When the picked graphics is in the proper orientation, release the left mouse button. Hint, instead of clicking the Dynamic Rotate (XY) icon and hold the Shift key while dragging the mouse. Rotating graphics in-plane: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Rotate (Z) icon , hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse. The picked graphics dynamically rotates as you move the mouse. When the picked graphics is in the proper orientation, release the left mouse button. , click the Dynamic Pan icon Hint, instead of clicking the Dynamic Rotate (Z) icon and hold the Alt key while dragging the mouse. This hint will not work on those UNIX computers in which the Alt key is reserved for window manager operations. Erasing graphics: First pick the graphics. Then click the Erase icon key. or press the Del , click the Dynamic Pan icon

Resizing element vectors: First pick an element vector. The AUI draws a diamond around the element vector. Follow the instructions above for resizing graphics to resize the element vectors. You can also press the key to remove element vectors, the + key to add element vectors (up to all element vectors) or the Enter key to display all element vectors. Filling in a dialog box field with a P button: Use the mouse to fill in a dialog box field with a P button, for example, a dialog box field that requires a node number. Click the P button. The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. Click on the desired graphics (the node, for example). The node becomes highlighted and the dialog box reappears with the number of the selected node in the dialog box field. Some dialog boxes have one P button for several dialog box fields. In that case, the dialog box reappears when you have made one selection for each field. If you need to cancel filling in the dialog box field, press the Esc key. Filling in a green column of a dialog box table: Use the mouse to fill in a green column of a table, for example, a column that requires node numbers. Double-click in the green column. The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. Click on the desired graphics (the node, in this example). The node becomes highlighted. Each selection that you make fills in another cell in the column. To return to the dialog box, press the Esc key.

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Hints

Filling in a cyan column of a dialog box table: Use the mouse to fill in a cyan column of a table, for example, the node column in the Define Node Set dialog box. Double-click in the cyan column. The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. Click on the desired graphics (nodes, in this example). The nodes near the selection become highlighted. As you continue clicking, additional graphics become highlighted. Hold down the S button and pick to unhighlight graphics. To return to the dialog box, press the Esc key. Note that graphics corresponding to cyan column selections remain highlighted until you click the Unhighlight icon .

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ADINA Primer

Topic indexes

For each topic, we give the problem number(s) in which the topic is introduced or discussed in some detail. If the topic is used without discussion in a problem, the problem number is not given. Model definition Adaptive CFD feature 48, 49 ADINA collapse analysis 23 ADINA dynamic analysis 10, 15, 26, 33, 52 ADINA frequency analysis 8 ADINA modal participation factor analysis 12, 26, 27 ADINA mode superposition analysis 11 ADINA static analysis 1 ADINA CFD 6, 15, 18-21, 24, 31, 32, 36-39, 42, 48-49, 51, 56 ADINA EM 53-56 ADINA-M 3, 16, 17, 35, 37-41 ADINA Thermal analysis 9, 25 ADINA-TMC feature 46 ATS method 14, 22 Bathe method of time integration 52 Batch files Reading into the AUI 14 Bolt element groups 44 Boundary conditions applying 1 convection 20, 21 defining 2 electromagnetic 53, 54, 55, 56 fan 38 FSI 15, 18, 24, 37, 39 infinite 15, 30 radiation 20, 21 shell-thermal 39 sliding-mesh 37 turbulence 42 velocity 31 VOF wall angle 36 wall 6, 15, 18, 19 Boundary thermal FSI analysis 51 Conjugate heat transfer 21 Constraint equations 17, 22, 24 Constraint sets 17, 22 Contact conditions 7, 22, 33, 34, 35 double-sided 52 frictional 34 penalty explicit 52 rigid-target 33 Convection natural 20, 21 prescribed 9, 21, 25 Coordinate systems 2 Copying elements 34 CRACK-M definitions 17 Cross-sections 1, 50 Defeaturing bodies 41 Deleting elements 1, 2, 16 Deleting FE models 9 Discrete BREPs 41 Drilling stiffness 45 Elements 2-D conduction 9 2-D electromagnetic 54-56 2-D fluid 6 2-D potential-based fluid 15, 30 2-D solid 2 2-D solid within ADINA-CFD 21 3-D electromagnetic 53, 54 3-D fluid 19 3-D solid 4 3-D solid within ADINA-CFD 38 3D-shell 33, 52 axisymmetric shell 30 beam 1, 50 bolt 44 boundary convection 9 boundary radiation 9 FCBI-C fluid 42 shell 8, 23, 24, 29, 45 warping beam 50 Element birth-death 25 Explicit time integration 33, 52

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Topic indexes

Face linking 17, 38 Flow assumptions 6, 15, 18 Fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis 15, 18, 24, 37, 39, 56 Fracture mechanics 17 Geometry bodies cylinder 16 pipe 17 revolved 17 sheet 3, 17 transformed 17 Geometry edges 3, 16 Geometry faces 3, 16, 29 Geometry lines arc 2 circle 3 combined 3 extruded 4 revolved 5 straight 1 Geometry points 1 Geometry surfaces extruded 23 revolved 4 vertex 2 Geometry volumes 4, 5 extruded 4 Gluemesh 40 Imprinting 16 Initial imperfections 50 Initial strains 26 Initial temperatures 20, 25 Leader-follower points 18, 56 Linearized buckling analysis 50 Load-displacement control algorithm 23, 50 Loads concentrated forces 1 contact-slip 34 displacements 16 displacement with arrival time 33 displacement with force unloading 33 environmental temperatures 9, 25 internal heat generation 25 line 1, 29
Topics-2

mass-flux 30 mass-proportional 24, 26 mass-ratio 19 pressure 2 turbulence 42 velocity 6 Mapping files 9 Mass properties 26 Mass transfer 19 Master degrees of freedom 2 Material models ASME steam 38 conduction 9 convection 9, 46 elastic 1 electromagnetic 53 fluid 6, 15, 18-21, 28, 31, 32, 36-39, 42, 48, 49, 51 hyper-foam 35 k- turbulence 42 moment-curvature 14 Mooney-Rivlin 47 Ogden 22, 47 plastic-cyclic 52 plastic-multilinear 23 plastic-orthotropic 33 potential-based fluid 15, 30 radiation 9 Sussman-Bathe 47 thermo-isotropic 9 viscoelastic (with TRS) 35 Meshing boundary layer 39 free-form 3, 16, 17, 20, 29 mapped 2 of lines 1 revolution of 2-D meshes 5 using geometry discretization controls 16 Moving meshes 18, 56 Multigrid solver 38 Nondimensionalization 20, 21 Open Cascade 17, 48 Parasolid 41 Problem headings 2

ADINA Primer

Topic indexes

Radiation specular 20 prescribed 9, 21 Rayleigh damping 26 Reactions 6 Relative pressure 20 Restart analysis 10, 26, 49 SAM (Steered adaptive meshing) 48, 49 Sectioning of bodies 17 Shell node DOFs 8, 45 Shell thicknesses 8, 23, 52 Skew systems 15 Slipping boundaries 56 Solution tolerances 14, 22 Stiffness matrix stabilization 35, 43 Subdividing the mesh complete model 2 lines 1 surfaces 6 using central biasing 6, 21 using lengths 3 using point-sizes 2 Thermal FSI analysis 51 Thermal stress analysis 9 Time functions 7, 15, 25, 26, 30 from file 15, 26, 30 Time steps 7 TLA method 43 TLA-S method 43 TMC analysis 34 VOF method 32, 36 Model display and post-processing Animations load-step 7 mode-shape 8 Append porthole file feature 50 Average outlet temperatures 38 Band plots changing band tables 6, 23 envelope 25 line contours 6 on beams 44

on shells 8 plastic strains 23 removing extreme values 6 repeating 13 shell thicknesses 8, 52 stress 2, 13 temperature 9 Constants 24 Contact traction plots 7 Cutting planes 17, 19, 38, 39 Element face-sets 38, 39, 42 Element line plots bending moments 1, 27 plastic curvatures 14 shear forces 1 Element vector plots stress 2 velocity 6, 18 heat flux 9 Envelope calculations 25 Error indicators 13 Flux calculations 19 Fourier analysis 15 Graphics manipulations with the mouse deleting 2 inquiring 2 mesh zooming 17 moving 2 resizing 2 rotating 4 zooming 2 Graphs along lines 2 as functions of time 7, 10 comparison solutions 24 listing numerical values in 2 material stress-strain curves 22, 23, 47 modifying 2, 10 updating defaults of 11 Harmonic vibration analysis 27 Listings extreme values 1 frequencies 8 modal masses 12, 26

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Topic indexes

values 22 Load plots 1 Mesh plots 1 beam cross-sections 1, 50 beam neutral axes as curved lines 1, 50 boundary conditions 1 color shaded 16 colors from zones 17, 38 culled front faces 38 element coordinate systems 8, 14 magnifying displacements 1 mode shapes 8 node numbers 2 original and deformed 2 outline 6, 21 reference time 26 rotational DOFS 8 segment normals 7 shell top-bottom depictions 8 stretch factors 18 suppressing fluid-structure boundary lines 24 views 5, 23 Model result lines from geometry 2 Model result points combination points 6 contact segment 7 element 12 from geometry 6 mesh extreme 19 mesh integration 19, 38, 44 node 10 section 14 Particle tracing steady-state fluid flow 6, 20, 21 unsteady fluid flow 28, 36, 37 Random vibration analysis 27 Reaction plots 18 Relative displacements 26 Response spectrum analysis 12, 26 Responses envelope 25 harmonic 27

mode-shape 11 random 27 response-combination 26 response-spectrum 12, 26 Response-ranges load-step 15 Resultant variables 14, 15, 24 Smoothing 2, 4, 8, 13, 22 Stresses in-plane 33 transforming to cylindrical system 3 Text drawing 23 Triads 8, 14 Zones 16, 17 defining with mouse 16

Topics-4

ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Problem description
In this problem, we analyze a simple beam structure. Each part of this lesson shows the solution of one of the analyses. In part 1, we demonstrate the following topics: $ Starting up/shutting down the AUI $ Defining geometry points $ Defining a geometry line $ Applying a boundary condition $ Defining a material $ Defining a cross-section $ Defining and applying a load $ Generating an element $ Generating an ADINA data file $ Saving an ADINA-IN database file $ Running ADINA $ Loading an ADINA porthole file $ Drawing a mesh plot, with boundary conditions plotted $ Drawing a load plot $ Listing the extreme deflections $ Plotting bending moment and shear force diagrams In part 2, we demonstrate the following additional topics: $ Opening an ADINA-IN database file to access a previously defined model $ Deleting and redefining a load In part 3, we demonstrate the following additional topics: $ Adding a boundary condition to an existing model $ Deleting elements from the model $ Clicking on a green column to fill in a table. $ Subdividing a line, generating elements on a subdivided line $ Magnifying the plotted displacements Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

1-1

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Part 1: Deflection due to a tip load

300 N
0.02

All lengths in meters E = 2.07 1011 N/m2

0.02

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. (See the hints in the Hints chapter for more information.) Defining model geometry When setting up a model, it is frequently useful to make a diagram showing the key geometry used in the model definition, such as the following diagram:
y

P1

L1 P2

You may find it useful to refer to this diagram when working through this problem. Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 2 X1 1 and enter the following information into the table: X2 X3

(Table cells that are left blank are treated as zeros.) Then click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

and click the Add... button to add line number 1. Set Now click the Define Lines icon the Point 1 field to 1, the Point 2 field to 2 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Defining boundary conditions Click the Apply Fixity icon Click the Boundary Plot icon bottom figure on the next page. Defining loads to open the Apply Load dialog box. Make sure that the Load Click the Apply Load icon Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add Concentrated Force Number 1, set the Magnitude to 300, the Y Force Direction to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2 and click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. , enter 1 in the first row of the Point # column and click OK. . The graphics window should look something like the

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

U U U B 1

1-4

ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Click the Load Plot icon

TIME 1.000

. The graphics window should look something like this:

Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 300.0

U U U B 1

Defining the cross-section Click the Cross Sections icon . Then add section number 1, set the Width to 0.02, click the Square Section button and click OK. Defining the material and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Click the Manage Materials icon Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the finite elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Beam and click OK. , add group 1, set the Type to

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Element generation: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the components of the Orientation Vector to (0, 1, 0), enter 1 in the first row of the Line # table and click OK. (The orientation vector is used to define the directions of the element local coordinate system; the element sdirection lies in the plane defined by the element and the orientation vector.) The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 300.0

B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob01 (the File type field should be ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)). To generate the ADINA data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob01, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, it displays the message Solution successful, please check the results. Close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list, click Yes to discard all changes and continue, click the Open icon and open porthole file prob01.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Displaying the deformed model Click the Boundary Plot icon Plot icon
TIME 1.000

to display the boundary conditions. Then click the Load

to show the load. The graphics window should look something like this:
Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 300.0

U U U B 1

The beam cross-section can be plotted at the center of the element. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam Cross-Section field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. (located in the drop-down list next to the YZ View icon ) Click the Iso View 2 icon to plot the beam from a different angle. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. Click the XY View icon to return to the original view.

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

TIME 1.000

X Z

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ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Listing the tip deflection Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone. In the Variables to List box, first row, choose Y-DISPLACEMENT from the right-hand drop-down list (the list with the downwards pointing arrow). Then click Apply. The AUI displays the value -3.62319E-02 for the y-displacement of node 2. Note that this is the deflection predicted by beam theory; a single beam element is sufficient in this case because the beam element contains a cubic displacement assumption and the beam theory solution requires a cubic displacement assumption. Click Close to close the dialog box. In order to see the cubic displacements of the neutral axis, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, click the Advanced tab, set the '# Segments for Neutral Axis' to 8, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y Z X

Plotting the bending moment diagram and the shear force diagram Bending moment diagram: Choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-T and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

TIME 1.000 BENDING MOMENT-T TIME 1.000 300.0 s Y Z X

Shear force diagram: Choose DisplayElement Line PlotModify, set the Element Line Quantity to SHEAR_FORCE-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 SHEAR_FORCE-S TIME 1.000 300.0 s Y Z X

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ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Exiting the AUI Choose FileExit and click Yes to discard all changes and exit ADINA-AUI.

Part 2: Deflection due to a distributed load

Now we apply a distributed load to the same cantilever as shown:
500 N/m

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Then choose file prob01.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu (FileRecently Opened Files for UNIX versions). Deleting and redefining the load Deleting the load: In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Loading text, right-click on the 1. Force 1 on Point 2 text, choose Delete, and click Yes to answer the prompt. to update the graphics window. The graphics window should look Click the Redraw icon something like the top figure on the next page. Auxiliary point: In order to define the distributed load, we need to define an auxiliary point. Click the Define Points icon Point # 3 X1 , add point 3 and click OK: X2 0.1 X3

Redefining the load: Click the Apply Load icon and set the Load Type to Distributed Line Load. Click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Line Load dialog box, add line load number 1, set the Magnitude [Force/Length] to 500 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Line # to 1 and the Aux. Point to 3, then click OK. When you click the Redraw icon bottom figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like the

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

B B

U U U B 1

TIME 1.000

PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 500.0

Y Z X

B B

U U U B 1

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ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, postprocessing To save the ADINA-IN database to a new file, choose FileSave As, set the file name to prob01a and click Save. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob01a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Postprocess this model using exactly the same steps as with the previous model (except that you will load porthole file prob01a this time). This time the tip displacement is -2.26449E-02. Again this is the same tip displacement as predicted by beam theory. The deformed mesh with loads and boundary conditions should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 500.0

U U U B 1

Part 3: Deflection of a beam built-in at both ends

Now we change the problem to that of a beam built-in at both ends subjected to a distributed load as shown:

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list and click Yes to discard all changes and continue. Choose prob01a.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Adding a boundary condition, refining the mesh We need to add a boundary condition to the right end of the beam. In the Model Tree, highlight and right-click the Fixity text, then choose Apply . In the Apply Fixity dialog box, add point 2 to the second row of the table and click OK. Click the Redraw icon update the graphics. Now we need to use more elements to solve the model. Deleting the existing element: Click the Delete Mesh icon table to 1 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 500.0 Y Z X

to

, set the first row of the Line #

U U U B 1

Specifying the mesh refinement: Click the Subdivide Lines icon , make sure that the Method is set to Use Number of Divisions, set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

The graphics window should look something like this. A short vertical line has been added to the middle of the geometry line, indicating how the line will be subdivided into elements.
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 500.0 Y Z X

U U U B 1

Adding the elements: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the components of the Orientation Vector to (0, 1, 0), enter 1 in the first row of the Line # table and click OK. (You can select the Line # using the mouse and the P button.) The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, postprocessing Save the database to file prob01b.idb, create ADINA data file prob01b.dat and run ADINA using file prob01b.dat using the same steps as with the previous models. Postprocess this model using exactly the same steps as with the previous models (except that you will load porthole file prob01b this time. This time, when you plot the deformed mesh, you will not be able to see the deformed shape because the displacements are too small. Because the displacements are so small, we need to magnify them so that they are visible on . The graphics window should look the plot. Click the Scale Displacements icon something like the bottom figure on the next page. (The plot can be improved by increasing the number of segments used to plot the neutral axis, as we demonstrated above.) When you make the listing, note that the maximum displacement is -4.71769E-4 at the center of the model. Again this is the result predicted by beam theory.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 1: Deflection of a beam

TIME 1.000

PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 500.0

Y Z X

B B

B B

U U U B 1

TIME 1.000

DISP MAG 216.3

Y Z X

PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 500.0

U U U B 1

Exiting the AUI Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

1-16

ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Problem description
A plate with a hole is subjected to tension as shown:
z p = 25.0 N/mm2

Region to mesh

All lengths in mm.

Thickness = 1 mm
56

E = 7.0 104 N/mm2 n = 0.25

10

20

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a problem heading $ Selecting master degrees of freedom $ Entering a geometry point in a cylindrical coordinate system $ Defining several geometry surfaces $ Defining boundary conditions $ Querying the graphics with the mouse $ Generating elements onto geometry surfaces, ensuring compatibility $ Displaying geometry point, line and surface numbers $ Zooming into the graphics window $ Plotting original and deformed meshes $ Moving and resizing mesh plots with the mouse $ Deleting unwanted text with the mouse $ Plotting element vectors $ Plotting stress bands

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

$ Graphing stresses along a line $ Modifying a graph plot We assume that you have worked through problem 1, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. (We perform this step because the two-dimensional solid elements that we will use only provide stiffness for the y-translation and z-translation degrees of freedom. If you omit this step, the AUI will delete the x-translation, x-rotation, y-rotation and z-rotation degrees of freedom for all the nodes when you generate the ADINA data file. So this step is not necessary; ADINA will give the same solution whether or not you perform this step. However, ADINA runs more efficiently if you perform this step.)

2-2

ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z L8

P2

P1

L9

S3

P3 L4 P4 L1 P8

P7
S1

P9 S2 L2 P5 L6 P6

Points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the X2, X3 columns of the table (you can leave the X1 column blank), then click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X2 10 0 0 0 5 10 10 0 X3 28 28 10 5 0 0 10 0

We also need a point mid-way along the hole. The coordinates of this point are most conveniently entered using a cylindrical coordinate system. Click the Coordinate Systems icon , add coordinate system 1, set the Type to Cylindrical and click OK. Then click the , add an additional row to the table, enter X1 5 X2 45 X3 0

Define Points icon Point # 9

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Arc lines: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Arc, set P1 to 4, P2 to 9, Center to 8 and click Save. Then add line 2, set P1 to 9, P2 to 5, Center to 8 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, make sure that the Type is set to Vertex, define the following surfaces and click OK. (Click Add after defining surfaces 1 and 2.) Surface Number 1 2 3 Point 1 7 7 1 Point 2 3 9 2 Point 3 4 5 3 Point 4 9 6 7 ,

To display the geometry point, line and surface numbers, click the Point Labels icon Line/Edge Labels icon and Surface/Face Labels icon look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

. The graphics window should

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

TIME 1.000 P2 L8 P1

Z X Y

L9

S3

L10

P3 L4 P4 L1 S1

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 L2 S2

P8

P5

L6

P6

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Defining and applying boundary conditions We need two boundary conditions for modeling symmetry. Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add fixity name ZT, check the Z-Translation button and click Save. Then add fixity name YT, check the Y-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Lines. To set the fixity for line 4 to YT, enter 4 in the first row and column of the table, then move the cursor to the first row, second column, click to display the list, and choose YT from the drop-down list. In a similar way, set the fixity for line 9 to YT and the fixity for line 6 to ZT. Then click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon the top figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like

Notice that line 6 is marked with a B. The table at the lower right of the graphics window indicates that the U2 (y) degree of freedom is free and that the U3 (z) degree of freedom is fixed. Similarly, lines 4 and 9 are marked with a C, and the table indicates that the U2 (y) degree of freedom is fixed and that the U3 (z) degree of freedom is free. Defining and applying loads Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Pressure and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Pressure dialog box, add pressure 1, set the Magnitude to -25 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Line and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 8. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. When you click the Load Plot icon bottom figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

TIME 1.000 P2 L8 P1 Z X Y

C L9

S3

L10

P3 C L4 P4 L1 S1

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 L2 S2 B C U U 2 3 -

P8

P5 B L6

P6

TIME 1.000 P2 L8 P1

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 C L9 S3 L10 25.00

P3 C L4 P4 L1 S1

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 L2 S2 B C U U 2 3 -

P8

P5 B L6

P6

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 7E4, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.25 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements , add group number 1, set the Type Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon to 2-D Solid, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Stress and click OK. Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign a uniform point size to all points and have the AUI automatically compute the subdivisions. Choose MeshingMesh Density Complete Model, make sure that the Subdivision Mode is set to Use End-Point Sizes and click OK. Now choose MeshingMesh DensityPoint Size, set the Points Defined from field to All Geometry Points, set the Maximum to 2 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 P2 L8 P1 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 C L9 S3 L10 25.00

P3 C L4 P4 L1 S1

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 L2 S2 B C U U 2 3 -

P8

P5 B L6

P6

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the Surface # table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C P2 L8 P1 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 L9 S3 L10 25.00

P3 L4 P4 L1 S1

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 S2 B C L2 BBBBBBB P5 B L6 P6 U U 2 3 -

P8

The mesh does not look very pleasing near the hole. We will remesh near the hole, adding more elements. Click the Delete Mesh icon enter 1, 2 in the Surface # table and click OK. , set the Delete Mesh from field to Surface,

The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Now we decrease the point size of the points on the hole. Choose MeshingMesh Density Point Size, and, in the table, enter 1.0 for the Mesh Size for points 4, 5, 9 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

TIME 1.000 C C P2 C C C C C C C C C L9 C C C C C C C C P3 C L4 P4 L1 S1 L8 P1

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 S3 L10 25.00

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 L2 S2 B C U U 2 3 -

P8

P5 B L6

P6

TIME 1.000

C C P2 C C C C C C C C C L9 C C C C C C C C P3

L8

P1

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000

S3

L10

25.00

L3 S1 L5

P7

C L4

P4 L1

L7 P9 L2 S2
B C U U 2 3 -

P8

P5 B L6

P6

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Now we generate the elements onto surfaces 1 and 2. Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the Surface # table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C P2 L8 P1 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 L9 S3 L10 25.00

P3 L4 P4 L1 S1

L3 L5

P7

L7 P9 S2 B C L2 BBBBB B B B B P5 B L6 P6 U U 2 3 -

P8

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob02. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob02, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down , set the File type field to list and discard all changes. Then click the Open icon ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), choose file prob02 and click Open. Then click the Open icon and open porthole file prob02.

Please notice that we first opened the ADINA-IN database, then loaded the porthole file. We did this so that we can create a graph of the stresses along a geometry line later on. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice that the geometry and the deformed mesh are displayed.

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

TIME 1.000 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C P2 L8 P1 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE L9 S3 L10 TIME 1.000 25.00

P3 L4 P4 L1

L3 S1 L5 S2

P7

L7 B C U U 2 3 -

P9

P8

L2 B BBBBB B B B B P5 L6 P6

Examining the solution Original and deformed meshes: Click the Show Original Mesh icon Displacements icon . and the Scale

We will plot this mesh along with other mesh plots showing the solution. To make room for the other mesh plots, we need to shrink this mesh using the mouse and move it to the left, so that we obtain the picture shown at the top of the next page. Here are detailed instructions for resizing and moving the mesh plot. To shift the mesh plot, click the Pick icon and the Dynamic Pan icon, then click on one of the lines of the mesh plot. A bounding box appears around the mesh plot; this bounding box indicates the mesh plot is highlighted. Now hold down the left mouse button and move the cursor. The mesh plot moves along with the mouse cursor. When the mesh plot is in the proper position, release the left mouse button. To resize the mesh plot, click the Dynamic Resize icon , hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse diagonally up and to the right to enlarge the mesh plot and move the mouse diagonally down and to the left to shrink the mesh plot. The mesh plot dynamically resizes as you move the mouse. When the mesh plot is the proper size, release the left mouse button. To unhighlight the mesh plot, move the cursor onto empty space within the graphics window and click the left mouse button. Move and resize the boundary condition table and the load legend in the same way.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 243.1 Z X Y

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

P2

L8

P1

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00

L9

S3

L10

P3 P7 L3 L4 S1 L5 L7 P4L1 P9 S2 B L2 BBB B BBB B P8 B L6 P6 P5

U U B C
2

Stress band plot: To display another mesh plot, click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to move and resize the new mesh plot to the right of the first mesh plot. This time, to resize the mesh, make sure that the Dynamic Pan icon the mouse while holding down the Ctrl key. is pressed, pick the mesh plot, then drag

At this point, there are two sets of axes and two sets of TIME 1.000 texts displayed. To remove unwanted text, make sure that the Pick icon is pressed, then move the cursor onto the text and click the left mouse button. The text becomes highlighted. Then press the Del or Delete button on the keyboard to erase the text. Remove both sets of axes, both sets of TIME 1.000 texts and the DISP MAG text in the same way. , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: STRESS-ZZ) Now click the Create Band Plot icon and click OK. Move the band plot legends until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. . Use the Stress vector plot: To display another mesh plot, click the Mesh Plot icon mouse to resize and move the new mesh plot to the right of the previous mesh plot. Remove the new axes and the new TIME 1.000 text. Now click the Quick Vector Plot icon . Move the vector plot legend until the graphics window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Z X
MAXIMUM 108.8 EG 1, EL 122, IPT 11 (103.2) MINIMUM -4.358 EG 1, EL 102, IPT 11 (-2.610)

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 243.1

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

P2

L8

P1

STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000

L9

S3 L10

P3 L3 P7 L4 S1 L5 P4 L7 L1 P9 S2 BBBB B L2 BBB B P8 B L6 P6 P5
U U
2

104.0 88.0 72.0 56.0 40.0 24.0 8.0

B C

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 243.1

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00
MAXIMUM 108.8 EG 1, EL 122, IPT 11 (103.2) MINIMUM -4.358 EG 1, EL 102, IPT 11 (-2.610)

Z X Y

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

P2

L8

P1

STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 104.0 88.0 72.0 56.0 40.0 24.0 8.0

STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000

+ -

96.54

L9

S3 L10

P3 L3 P7 L4 S1 L5 P4 L7 L1 P9 S2 BBBB B L2 BBB B P8 B L6 P6 P5
U U
2

81.00 63.00 45.00 27.00 9.00 -9.00 -27.00

B C

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Nodes and elements near the hole: We will view the node numbers in the mesh near the hole. Click the Clear icon click the Node Labels icon . , then

, Since there are so many nodes, we have to zoom in to see them. Click the Zoom icon move the cursor to a point near the top of the hole, press and hold the left mouse button, drag the cursor down and to the right so that the rubber-band box encloses the mesh region near the hole and release the left mouse button. The graphics window should look something like this:
370 396 371 397 429 461 412 454 393 428 392 462 384 427 414 410 386 452 383 432 453 416 387 415 409 444 388 443 381 511 418 407 535 382 510 481 534 509 499 475

463 440 441 385 434 411

433

419 406

543 508 380 459 422 536 372 436 394 447 437 405 480 545 389 439 390 524 398 456 435 501 426 460 457 438 423 379 505 507 421 373 399 374 525 446 539 458 391 400 404 476 375 425 518 544 401 424 479 514 542 376 445 378 538 483 502 402 403 517 506 519 515 377 537 551 523 484 552 531 488 516 477 554 485 530 512 464 550 541 482 489 503 513 533 520 547 555 465 529 522 549 478 532 490 486 526 487 527 466 540 504 553 521 528 546 491548 467492468 493 469 494 470 495

455 420

474

498

473

497

472

496

471

To learn the current coordinates of node 467, click the Query icon , move the cursor onto the label of node 467 and click the left mouse button. The AUI writes a message such as Node 467, curr=(0.00000E+00, 4.99614E+00, 0.00000E+00) into the message window and into the status bar at the bottom of the control window. For more information about node 467, press the space bar. The AUI writes more information into the message window, including the element that is attached to node 467. (To display the message window, choose ViewMessage Window.) To learn the numbers of the elements near the hole, move the cursor onto one of the elements and click the left mouse button. The AUI writes a message such as Element group 1, element 122, side 1 into the message window and into the status bar at the bottom of the control window. Repeatedly click the left mouse button to cycle through all of the graphics

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

objects that can be queried at the cursor location. For more information about a graphics object, press the space bar. Now surround some of the graphics using a marquee box. The AUI highlights the selected graphics and writes messages for each graphics object (you may need to display the message window and use the vertical scrollbar in the message window to see all of the messages). Graph of stresses on the horizontal symmetry line: Now we will graph the stresses on the horizontal symmetry line. To do this, we create a node line, which lists the nodes on the horizontal symmetry line. Choose DefinitionsModel LineGeneral, add line SYMMETRY, enter the text LINE 6 (you don=t need to enter the quotes) into the first row and column of the table and click OK. The AUI writes the message 9 nodes in gnline to the message window and to the bottom of the AUI control window. Please note, the above step is possible only if you open the ADINA-IN database before loading the porthole file. This is because the geometry information comes from the ADINAIN database. and choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line). Verify that Now click the Clear icon the Model Line Name is SYMMETRY, make sure that the X Variable is set to (Coordinate: DISTANCE), set the Y Variable to (Stress:STRESS-ZZ), set the Y Smoothing Technique to AVERAGED and click Apply. The graphics window should look something like this:

110. 100. 90. 80. 70. 60. 50. 40. 30. 20. 10.

LINE GRAPH Line SYMMETRY

STRESS-ZZ

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 DISTANCE

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

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ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Let's add another stress component to the same graph. In the Display Response Curve (Model Line) dialog box, verify that the Line Name is SYMMETRY, make sure that the X Variable is set to (Coordinate:DISTANCE), set the Y Variable to (Stress:STRESS-YY) and make sure that the Y Smoothing Technique is set to AVERAGED. Also make sure that the Plot Name in the Graph Attributes box is set to PREVIOUS. Then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
120. LINE GRAPH Line SYMMETRY 100. Line SYMMETRY

80.

STRESS-ZZ

60.

40.

20.

0.

-20.

0.

1.

2. DISTANCE

3.

4.

5.

Now we will customize the graph title, axes and curves. Choose GraphModify. Title: Click the P button, move the cursor to the graph box and click to highlight it. Then click the ... button to the right of the Graph Depiction field. In the Title Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter Stresses on horizontal symmetry line in the Graph Title table (you don't need to enter the quotes) and click OK. Click Apply to see the updated title. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to center the title.

Axes: Set the Action to Modify the Axis Depiction. Click the P button, move the cursor to one of the numbers on the Y axis and click to highlight the Y axis. Then click the button to the right of the Axis Depiction field. In the Label Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter Stress (N/mm**2) in the Label table and click OK. Click Apply to see the updated axis. Curves: Set the Action to Modify the Curve Depiction. Click the P button, move the cursor to the upper curve and click to highlight it. Then click the ... button to the right of the Curve

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Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension

Depiction field. Click the Legend tab, then, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter Stress-zz in the Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to see the updated curve and legend. In a similar way, change the legend for the lower curve to Stress-yy. The graphics window should look something like this:
120. Stresses on horizontal symmetry line Stress-zz 100. Stress-yy

80.

Stress (N/mm**2)

60.

40.

20.

0.

-20.

0.

1.

2. DISTANCE

3.

4.

5.

Numerical values: Choose GraphList. The value of STRESS-ZZ at distance 0.0 should be 1.08832E+02 (N/mm2). Click Close to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

Problem description
A plate with a hole is subjected to tension as shown:
z p = 25.0 N/mm2

All lengths in mm.

y Thickness = 1 mm 4 E = 7.0 10 N/mm2 n = 0.25

56

10

20

This is the same problem as problem 2. However, in this problem we will demonstrate the body sheet feature of ADINA-M (the ADINA Modeler). In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a combined line $ Defining a body of type sheet using ADINA-M $ Meshing a body of type sheet $ Plotting stresses in a cylindrical coordinate system We assume that you have worked through problems 1 and 2, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System.

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Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-M. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Defining model geometry The diagram on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining this model. Notice that the lines are organized into loops. The external loop completely surrounds the model. The internal loop represents the hole in the model. (Note: it is also possible to define the external loop by a single line of type polyline (with straight line segments). However we choose to use four separate lines, then combine them, in order to demonstrate the combined line feature.) Points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the X2, X3 columns of the table (you can leave the X1 column blank), then click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 X2 10 -10 -10 10 5 0 X3 28 28 -28 -28 0 0

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ADINA Primer

Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

P2

L1

P1

External loop: L6=L1 + L4 + L2 + L3 Internal loop: L5 L4 L5 P6 P5 L3

P3

L2

P4

Lines: Click the Define Lines icon Line number 1 2 3 4 Type Straight Straight Straight Straight

and add the following lines: Point 1 1 3 1 2 Point 2 2 4 4 3

Now add line 5, set the Type to Circle, make sure that Defined by is set to Center, P1, P3, set Center to 6, P1 to 5, P3 to 2 and click OK. Combined line: As indicated in the sketch above, we need to define an external loop as a single line. This line is constructed by combining lines 1 to 4. , add line 6, set the Type to Combined, enter 1, 4, 2, 3 in the Click the Define Lines icon table (the order of the lines is important) and click OK. When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon like the figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something

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Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 L1 Z X Y

L4

L5

L3

L6

L2

Sheet body: Now we construct a sheet body using line 6 as the external loop and line 5 as an internal loop. Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Sheet, set the External Loop Line # to 6, enter 5 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Notice that the lines have been replaced by edges. Defining and applying boundary conditions We will put rollers on the bottom edge of the model. Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add fixity name ZT, check the ZTranslation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Edges. Enter 3, ZT in the first row of the table and click Save. We need to eliminate the rigid-body motion in the y direction. We do this by fixing point 3 (which is the lower left-hand point). In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Points, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon page. , the graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next

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ADINA Primer

Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 E1

Z X Y

E6 E2 E5 E4

E3

TIME 1.000

E1

E6 E2 E5 E4

B E3

B C

U U 2 3 - -

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Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

Defining and applying loads Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Pressure and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Pressure dialog box, add pressure 1, set the Magnitude to -25 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Edge and, in the first row of the table, set the Edge # to 1 and the Body # to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. When you click the Load Plot icon
TIME 1.000 E1

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00 E6 E2 E5 E4

B E3

B C

U U 2 3 - -

Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 7E4, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.25 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements , add group number 1, set the Type Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon to 2-D Solid, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Stress and click OK.

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Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will set the lengths of all element edges to be the same, then set the lengths of element edges on the hole (edges 5 and 6) to be smaller. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 2 and click OK. Now click the Subdivide Edges icon , choose edge 5, set the Element Edge Length to 1, enter 6 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 E1 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00 E6 E2 E5 E4

B E3

B C

U U 2 3 - -

Element generation: Click the Mesh Faces icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Your mesh may look slightly different than the mesh shown in the picture.

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Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 E1 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00 E6 E2 E5 E4

CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB C B E3

B C

U U 2 3 - -

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob03. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob03, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list and discard all changes. Then click the Open icon Examining the solution Click the Scale Displacements icon , then click the Quick Band Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Your results will be slightly different if the mesh is different than the mesh shown in the picture. and open porthole file prob03.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 230.1 Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000 97.5 82.5 67.5 52.5 37.5 22.5 7.5

MAXIMUM 107.9 EG 1, EL 306, IPT 31 (101.7) MINIMUM 2.216 EG 1, EL 249, IPT 33 (5.031)

Plotting the stresses in a cylindrical coordinate system: Lets plot the tangential stress component in a cylindrical coordinate system. First click the Clear icon to clear the mesh plot and band plot. Choose DefinitionsResult Control, make sure that the Result Control Name is DEFAULT and click the button to the right of the "Coordinate System for Transformed Results" field. In the Define Coordinate System dialog box, add system 1, set the Type to Cylindrical and click OK. In the Define Result Control Depiction dialog box, set the "Coordinate System for Transformed Results" to 1 and click OK. To check the coordinate system directions, click the Mesh Plot icon . Click the Modify

Mesh Plot icon . and click the Element Depiction button. Check the Display Local System Triad button, set the Type to Result Transformation System, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Each of the element symbols shows the coordinate system directions, as follows:
2 direction

1 direction

Evidently the 1 direction is the radial direction, the 2 direction is the tangential direction and the 3 direction is the axial direction.

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Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M

TIME 1.000
Z X Y

Now click the Clear icon

, then the Mesh Plot icon

, then the Create Band Plot icon

. Set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress:STRESS-22) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 STRESS-22 RST CALC TIME 1.000 90.0 70.0 50.0 30.0 10.0 -10.0 -30.0 Z X Y

MAXIMUM 108.8 EG 1, EL 306, IPT 31 (103.1) MINIMUM -40.27 EG 1, EL 10, IPT 33 (-37.21)

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

3-10

ADINA Primer

Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

Problem description
A solid cylinder is subjected to a tip load as shown:
1000 N

0.1
1

All lengths in meters E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 n = 0.29

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a geometry line by extruding a point $ Defining a geometry surface by revolving a line $ Defining a geometry volume by extruding a surface $ Generating hexahedral and prismatic elements $ Rotating a mesh plot with the mouse $ Smoothing the stresses We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 3, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load and click OK.

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Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z

P1 L1
S1

V1

Geometry point: Click the Define Points icon table and click OK. Point # 1 X1 0 X2 0

, enter the following information into the

X3 0

Geometry line: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.05, 0.0, 0.0 and click OK. , add surface 1, set the Type to Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon Revolved, set the Initial Line to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, the Axis to Y, uncheck the Check Coincidence button and click OK. , add volume 1, set the Type to Geometry volume: Click the Define Volumes icon Extruded, set the Initial Surface to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, uncheck the Check Coincidence button and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

Applying boundary conditions We will fix surface 1. Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the Apply to field to Surfaces, enter 1 in the first row and column of the table and click OK. Click the Boundary Plot icon to display the boundary conditions. Since surface 1 is hidden, we can't see if the boundary condition is applied or not. Rotate the mesh out-of-plane with the mouse until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page. Here are detailed instructions for rotating the mesh out-of-plane. Click the Pick icon and

the Dynamic Rotate (XY) icon and highlight the mesh plot. Press and hold the left mouse button, then move the mouse. The mesh plot rotates along with the mouse motion. When the mesh plot is in the correct position, release the left mouse button. (You can also rotate the mesh out-of-plane when the Dynamic Pan icon Shift key while dragging the mouse.) is pressed by holding down the

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Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Defining and applying loads Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 1000, the Direction to (-1.0, 0.0, 0.0) and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 6. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. When you click the Load Plot icon figure on the next page. Defining the material and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Click the Manage Materials icon Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon to 3-D Solid and click OK. , add group number 1, set the Type , the graphics window should look something like the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 1000.

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign the number of subdivisions in the u, v and w directions of the volume. In this case, the u direction is the tangential direction, the v direction is the axial direction and the w direction is the radial direction. Click the Subdivide Volumes icon and set the Number of Subdivisions in the u, v and w directions to 8, 5 and 2 respectively. Then click OK. , enter 1 in the first row of the table Element generation: Click the Mesh Volumes icon and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob04. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob04, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob04.

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Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

B BB B BBB B BB B BB B B BB BBBB BB BBBBBBBBB BB BB B BB BBBBB B BB BB B B B BBB B B B B BBB BB B B

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 1000.

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Examining the solution Stress band plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: STRESS-YY) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

STRESS-YY RST CALC TIME 1.000 9.600E+06 6.400E+06 3.200E+06 0.000E+00 -3.200E+06 -6.400E+06 -9.600E+06

MAXIMUM 1.137E+07 EG 1, EL 33, IPT 313 (9908099.) MINIMUM -1.137E+07 EG 1, EL 37, IPT 313 (-9907997.)

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ADINA Primer

Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

You will notice discontinuities or jumps in the bands near the built-in end of the cylinder. To smooth the stress band plot, click the Smooth Plots icon should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X

. The graphics window

Z Y

SMOOTHED STRESS-YY RST CALC TIME 1.000 9.600E+06 6.400E+06 3.200E+06 0.000E+00 -3.200E+06 -6.400E+06 -9.600E+06

MAXIMUM 1.137E+07 NODE 41 MINIMUM -1.137E+07 NODE 45

(Note: smoothing the stresses does not make them more accurate.) Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load

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ADINA Primer

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

Problem description
A round bar with circumferential groove is subjected to a tip load as shown:
200 N All lengths in meters E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 n = 0.29

0.1 0.05

0.04

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been demonstrated in previous problems: $ Revolving a mesh of 2D elements to obtain a mesh of 3D elements We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 4, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System (there are 6179 nodes in this model). Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip load and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

5-1

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z
P8 P1

P7 P2 S2 P6 P3

Center of coordinate system 1

S3 P5 P4

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon and enter the following information into the table. You can leave the X1 column blank. Then click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 X3 0.4 0.225 0.175 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.25 0.4

Geometry lines: Now we define the arc line. For the definition, it is convenient to place a coordinate system at the center of the arc. Click the Coordinate Systems icon , add coordinate system 1, set the Origin to (0.0, 0.05, 0.2) and click OK. Now click the Define , add line 1, set the Type to Revolved, set the Initial Point to 2, the Angle of Lines icon Rotation to 180, make sure that the Axis is set to X and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Since we are done with the coordinate system, let's reset the default coordinate system back to the original coordinate system. Click the Coordinate Systems icon button and click OK. Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon click OK. Surface Number 1 2 3 Type Vertex Vertex Vertex Point 1 1 2 3 , click the Set Global

, define the following surfaces and

Point 2 8 7 6

Point3 7 6 5

Point 4 2 3 4

The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Applying boundary conditions and We will fix the line at z = 0. To determine this line number, click the Query icon click on the lowest horizontal line until the line number appears in the message window (it , set the Apply to field to Lines, enter 9 should be 9). Now click the Apply Fixity icon in the first row and column of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

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ADINA Primer

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

Defining and applying loads Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add load 1, set the Magnitude to 200, the Direction to (0, -1, 0) and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 1 and click OK. When you click the Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 200.0

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon the Type to 2-D Solid and click OK. , add element group number 1, set

ADINA R & D, Inc.

5-5

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign a uniform point size to the points of the model, then assign a smaller point size to the points near the groove. Choose Meshing Mesh DensityComplete Model, make sure that the Subdivision Mode is set to Use EndPoint Sizes and click OK. Now choose MeshingMesh DensityPoint Size, set the Points Defined from field to All Geometry Points, set the Maximum to 0.03 and click Apply. Then, in the table in the Define Point Size dialog box, set the Mesh Size for Point Labels 2, 3, 6, 7 to 0.02 and click OK. , enter surfaces 1, 2, 3 in the table 2D element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this: .
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 200.0

BBBBB B

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

3D element generation: Choose MeshingMesh Revolve, set the Angle of Revolution to 360, the No. of Elements in Revolve Direction to 16, the Z Direction of Axis to 1.0, and, in the Options tab, check the Check Coincidence button, and click OK. , the graphics window should look something like the When you click the Iso View 1 icon figure on the next page. You can rotate the mesh plot with the mouse to make sure that all of the nodes at z=0 are fixed.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 200.0

B B B B B B BB B B B B B BB BB B

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob05. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob05, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Examining the solution Click the Iso View 2 icon , then click the Load Plot icon to display the finite element . The and open porthole file prob05.

mesh and loads. To magnify the displacements, click the Scale Displacements icon graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. , set the Band Plot Variable to Stress band plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon (Stress:STRESS-ZZ) and click OK. Move the objects in the graphics window until the graphics window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading

TIME 1.000

DISP MAG 4673.

X Z

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 200.0

TIME 1.000

DISP MAG 4673.

X Z

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 200.0 STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 3600000. 2400000. 1200000. 0. -1200000. -2400000. -3600000.

MAXIMUM 4253062. EG 2, EL 400, IPT 331 (3635050.) MINIMUM -4253113. EG 2, EL 392, IPT 331 (-3635090.)

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

5-8

ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

Problem description
In this problem we determine the fluid flow within a square wall-driven cavity as shown:
Utop = 1

r=1 m = 0.01 1

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ CFD analysis with ADINA-CFD $ Setting the flow assumptions $ Defining and applying special boundary conditions $ Plotting the outline of the mesh $ Plotting velocities as vectors $ Plotting particle traces $ Calculating the total force applied to the model We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 5, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

6-1

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 6: Square walldriven cavity" and click OK. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ Plane), uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button and click OK. Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z P2 L1 P1

L2

S1

L4

L3 P3 P4

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (you can leave the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 X2 1 0 0 1 X3 1 1 0 0

Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 1, set the Type to Vertex if necessary, set Point 1 to 1, Point 2 to 2, Point 3 to 3, Point 4 to 4 and click OK. You can use the P button and the mouse to easily select these points. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Defining and applying boundary conditions No-slip boundary conditions: We need to apply the no-slip boundary conditions to three sides of the square. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Double-click in the first row and column of the table, use the mouse to pick the left, bottom and right lines and press the Esc key to return to the Define Special Boundary Condition dialog box. Make sure that the line numbers in the table are lines 2, 3, 4 (the order of the lines is not important). Click OK to close the Special Boundary Conditions dialog box. Pressure zero value: Because the flow is incompressible and we are specifying the velocity along the entire boundary, the pressure solution is not completely determined. In order to completely determine the pressure solution, we set the pressure to zero at one point in the and click the Define button. In the Define Zero model. Click the Apply Fixity icon Values dialog box, add zero values name PRESSURE, check the Pressure degree of freedom and click OK. In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, verify that the Apply to field is Points, enter 3, PRESSURE in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

TIME 1.000
Z X Y

V V B C
2

P
-

WAL B 1 C -

Velocity: We need to apply the normal and tangential velocities to the line at the top of the square. Click the Apply Load icon , verify that the Load Type is Velocity and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity dialog box, add velocity 1, set the Y and Z Prescribed Velocities to 1 and 0 respectively, and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line, and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box. When you click the Load Plot icon figure on the next page. Defining the material and click the Constant button. In the Define Material Click the Manage Materials icon with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 0.01, the Density to 1 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements , add element group number 1, Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon make sure that the Type is set to 2-D Fluid, set the Sub-Type to Planar and click OK. , the graphics window should look something like the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

V V B C
2

P -

WAL B 1 C -

Subdivision data: We use a 2525 mesh for the solution, with a finer mesh near the corners. (This mesh is not fine enough to give an accurate solution; for an accurate solution, a more refined mesh would be required.) Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , set the Number of Subdivisions for both the u and v directions to 25, set the Length Ratio of Element Edges for both the u and v directions to 10, check both of the Use Central Biasing buttons and click OK. Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

TIME 1.000 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BBB B B B B B D B C B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BBB B B B V V B C D
2 3

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

P -

B C D

WAL 1 1

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob06. To generate the ADINA-

CFD data file and run ADINA-CFD, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob06, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINACFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the File type field to ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), open database file prob06, click the Open icon and open porthole file prob06.

Please notice that we first opened the ADINA-IN database, then loaded the porthole file. We did this so that we can calculate the total force applied to the model later on. Examining the solution Element mesh plot: In all of the mesh plots that we will display, we do not want to show the geometry, loads or boundary conditions. Click the Show Geometry icon geometry, the Load Plot icon to hide the to hide

to hide the loads and the Boundary Plot icon

the boundary conditions. Then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon defaults.

to update the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

We will plot this mesh along with other mesh plots showing the solution. To accomplish this, shrink the mesh plot using the mouse and move it to the upper left-hand corner of the graphics window, so that the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Velocity vectors: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to resize and move the new mesh plot to the upper right-hand corner of the graphics window. Also remove any extra plotted axes and TIME 1.000 texts using the mouse. Now click the Model Outline icon Plot Style icon to show only the mesh outline. Click the Save Mesh

to update the mesh plot defaults.

In this plot we would like to show the velocity as vectors. Click the Quick Vector Plot icon . Use the mouse to move and resize the mesh and the Velocity annotation until you obtain the figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

TIME 1.000
VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

Pathlines: Click the Mesh Plot icon . The mesh plot might be plotted on top of the previous mesh plot, so you might have to move the previous mesh plot out of the way to see the new mesh plot. Use the mouse to resize and move the new mesh plot to the lower lefthand corner of the graphics window. Also, if necessary, remove the plotted axes and TIME 1.000 text using the mouse. Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotCreate and click the button to the right of the Trace Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Coordinates and click the Auto button. In the Auto Generation dialog box, enter the following information into the table and click OK. X Y 0.5 0.5 Z 0.1 0.1 0.9

At this point, the table in the Define Trace Rake dialog box should contain 9 rows, in which Z=0.1, 0.2, , 0.9. Click OK twice to close the Define Trace Rake dialog box and the Create Particle Trace Plot dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

TIME 1.000
VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 PATHLINE START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000 PARTICLE TIME = 0.000

The trace rake contains 9 injectors evenly spaced along a vertical line in the center of the model. Now click the Trace Downstream icon something like this:
TIME 1.000
VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

once. The graphics window should look

0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 PATHLINE START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000 PARTICLE TIME = 0.2714

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

Notice that the injector triangles have rotated to correspond to the flow velocity and each injector has emitted a short pathline. In this plot, the start particle time is 0.0 and the particle time is 0.2714. This means that particles that are located at the injectors at particle time 0.0 have moved to the positions shown by particle time 0.2714. (Note that we use the term particle time to distinguish the time used in the particle tracing from the solution time.) Click the Trace Downstream icon a few more times to watch the pathlines grow. Each time you click the Trace Downstream icon, the particle time increases and the pathlines grow longer. Now we directly specify the particle time. Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Current Particle Time to 50 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. After you delete the particle trace legend with the mouse, the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000
VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

Notice that the outermost particle trace doesnt close completely. This is due to the coarseness of the mesh. . Use the mouse to resize and move the Pressure band plot: Click the Mesh Plot icon new mesh plot to the lower right-hand corner of the graphics window. Also, if necessary, remove the plotted axes and TIME 1.000 text using the mouse.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

In this plot we would like to show the pressure. Click the Quick Band Plot icon . The pressures are most extreme at the top corners of the square, where the fluid flow turns through a right angle. We don't see much detail for the remaining plot because the scaling is set by the and click the extreme values. To rescale the band plot, click the Modify Band Plot icon Band Table button. In the Value Range box, set the Minimum to -1 and the Maximum to 1, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. After you move and resize the band table and the Maximum legend, the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000
VELOCITY TIME 1.000 1.000

0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 1.000 0.900 0.600 0.300 0.000 -0.300 -0.600 -0.900

MAXIMUM 5.958 NODE 1 MINIMUM -5.873 NODE 26

Total applied force: To determine the total force applied to the cavity, we need to sum all of the reaction forces applied to the nodes on the walls of the cavity. Choose Definitions Model Point (Combination)General, add name CAVITY, enter the text strings LINE 2, LINE 3 and LINE 4 (you don=t need to enter the quotes) in the first three rows of the table and click OK. The AUI displays the message 76 nodes in gncombination in the message window and at the bottom of the AUI control window. Choose ListValue ListModel Point, set variable 1 to (Reaction: Y-REACTION) and click Apply. The AUI should output the value -2.47360E-01. The AUI computes this value by summing the y reactions over the nodes attached to geometry lines 2, 3 and 4. Hence the total force applied to the top wall of the cavity is +2.47360E-01. Click Close to close the dialog box.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity

(Please note: there are two ways to compute the total force. The first way is to add up all of the reaction forces on all of the nodes on which the velocities are prescribed. The second way is to add up all of the reaction forces on all of the nodes on which the velocities are fixed, then negate the result. We choose the second way because the input is easier. It might seem logical to request the total reaction forces applied to the nodes on line 1. But this gives the wrong results for the following reason. Line 1 contains nodes 1 to 26. Nodes 1 and 26 are nodes on which the y velocities are fixed, and nodes 2 to 25 are nodes on which the y velocities are prescribed. Hence line 1 contains both prescribed velocity nodes and fixed velocity nodes. If you sum the reaction force applied to nodes 2, , 25, this gives the correct result, but the input is more difficult, since you then need to enter nodes 2, , 25 directly into the DefinitionsModel Point CombinationNode dialog box.) Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Problem description
A block is pushed onto a rigid cylinder as shown:
0.1 Prescribed displacement 0.1 All lengths in meters

Block: E =15106 N/m2 n = 0.3 Plane strain conditions

0.05

Rigid cylinder, frictionless contact

We would like to determine the displacements and stresses in the block when the block is pushed down 0.02 m. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a time function $ Defining time steps $ Defining a contact group, contact surfaces and contact pairs $ Using the Previous Solution, Next Solution, Last Solution and First Solution icons $ Animating the model response $ Plotting results as a function of time $ Plotting contact tractions $ Creating animation files for the PC (AVI and GIF formats) We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 6, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

7-1

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z L2 P1

P2

S1

P3

L4 L1 P6

P4

P5

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the X2, X3 columns of the table (you can leave the X1 column blank), then click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 X2 0.05 -0.05 -0.05 0.05 0.05 -0.05 X3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.05 -0.05

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ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Click the Point Labels icon

to display the point numbers.

Geometry line: Click the Define Lines icon and add line number 1. Set the Type to Arc, set >Defined by= to P1, P2, P3, Angle, set >Starting Point, P1= to 5, >End Point, P2= to 6, >InPlane Point, P3= to 1, >Included Angle= to 180, and click OK. Click the Line/Edge Labels icon to display the line number.

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon . Add surface number 1, set the Type to Vertex if necessary, set Point 1 to 1, Point 2 to 2, Point 3 to 3, Point 4 to 4 and click OK. Click the Surface/Face Labels icon to display the surface number. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Defining and applying loads , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the Define... Click the Apply Load icon button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Displacement dialog box, add displacement 1, set the Y Translation to 0, the Z Translation to -1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line, and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 2. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. Click the Load Plot icon figure on the next page. Defining the material and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Click the Manage Materials icon Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 1E6, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.3 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. . The graphics window should look something like the bottom

ADINA R & D, Inc.

7-3

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 1.000 P2 L2 P1

Z X Y

L3

S1

L5

P3

L4 L1

P4

P6

P7

P5

TIME 1.000 P2 L2 P1

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 L3 S1 L5 1.000

P3

L1 L4

P4

P6

P7

P5

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ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Defining the contact surfaces Contact group: Click the Define Contact Groups icon , add contact group 1 and click OK.

, add contact surface number 1, Contact surfaces: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon set the Line Number to 1 in the first row of the table and click Save. Now add contact surface number 2, set the Line Number to 4 in the first row of the table and click OK to close the dialog box. , add contact pair number 1, set the Contact pair: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon Target Surface to 1, the Contactor Surface to 2 and click OK. Defining the elements , add group number 1, set the Type Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon to 2-D Solid, the Element Sub-Type to Plane Strain and click OK. Subdivision data: We will use a 55 mesh for the solution. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , set the Number of Subdivisions for both u and v to 5 and click OK. Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon and click OK. , enter 1 in the first row of the table

When you click the Show Segment Normals icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice the thick line at the bottom of the square. This is the contact surface for the square. The arrows attached to the thick lines show the orientation of the contact surface; the arrows point into the solid.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

7-5

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 1.000
Z

P2

L2

P1

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000

L3

S1

L5

1.000

P3

L1 L4

P4

P6

P7

P5

Defining the target surface First we specify the number of contact segments on the contact surface, then we generate contact segments on the contact surface. Subdivision data: To specify the number of contact segments on the contact surface, we subdivide the line on which the contact surface is placed. Click the Subdivide Lines icon , select line 1, set the Number of Subdivisions to 180 and click OK. Contact segments: Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface icon , set the Contact Surface to 1 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z

P2

L2

P1

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000

L3

S1

L5

1.000

P3

L4 L1

P4

P6

P7

P5

Specifying load step sizes For the first run, we will verify the model. So we choose to run the model for one time step with a relatively small prescribed displacement. The prescribed displacement is controlled by time function 1. Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK. Time 0.0 1.0 Value 0.0 0.001

When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice that the value of the prescribed displacement is updated.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

7-7

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z

P2

L2

P1

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000

L3

S1

L5

0.001000

P3

L4 L1

P4

P6

P7

P5

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob07. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob07, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The Log Window displays repeated messages of the form No element connection for node .... These messages are due to the fact that the nodes on the arc are not attached to any element, only to a contact surface. These nodes are automatically fixed, as stated at the bottom of the Log Window. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob07. Examining the solution, requesting more time steps, rerunning the analysis Click the Quick Vector Plot icon to display the stress vectors. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. and

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000

+ -

25375.

0. -4000. -8000. -12000. -16000. -20000. -24000.

It looks like the two bodies are in contact, so let's update the model to request more solution steps. Invoking the pre-processor: Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Click Yes to discard all changes and continue. If necessary, choose database file prob07.idb from the recent file list in the File menu. Now we will use 10 time steps to apply a total displacement of 0.02 m. Time function: Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK. Time 0.0 10.0 Value 0.0 0.02

Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 10 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Redraw icon something like the figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 10.00 Z

P2

L2

P1

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 10.00

L3

S1

L5

0.02000

P3

L1 L4

P4

P6

P7

P5

You can use the Previous Solution icon and Last Solution icon

, Next Solution icon

, First Solution icon

to show the load magnitudes for different solution times. to save the current database file. Now click the

Rerunning ADINA: Click the Save icon

Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob07a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob07a.

The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Animating the results . The AUI To create a movie of the mesh deformations, click the Movie Load Step icon updates the finite element mesh plot for each solution step, displays it and stores each resulting plot into a frame of movie number 1. To animate the movie once, click the Animate icon . The AUI smoothly replays the movie.

To replay the animation more slowly, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay to 50 and click Apply. Increasing the Minimum Delay slows down the animation, decreasing the Minimum Delay speeds up the animation. Click Cancel to close the Animate dialog box.

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 10.00 Z X Y

You will notice that the top of the square is clipped by the edges of the graphics window. So let's create another movie in which the mesh plot is smaller. Click the Refresh icon clear the animation, then resize the mesh plot using the Pick icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10.00 Z X Y

to

and the mouse. The

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Now click the Movie Load Step icon

. The AUI creates movie 2 using the rescaled mesh .

plot. To animate the movie, click the Animate icon

UNIX: Now we create a PostScript file with the frames of movie number 2. We will use the

PostScript file to create an AVI file at the end of this problem description. Choose FileSave Movie, make sure that the Movie Number is set to 2, enter file name mov2.ps and click Save.
Windows: Now we create an AVI file of movie number 2. Click the Save AVI icon , enter file name mov2, check the >Play AVI Movie After Saving= button and click Save. The AUI displays the Windows Media Player after the AUI completes the AVI movie. Choose FileExit to exit the Windows Media Player.

, then click the Load Plot icon Click the Refresh icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10.00

to display the loads. The

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 10.00 0.02000

You can animate the mesh plot along with the loads by creating a movie and then animating it. Try it!

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation, then click the Quick Band Plot icon show the effective stresses. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10.00 Z X EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 10.00 292500. 247500. 202500. 157500. 112500. 67500. 22500. MAXIMUM 310315. EG 1, EL 24, IPT 31 (276102.) MINIMUM 679.3 EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (7256.) Y

to

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 10.00 0.02000

You can animate the mesh plot along with the loads and bands by creating a movie and then animating it. Remember to click the Refresh icon You can use the Previous Solution icon and Last Solution icon Plotting contact tractions Choose DisplayReaction PlotCreate, set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK. Use the Pick icon and the mouse until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. Graph: Now we will graph the contact traction at the center of the square as a function of the applied load. The contact traction is output by ADINA at each node of the contactor contact surfaces. The contactor node at the center of the square is node 64. to clear the animation. , First Solution icon

, Next Solution icon

to show the solutions for different solution times.

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

TIME 10.00

Z X Y

DISTRIBUTED CONTACT TRACTION TIME 10.00 390064.

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 10.00 292500. 247500. 202500. 157500. 112500. 67500. 22500.

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 10.00 0.02000

350000. 300000. 250000. 200000. 150000. 100000. 50000.

MAXIMUM 310315. EG 1, EL 24, IPT 31 (276102.) MINIMUM 679.3 EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (7256.)

First we need to define a node result point. Choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, add point CENTER, set the Node to 64 and click OK. Click the Clear icon and choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). Set the X Variable to (Time:TIME_FUNCTION_1), the Y Variable to (Traction: NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
RESPONSE GRAPH
NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION, CENTER

40.

NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION, CENTER

35. 30. 25.

*10

20. 15. 10. 5.

2.

4.

6.

8.

10. *10
-3

12.

14.

16.

18.

20.

TIME_FUNCTION_1

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ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Recall that the applied displacement is numerically equal to the value of the time function, so the plot shows the traction as a function of the applied displacement. The normal traction decreases at the center when a new segment comes into contact. This non-physical effect is due to the small number of elements used in the model. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes. Creating animation files in AVI and GIF formats, UNIX/Linux versions of the AUI To show your animation on the PC, you will need to build an AVI or GIF file containing your animation. The choice of file format depends on the ultimate use of the animation file. If you want to show the animation file from within PowerPoint or Media Player, build an AVI file. If you want to show the animation file using a browser, build a GIF file. Here we give all of the steps required to build an AVI or GIF file containing an animation. These steps can be followed if you are using a UNIX/Linux version of the AUI. (If you are using a Windows version of the AUI, simply save the animation as an AVI file using FileSave AVI as described above. Then, if you want a GIF file, use the GIF Construction Set Professional program described below.) In this discussion, we use the shareware programs GPL GhostScript, GIF Construction Set Professional, VideoMach and ImageMagick. GPL GhostScript is required when using GIF Construction Set Professional or VideoMach. GIF Construction Set Professional can be used if you want a GIF file, and can also be used if you want an AVI file (but VideoMach is preferred for creating AVI files). ImageMagick can be used if you want a GIF file. Requirements Note: the following requirements and program Internet sites are subject to change without notice. We strongly recommend that you read the documentation that comes with the programs. The following Windows programs are required: GPL GhostScript: This program reads and interprets PostScript files. It runs on Windows and on UNIX/Linux. In this example, we run GPL GhostScript for Windows. Here are instructions for installing GPL GhostScript for Windows: Using a Web browser, open address http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost, obtain the latest version of GPL GhostScript for Windows and install it. You do not need to download or install gsview.

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

For future use, create a batch file PSTOPCX.BAT in the \bin directory for GPL GhostScript (for example, if you installed GPL GhostScript 9.02 in C:\Program Files\gs, then place the batch file in C:\Program Files\gs\gs8.71\bin). The batch file should consist of the following line: gswin32c -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pcx24b g1024x768 r72 \ -sOutputFile=%1%%04d.pcx %1.ps The \ indicates that the second line is a continuation line. When you create the batch file, omit the \ and put both lines on the same line of the batch file. (If you want to create an animation with a different size, use different values for the g and r parameters, as follows: -g gx x gy, where gx and gy are the dimensions of the animation, in pixels -r r, where r = (72/1024) gx GIF Construction Set Professional: GIF Construction Set Professional is a Windows based program. GIF Construction Set Professional can be obtained from the World Wide Web at the address http://www.mindworkshop.com/alchemy/alchemy.html. We strongly recommend that you install it according to the instructions given at that site. We also recommend that you register your copy of GIF Construction Set Professional. The instructions given here are based on GIF Construction Set Professional version 4.0a, patch 6. VideoMach: VideoMach is a Windows based program. VideoMach can be obtained from the World Wide Web at the address http://www.gromada.com. We strongly recommend that you install it according to the instructions given at that site. We also recommend that you register your copy of VideoMach. We also suggest that you download and install the program Imagen from the same site. The instructions given here are based on VideoMach 5.9.0 and Imagen 3.1.2. ImageMagick: ImageMagick runs on either Windows or UNIX/Linux. It can be used to convert PostScript files directly to GIF or AVI files. ImageMagick can be obtained from the World Wide Web at the address http://www.imagemagick.org. We strongly recommend that you install it according to the instructions given at that site. The instructions given here are based on ImageMagick for Windows, version 6.7.4-0 Q16.

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

Creating PCX files of the animation frames using GPL GhostScript You should have PostScript file mov2.ps, which you created earlier in this problem. 1) Move file mov2.ps to the PC on which GPL GhostScript is installed, into the bin directory for GPL GhostScript (example: C:\Program Files\gs\gs9.02\bin). Note: mov2.ps is a text file, so you can use an ASCII (text) file transfer. 2) Open a DOS window and, in the DOS window, change directory to the bin directory for GhostScript and type PSTOPCX MOV2 This invokes GhostScript using the batch script that you created. Type quit at the GS> prompt to exit GhostScript. 3) At this point you should have files MOV20001.PCX to MOV20011.PCX in the bin directory for GhostScript. You can delete file MOV2.PS. Close the DOS window. Creating a GIF file and an AVI file using GIF Construction Set Professional You need the .pcx files created by GhostScript before you start. 1) Invoke GIF Construction Set Professional and choose FileAnimation Wizard. 2) Uncheck the Loop button if you do not want to have the GIF file loop indefinitely. 3) Set the animation speed using the Delay field (in 1/100ths of a second). 4) In the left pane of the Animation Wizard dialog box, navigate to the folder that contains the PCX files (in this case, the bin folder for GhostScript). 5) Select all of the PCX files that appear in the middle pane (you can use the Control or Shift keys to select a range of files), then click the Add button. 6) Click Build to complete the animation. When GIF Construction Set is finished, it will display the frames of the animation in a window. 7) To playback the animation, click on the AViews the current animation@ icon (which looks like a pair of glasses). 8) If you do not want to change the speed of the animation, proceed to the next step. Otherwise, to change the speed of the animation, click the ASelects all the blocks of the current animation@ icon (which looks like a blue button), then choose BlockManage. In the Block Management dialog box, make sure that ASet controls for the selected blocks@ is

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

selected, then click Apply. In the Edit Control dialog box, set the animation speed using the Delay field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. 9) To save the animation as a GIF file, choose FileSave as, fill in the dialog box and click Save. 10) To save the animation as an AVI file, choose FilexportExport to Movie, fill in the dialog box and click Save. Creating an AVI file using VideoMach You need the .pcx files created by GhostScript before you start. 1) Invoke VideoMach and choose FileOpen Media Files. 2) Navigate to the folder that contains the PCX files (in this case the bin folder for GhostScript), set the AFiles of type@ field to PCX, select file mov20001.pcx and click Open. VideoMach displays an Open Image/Image Sequence dialog box. Choose Open entire sequence starting with this image and click OK. At this point, the lower left window should display the text mov20001.pcx (sequence of 11 frames). 3) Choose FileSave As. Set the Output Mode field to Video Only, then set the Write video to this file field to, for example, mov2.avi. Click the Video tab and click the Codec Settings button. In the AVI Video Format dialog box, set the Codec Name to Microsoft Video 1, set Video Quality to 100% and click OK. In the Video tab, in the Frame Rate (fps) box, check the Custom button, choose Keep original number of frames, enter the desired frame rate (for example, 10) and click Close. (In the AVI Video Format dialog box, you also might want to set "Key Frame Every" to "1 frame(s)". If you do this, then the slider bar in mplay32.exe will work, see comments for "Playback of an AVI file using Media Player mplay32.exe" below. But the avi file will be much larger.) At this point, the upper-right window should display Video Output File name Codec Resolution Color depth Frames Frame rate Duration Raw size ..Splitting

(file name) Microsoft Video 1 1024 x 768 15-bit 11 10 fps 00:00:01.100 17 MB 2 GB

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

4) Choose FileSave As and click Start. You can ignore the VIDEO CODEC WARNING that appears. VideoMach creates the AVI file and displays a Produced Files Information dialog box. In this dialog box, click the Play icon (which looks like a green arrow) to play the AVI file in Windows Media Player. Creating a GIF file using ImageMagick You do not need the .pcx files created by GhostScript. 1) Move file mov2.ps to the PC on which ImageMagick is installed, into any convenient folder. Note: mov2.ps is a text file, so you can use an ASCII (text) file transfer. 2) Open a DOS window and, in the DOS window, change folder to the folder containing mov2.ps. 3) Type CONVERT MOV2.PS MOV2.GIF Notes for playback of an AVI file using PowerPoint The AVI file produced above can be inserted into a PowerPoint presentation using Insert Movies and SoundsMovie from File. The movie will be inserted into the current slide at a certain size. When you display the movie in your presentation, you may find that the quality of the movie is degraded. This degradation occurs because the size of the movie (in pixels) is adjusted during playback. To prevent the degradation of the quality of the movie, it is necessary to choose the size of the movie within the slide. This size needs to be chosen so that the size of the movie (in pixels) is not adjusted during playback. (In the discussion below, we assume that the size of the slide is measured in inches. If your version of Powerpoint uses cm, substitute cm for inches in the discussion below.) The figure on the next page shows schematically the mappings between the movie, slide, computer display and projector.

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

mw

Movie
mw| s PowerPoint slide

mh

sw

Movie

mh| s

sh

dw sw| d
mw| d

Computer display

Movie

mh| d

sh| d

dh

pw dw| p sw| p

mw| p

Projector

Movie

mh| p

sh| p dh| p

ph

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ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

The dimensions are

mw , mh = movie width and height, in pixels

mw s , mh s = movie width and height measured on slide, in inches mw d , mh
d

= movie width and height measured on display, in pixels

mw p , mh

= movie width and height measured on projector, in pixels

sw , sh = slide width and height, in inches s w d , sh s w p , sh

d p

= slide width and height measured on display, in pixels = slide width and height measured on projector, in pixels

d w , d h = display width and height, in pixels dw p , dh

p

= display width and height measured on projector, in pixels

pw = projector width, in pixels , ph = projector height, in pixels The figure shows a correspondence between the slide, display and projector, as follows: sw dw = f ds sw , sh d d = f ds sh , where f ds = min w , h s w sh
p

= f pd d w , d h

p p = f pd d h , where f pd = min w , h dw dh

Therefore sw
p

= f ps sw , sh

= f ps sh , where f ps = f pd f ds

And these correspondences apply for the movie, so that

mw mw

d p

= f ds mw s , = f ps mw s ,

mh mh

d p

= f ds mh = f ps mh

s s

Thus, if we want the movie size on the display to be the same as the original movie size, we can achieve this by setting the movie size on the slide using the formulas

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

(m

w s

, mh

)=

mw f ds

mh

f ds

mw mh , = f ds f ds

and if we want the movie size on the projector to be the same as the original movie size, we can achieve this by setting the movie size on the slide using the formulas

(m

w s

, mh

)=

mw f ps

mh f ps

m m = w , h f ps f ps

We also need to consider that there is an optimal size for the display and an optimal size for the projector. These optimal sizes are the native resolutions of the display and projector. The size of the display is set within Windows using the Display Properties dialog box, Settings tab. The size of the projector is usually automatically set by Windows to be the same as the size of the display. As a worked example, consider a movie of size 800 x 600 pixels. This movie is to be shown on a computer display with native resolution 1280 x 800 pixels. The PowerPoint slide size is 10 x 7.5 inches. Therefore mw , mh = (800, 600) sw , sh = (10, 7.5) d w , d h = (1280, 800) d d 1280 800 , f ds = min w , h = min = 106.67 10 7.5 s w sh

(m

w s

, mh

)=m f

ds

mh f ds

800 600 , = = (7.5,5.62) 106.67 106.67

(Choose Format Picture, click on the Size tab, and under the "Size and rotate text", set the Width to 7.5, then click OK.) Now suppose that the movie is to be shown on a computer projector with native resolution 1024 x 768 pixels. In order to get the projector to use this size, the size of the display needs to be set to the same size. Therefore mw , mh = (800, 600) sw , sh = (10, 7.5) d w , d h = (1024, 768) pw , ph = (1024, 768)

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

d d f ps = f ds = min w , h s w sh

1024 768 , = min = 102.4 10 7.5 800 600 = (7.8125,5.859) , = 102.4 102.4

(m

w s

, mh

)=m f

ps

mh f ps

Note carefully that a projector with native resolution 1024 x 768 pixels, when connected to a display set to 1280 x 800 pixels, might use a size of 1280 x 800 pixels. This will degrade the quality of the projected image. In this case, it is better to set the size of the display to 1024 x 768 pixels, so that the projector uses its native resolution. Notes for playback of an AVI file using Media Player mplay32.exe Windows XP includes a media player that works well for display of AVI files. This media player is "mplay32.exe" (not Windows Media Player). Mplay32.exe is not accessible by default from the desktop or Start menu. To access mplay32.exe, use the Search feature to find file mplay32.exe (it might be in \Windows\System32), then right-click mplay32.exe, choose Send To and create a shortcut on the desktop. Then click on the mplay32.exe icon and open an AVI file. You can play the file as usual by clicking the Play icon. One very useful feature is the slider bar. You can slide the bar left and right and the display will smoothly update, under one condition: the keyframe saving interval in the AVI file must be 1, in other words every frame in the AVI file must be a keyframe. VideoMach can create AVI files in which every frame is a keyframe, see above.

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Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder

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ADINA Primer

Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

Problem description
A shell corner is analyzed first for its static response due to a concentrated load, then for its natural frequencies and mode shapes. In the static analysis, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining shell thicknesses $ Plotting 5 and 6 DOF nodes $ Plotting shell thicknesses $ Plotting results on the top, midsurface and bottom of the shell In the frequency analysis, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Setting up a frequency analysis $ Plotting mode shapes We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 7, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

Static analysis
50 N

100

100

E =2.075105 N/mm2 n = 0.3 r = 7.8510-9 N-s2/mm4

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner, static analysis and click OK. Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z P4 P3 S1 P1 S2 P6 y P5 x L6 P2

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon table and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 X1 100 0 100 0 100 0 X2 100 100 0 0 0 0

, enter the following information into the

X3 100 100 100 100 0 0

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon click OK. Surface Number 1 2 Type Vertex Vertex Point 1 1 3 Point 2 2 4

, define the following surfaces and

Point 3 4 6

Point 4 3 5

Defining and applying loads Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is set to Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 50, the Z direction to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2, then click OK. Applying the boundary conditions We will fix the bottom of the structure, which corresponds to line 6 in the model (use the Query icon and the mouse to confirm the line number). Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the Apply to field to Lines, set the Line to 6 in the first row of the table and click OK. and the Load Plot icon . Then use the mouse to rotate Click the Boundary Plot icon the mesh plot until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page. Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s modulus to 2.07E5, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the shell thicknesses Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness, enter 2.0 in the Thickness column for both surfaces and click OK.

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 50.00

B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add element group number 1, set the Type to Shell, click the Advanced tab, set the Stress Reference System to Local and click OK. Subdivision data: We will use a uniform mesh for the solution. Choose Meshing Mesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 25 and click OK. Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 9, enter 1 and 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 50.00

B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob08. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob08, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon prob08. Examining the solution Visualizing the number of rotational degrees of freedom for the nodes: We would like to see which nodes are assigned 5 degrees of freedom and which nodes are assigned 6 degrees of freedom. Choose DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, set the Node Depiction field to ROTATIONAL_DOF using the drop-down list and click OK. Then click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon on the next page. . The graphics window should look something like the figure and open porthole file

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

The nodes that are assigned 5 degrees of freedom are drawn in red and the nodes that are assigned 6 degrees of freedom are drawn in green. Notice that the 6 degree of freedom nodes are on the shell-shell intersection and on the built-in edge. Visualizing the shell thickness: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Thickness: THICKNESS) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Click the Clear Band Plot icon to delete the band plot.

You can also plot the shell elements as if they were solid elements (that is, with the actual , click the Element Depiction shell thicknesses). Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon button, set the Appearance of Shell Element to Top/Bottom and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. For the remaining plots, we do not want to plot the nodes. Click the Reset Mesh Plot Style icon. Then click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon .

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

THICKNESS TIME 1.000 2.000 2.000

MAXIMUM 2.000 EG 1, EL 1, LN 1 MINIMUM 2.000 EG 1, EL 1, LN 1

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

Effective stresses: Click the Quick Band Plot icon . Use the Pick icon until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 X EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 93.3 80.0 66.7 53.3 40.0 26.7 13.3 MAXIMUM 99.79 EG 1, EL 20, IPT 112 (53.30) MINIMUM 2.472 EG 1, EL 1, IPT 332 (3.243) Z Y

and the mouse

The bands appear to have breaks between elements. (This is an indication that the mesh may not be fine enough.) To smooth the band plot, click the Smooth Plots window should look something like the top figure on the next page. icon. The graphics

These are the results as presented onto the top of the shells. To find out which direction corresponds to the top of the shells, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the Element Depiction button. Check the Display Local System Triad button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. A triad is plotted within each element showing the direction of the element local coordinate system. It is interpreted as follows:
t r s

in which r, s and t are the element local coordinates.

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

TIME 1.000 X SMOOTHED EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 86.67 73.33 60.00 46.67 33.33 20.00 6.67

Z Y

MAXIMUM 91.80 NODE 86 (91.49) MINIMUM 2.472 NODE 1

TIME 1.000 X SMOOTHED EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 86.67 73.33 60.00 46.67 33.33 20.00 6.67

Z Y

MAXIMUM 91.80 NODE 86 (91.49) MINIMUM 2.472 NODE 1

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

To plot the results corresponding to the bottom of the shells, click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Result Control... button, set the t coordinate field within the Calculation of Shell Element Results on Midsurface box to -1 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X SMOOTHED EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC SHELL T = -1.00 TIME 1.000 86.67 73.33 60.00 46.67 33.33 20.00 6.67 Z Y

MAXIMUM 92.47 NODE 86 MINIMUM 2.491 NODE 1

To plot the results corresponding to the shell midsurface, click the Modify Band Plot icon and click the Result Control... button. Choose From Shell Midsurface within the Calculation of Shell Element Results on Midsurface box and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. You can also plot the stresses on the top-bottom depiction of the shell elements that we , click the Element Depiction presented earlier. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon button, set the Appearance of Shell Element to Top/Bottom and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The AUI doesnt display anything, because the AUI cannot plot the smoothed stresses on a top-bottom depiction. Click the Clear Band Plot icon the Quick Band Plot icon figure on the next page. , then click

. The graphics window should look something like the bottom

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

SMOOTHED EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC SHELL MIDSURF TIME 1.000 8.667 7.333 6.000 4.667 3.333 2.000 0.667

MAXIMUM 8.988 NODE 5 MINIMUM 0.05894 NODE 30 (0.5103)

TIME 1.000 X EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000 97.5 82.5 67.5 52.5 37.5 22.5 7.5 MAXIMUM 101.0 EG 1, EL 20, IPT 111 (54.16) MINIMUM 0.1227 EG 1, EL 30, IPT 311 (41.20)

Z Y

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

Frequency analysis
Now we will determine the first few natural frequencies and mode shapes for the shell structure. Invoking the pre-processor: Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose prob08.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Change the heading to Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner, frequency analysis. Removing the concentrated load: In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Loading text, then right-click on the 1. Force 1 on Point 2 text, choose Delete and click Yes to answer the prompt. Click the Load Plot icon to plot the mesh without the load.

Defining a frequency analysis: Choose Frequencies/Modes from the Analysis Type dropdown list. Then click the Analysis Options icon Shapes to 6 and click OK. , set the Number of Frequencies/Mode

Modifying the material: In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Material text, then rightclick on the 1. Elastic text and choose Modify. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, set the Density to 7.8E-9 and click OK. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob08a. To generate the ADINA data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob08a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon prob08a. Examining the solution Determining which solutions were calculated by ADINA: Choose ListInfoResponse. ADINA calculated the following modal data for reference time 0.0: natural frequencies, physical error norms and mode shapes, all for modes 1 to 6. Click Close to close the dialog box. Listing the natural frequencies: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Frequency/Mode: FREQUENCY) and click Apply. The frequencies are: 5.71434E+01 (Hz), 1.09713E+02, 1.56364E+02, 3.75121E+02, 7.60300E+02, 1.11636E+03. Click Close to and open porthole file

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

close the dialog box. Plotting the first mode shape: The AUI displays the first mode shape. We would also like to display the original (undeformed) mesh in the same plot. Click the Show Original Mesh icon . The graphics window should look something like this:

To create a movie showing the model moving in its first mode shape, click the Movie Mode Shape icon . To animate the movie, click the Animate icon . To loop the movie 10 times, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Number of Cycles to 10 and click OK. Click the Refresh icon Next Solution icon next page. to clear the animation. Now, to show mode shape 2, click the . The graphics window should look something like the figure on the

You can use the Previous Solution icon and Last Solution icon

, Next Solution icon

, First Solution icon

to view all of the other modes.

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner

Additional note Because the model in this primer problem is linear, the natural frequencies do not depend on the applied loads (in this case, the concentrated load). However, if the model is nonlinear, the natural frequencies depend on the applied loads. To obtain the natural frequencies of a nonlinear model in the presence of applied loads, it is necessary to first obtain the static solution corresponding to the applied loads, then perform a frequency analysis using the static solution as initial conditions. This frequency analysis is performed as a restart run. Primer problem 26 demonstrates the procedure.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

Problem description
A cylinder is subjected to heat flux loadings as shown:
C L

0.1 m

Thermal properties: k = 0.5 W/m-oC h = 5 W/m2-oC e = 0.2 s = 5.669 5 10-8 W/m2-oK4

Environmental temperature = 20 oC

0.1 m

Convection and radiation takes place on boundaries marked with a thick line
Structural properties: E = 6.9 5 1010 N/m2 n = 0.30 a = 4.5 5 10-6 m/m

q = 500 W/m2

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Thermal analysis using ADINA Thermal $ Definition of boundary convection and radiation elements $ Thermal stress analysis using the same mesh layout in ADINA Thermal and ADINA $ Thermal stress analysis using a different mesh layout in ADINA Thermal and ADINA (Note, this problem can also be solved with the ADINA TMC feature of ADINA Structures, see primer problem 46.) We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 8, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

Thermal analysis
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Thermal from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder - thermal analysis and click OK. Mapping file option: Choose ControlMapping, check the Create Mapping File button and click OK. The mapping file is required in thermal stress analysis when the structural mesh has a different layout than the thermal mesh. Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z
P2

L1

P1

L2

S1

L4

P3

L3

P4

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (you can leave the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 X2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 X3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon OK. Surface Number 1 Type Vertex Point 1 1 Point 2 2 Point 3 3

, define the following surface and click

Point 4 4

Defining and applying loads Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Heat Flux and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Heat Flux dialog box, add heat flux number 1, set the Magnitude to 500 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Line, and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 3. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. Defining the environmental temperatures for convection and radiation We will impose convection and radiation environmental temperatures onto lines 1 and 4 of the model. Convection: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Convection and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection dialog box, add convection 1, set the Environment Temperature to 20 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1 and 4 respectively. Click Apply in the Apply Load dialog box (do not close the dialog box yet). Radiation: Set the Load Type to Radiation and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Radiation dialog box, add radiation 1, set the Environment Temperature to 20 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1 and 4 respectively. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. When you click the Load Plot icon figure on the next page. Defining the materials and click the k isotropic, c constant button. In the Click the Manage Materials icon Define Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.5 and click OK. (Do not close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box yet.) , the graphics window should look something like the

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z X PRESCRIBED RADIATION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00 Y

PRESCRIBED HEATFLUX TIME 1.000 500.0

PRESCRIBED CONVECTION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00

Click the Convection Constant button. In the Define Constant Convection Material dialog box, add material 2, set the Convection Coefficient to 5 and click OK. Click the Radiation Constant button. In the Define Constant Radiation Material dialog box, add material 3, set the Emissivity Coefficient to 0.2, set the Temperature Unit to Celsius, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant to 5.669E-8 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements Element groups: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the Type to 2-D Conduction, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click Save. Then add group number 2, set the Type to Boundary Convection, set the Element SubType to Axisymmetric, set the Default Material to 2 and click Save. Finally add group number 3, set the Type to Boundary Radiation, set the Element Sub-Type to Axisymmetric, set the Default Material to 3 and click OK. Subdivision data: We will use a uniform mesh for the solution. Choose Meshing Mesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.02 and click OK. Element generation: To generate the 2-D conduction elements, click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Conduction, enter 1 in the Surface # table and click OK.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

To generate the boundary convection elements, click the Mesh Lines icon to Boundary Convection, enter 1 and 4 in the Line # table and click Apply.

, set the Type

To generate the boundary radiation elements, set the Type to Boundary Radiation, enter 1 and 4 in the Line # table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X PRESCRIBED RADIATION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00 Y

PRESCRIBED HEATFLUX TIME 1.000 500.0

PRESCRIBED CONVECTION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00

Generating the ADINA Thermal data file, running ADINA Thermal, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob09. To generate the ADINA

Thermal data file and run ADINA Thermal, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob09, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA Thermal is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob09. Examining the solution icon to display the temperatures. The graphics window should Click the Quick Band Plot look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z X TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 Y

MAXIMUM 104.5 NODE 36 MINIMUM 34.18 NODE 1

Now click the Clear icon and click the Quick Vector Plot icon fluxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

to display the heat

HEAT FLUX RST CALC TIME 1.000 536.9

510.0 450.0 390.0 330.0 270.0 210.0 150.0

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ADINA Primer

Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

Stress analysis using the thermal mesh layout

Now we will perform a thermal stress analysis of the cylinder. First we will use the same mesh layout as was used for the thermal analysis, then we will use a different mesh layout. Choose ADINA Thermal from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose prob09.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Deleting the ADINA Thermal finite element model Choose MeshingDelete F.E. Model and click Yes to answer the prompt. We also want to delete all of the load applications on the geometry. In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Loading text, then, for each of the load applications, right-click on the text, choose Delete and click Yes to answer the prompt. When you click the Load Plot icon
TIME 1.000

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

The geometry is still available for model definition. Defining model control data Choosing ADINA as the finite element program: Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder - stress analysis" and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Temperature input: Choose ControlMiscellaneous File I/O, set the Temperatures field to Data Read from File and click OK. Defining and applying boundary conditions We need a boundary condition corresponding to rollers on the left line of the square. Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Fixity dialog box, add fixity name YT, check the Y-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Lines, enter line 2, fixity YT in the first row of the table and click Save. We also need to fix one point in the model. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Points, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon the next page. Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Thermo-Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Youngs Modulus to 6.9E10, the Poissons ratio to 0.3, the Coef of Thermal Expansion to 4.5E-6, then click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements , add group number 1, set the Type Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon to 2-D Solid, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click OK. , enter 1 in the first row of the table Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like the top figure on

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

B C

U U 2 3 - -

TIME 1.000 B B B B B B B B B B B C C B C

Z X Y

U U 2 3 - -

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob09a. To generate the ADINA data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob09a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI will prompt you to specify the temperature file. Change the current directory or folder to the directory or folder that you used to run the ADINA Thermal model, choose temperature file prob09 and click Copy. When the ADINA job is completed, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob09a. Examining the solution , choose variable (Temperature: Click the Create Band Plot icon ELEMENT_TEMPERATURE) and click OK to display the temperature field. This is, of course, the same temperature field calculated by ADINA Thermal. Use the mouse to resize this mesh plot into the left-hand part of the graphics window. Now click the Mesh Plot icon to display another mesh plot, then click the Create Band

Plot icon , choose variable (Stress:SIGMA-P1) and click OK to display the maximum principal stress. To suppress the display of the minimum value of the maximum principal stress (which, by the way, is not the minimum value of the minimum principal stress), click the Modify Band Plot icon , select band plot BANDPLOT00002, click the Band Rendering... button, set the Extreme Values field to Plot the Maximum and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Remove extra text and axes and resize the mesh plots until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z X
ELEMENT TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0

SIGMA-P1 RST CALC TIME 1.000 3900000. 3300000. 2700000. 2100000. 1500000. 900000. 300000.

MAXIMUM 104.4 EG 1, EL 25, IPT 11 (102.2) MINIMUM 34.18 EG 1, EL 1, IPT 33 (34.99)

MAXIMUM 4163084 EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (3845673.)

Stress analysis using a finer mesh layout

Let's use a finer structural finite element mesh to solve the same problem. Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Then choose prob09a.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Deleting the ADINA finite element model To remove the finite element model, choose MeshingDelete F.E. Model and click Yes to answer the prompt. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice that the boundary conditions defined on the geometry are still present. The material definition is also still present. Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the Type to 2-D Solid, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click OK. Subdivision data: Now we redefine the subdivision data, placing more elements at the lower right-hand corner of the square. We will now control the subdivision data using end-point sizes. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, make sure that the Subdivision Mode is Use End-Point Sizes and click OK.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

B C

U U 2 3 - -

Now choose MeshingMesh DensityPoint Size, set the Points Defined from field to All Geometry Points, set the Maximum to 0.02 and click Apply. Then enter 0.01 for the mesh size at point 4 and click OK. , enter 1 in the first row of the table Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Specifying the mapping file Because the structural mesh has a different layout than the thermal mesh, we have to use the mapping file previously generated by ADINA Thermal. Choose FileThermal MappingDefine, select file prob09.map and click Open. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob09b. To generate the ADINA data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob09b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When the ADINA job is completed, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon prob09b. and open porthole file

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

TIME 1.000 B B B B B B B B B B B C C B C U U 2 3 - Z X Y

Examining the solution Follow exactly the same steps as for the previous structural mesh to examine the solution. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X
ELEMENT TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0

SIGMA-P1 RST CALC TIME 1.000 3900000. 3300000. 2700000. 2100000. 1500000. 900000. 300000.

MAXIMUM 104.4 EG 1, EL 1, IPT 11 (102.2) MINIMUM 34.18 EG 1, EL 15, IPT 33 (34.98)

MAXIMUM 4149774. EG 1, EL 24, IPT 33 (3953014.)

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder

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ADINA Primer

Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load

Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure of problem 1 to an impact load as shown.
300 N

0.02
1

0.02

All lengths in meters. Step load applied at time 0.0. E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 r = 7800 kg/m3

The beam is initially undeformed and at rest. In this problem solution, we demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems. $ $ $ $ Setting up a transient dynamic analysis Using an auxiliary point to define the beam coordinate system Specifying a restart analysis Removing symbols from a graph

We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 9, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining the model As the model geometry is very similar to problem 1, we only briefly give the steps needed to define the model. Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load and click OK.

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Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load

Geometry: Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 2 3 X1 1 0.1 X2 X3

, define the following points and click OK.

Click the Define Lines icon = 2 and click OK.

, add line 1, define a straight line with Point 1 = 1 and Point 2

Boundary conditions: Click the Apply Fixity icon column and click OK.

, enter 1 in the first row of the Point

, make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Loads: Click the Apply Load icon Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 300, the Y Direction to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box. , add cross-section 1, set the Cross-section and material: Click the Cross-Sections icon Width field to 0.02, click the Square Section button and click OK. Click the Manage and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Materials icon Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Finite elements: Click the Define Element Groups icon Beam and click OK. Click the Subdivide Lines icon , add group 1, set the Type to

, set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and click OK.

, set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the table and click OK. Click the Mesh Lines icon (The auxiliary point controls the orientation of the beam cross-section.) Specifying the analysis options Analysis type: Choose Dynamics-Implicit from the Analysis Type drop-down list. Time step: Choose ControlTime Step, enter 20, 0.0025 in the first row of the table and click OK.

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Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load

When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 0.05000

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window

Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 0.05000 300.0

B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob10. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob10, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob10. Graphing the time history response We need to name the node point at the tip of the beam. Choose DefinitionsModel Point Node, add name TIP, set the Node Number to 3 and click OK. . Now choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Click the Clear icon Variable to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and click OK.

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Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load

The graphics window should look something like this:

0.00 RESPONSE GRAPH Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

-0.02

Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

0.

5.

10.

15.

20.

25. *10
-3

30.

35.

40.

45.

50.

TIME

Restart analysis We will continue the dynamic analysis with the same time step size. We will use the restart feature in ADINA for this purpose. Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose database file prob10 from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "Restart Run" and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Step, change the number of steps in the first row of the table to 180 and click OK. Running ADINA: Choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob10b. Click the , set the file name to prob10b, make sure that the Run Solution Data File/Solution icon button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob10 and click Copy. Now we load both porthole files. Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes) and choose File Open Porthole. Choose file prob10b, and, while holding down the Ctrl key, choose file prob10. The file name field should contain both file names in quotes, with prob10 before

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Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load

prob10b. Click Open. Follow the instructions given above to graph the time history response. This time, we will remove the symbols and legend from the plot. Choose GraphModify, set the Action to Modify the Curve Depiction, click the P button and highlight the graph curve. Then click the button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. In the Curve Depiction dialog box, uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, click the Legend tab, and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to No Legend. Then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

0.00

RESPONSE GRAPH

-0.02

Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

0.0

0.1

0.2 TIME

0.3

0.4

0.5

Listing of the points in the graph: Choose GraphList. The y displacement for the last solution step should be 3.75161E-02 (m). Click Close to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load

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ADINA Primer

Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load mode superposition

Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure of problem 1 to an impact load as shown.
300 N

0.02
1

0.02

All lengths in meters. Step load applied at time 0.0. E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 r = 7800 kg/m3

This is the same model as problem 10, but in this problem we use mode superposition for the time integration. In this problem solution, we demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Setting up a mode superposition analysis $ Plotting mode shapes by changing the response type to mode-shape We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 10, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining the model As the model geometry is the same as problem 10, we only briefly give the steps needed to define the model. Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load - mode superposition and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load mode superposition

Geometry: Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 2 3 X1 1 0.1 X2 X3

, define the following points and click OK.

Click the Define Lines icon = 2 and click OK.

, add line 1, define a straight line with Point 1 = 1 and Point 2

Boundary conditions: Click the Apply Fixity icon column and click OK.

, enter 1 in the first row of the Point

Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 300, the Y Direction to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box. , add cross-section 1, set the Cross-section and material: Click the Cross-Sections icon Width field to 0.02, click the Square Section button and click OK. Click the Manage and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Materials icon Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Finite elements: Click the Define Element Groups icon Beam and click OK. Click the Subdivide Lines icon Click the Mesh Lines icon , add group 1, set the Type to

, set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and click OK. , set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the table and click OK.

Specifying the analysis options Analysis type: Choose Mode Superposition from the Analysis Type drop-down list and click . Click the Settings button, set the Number of the Analysis Options icon Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box. Then set the Number of Modes to Use to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load mode superposition

Degrees of freedom: In order to suppress all out-of-plane modes, we force the model to vibrate in the X-Y plane. Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the Z-Translation, X-Rotation and Y-Rotation buttons and click OK. Time step: Choose ControlTime Step, enter 200, 0.0025 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 0.5000

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window

Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 0.5000 300.0

B B

U U U 1 2 3 3 - - - -

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob11. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob11, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob11. Listing the natural frequencies Choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Range to DEFAULT_MODE-SHAPE, set Variable 1 to (Frequency/Mode:FREQUENCY) and click Apply. The frequencies should be 1.66504E+01 (Hz), 1.05131E+02. Click Close to close the dialog box.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load mode superposition

Plotting the mode shapes To prepare for plotting mode shape 1, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the Type to Mode Shape and click OK. In all plots, we would like to plot the neutral axes using curved lines. Choose DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, click the ... button to the right of the Element Depiction field, click the Advanced tab, set the '# Segments for Neutral Axis' to 8, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. and the Mesh Plot icon Click the Clear icon upper half of the graphics window. and move the resulting mesh plot to the

To prepare for plotting mode shape 2, choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is set to DEFAULT, set the Mode Shape Number to 2 and click OK. Then click the Mesh Plot icon and move the resulting mesh plot to the lower half of the graphics window. Rearrange and delete the mesh plot annotations until the graphics window looks something like this:
MODE 1, F 16.65 TIME 0.000

MODE 2, F 105.1 TIME 0.000

Graphing the time history response We need to name the node point at the tip of the beam. Choose DefinitionsModel Point Node, add name TIP, set the Node Number to 3 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load mode superposition

For this graph, we know in advance that we do not want to see the curve symbols. Choose GraphDefine Style and click the button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. In the Curve Depiction dialog box, uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, click the Legend tab and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to No Legend. Then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Now click the Clear icon . Choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Variable to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

0.00

RESPONSE GRAPH

-0.02

Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

0.0

0.1

0.2 TIME

0.3

0.4

0.5

The response is very similar to the response seen in problem 10. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load mode superposition

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11-6

ADINA Primer

Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load

Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure shown below to an earthquake load.
0.02

2 All lengths in meters. E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 r = 7800 kg/m3

0.02
Mode 1: 1% damping Mode 2: 3% damping

The loading response spectrum is shown below. The earthquake load acts in the vertical direction only.
100

0.5% damping
Acceleration (m/s2)

10

5% damping

1 0.1

10 Frequency (Hz)

100

We make the beam 2 meters long in this problem so that the natural frequencies are in the range of frequencies amplified by the earthquake. In this problem solution, we demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Setting up a response spectrum analysis $ Defining an element result point $ Listing the modal masses We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 11, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

12-1

Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining the model Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load and click OK. Geometry: Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 2 3 X1 2 0.1 , add line 1, define a straight line with Point 1 = 1 and Point 2 X2 X3 , define the following points and click OK.

Click the Define Lines icon = 2 and click OK.

Boundary conditions: Click the Apply Fixity icon column and click OK.

, enter 1 in the first row of the Point

Cross-section and material: Click the Cross Sections icon , add cross-section 1, set the Width field to 0.02, click the Square Section button and click OK. Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Finite elements: Click the Define Element Groups icon Beam and click OK. Click the Subdivide Lines icon , add group 1, set the Type to

, set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load

Click the Mesh Lines icon

, set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the table and click OK.

Specifying the analysis options Analysis type: Choose Modal Participation Factors from the Analysis Type drop-down list and . Click the Settings button, set the Number of click the Analysis Options icon Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box. Set the Number of Modes to Use to 2, verify that the Type of Excitation Load is set to Ground Motion and click OK to close the dialog box. Degrees of freedom: In order to suppress all out-of-plane modes, we force the model to vibrate in the X-Y plane. Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the Z-Translation, X-Rotation and Y-Rotation buttons and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon this:
TIME 1.000

, the graphics window should look something like

Y Z X

B B

U U 1 2 3 - - -

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob12. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob12, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing

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Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load

from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob12. Listing the natural frequencies, modal participation factors and modal masses To list the modal data, choose ListInfoMPF. In the first table, the frequencies should be 4.16284E+00 (Hz), 2.62936E+01 and the Y modal participation factors should be 1.89159E+00 and 8.14598E-01. In the second table, the Y modal masses should be 3.57811 (kg) and 6.63570E-01 (kg). In the third table, the accumulated Y modal masses should be 3.57811 and 4.24168. Note that only two modes are required to pick up a significant amount of the total mass (which is 6.24 kg). Click Close to close the dialog box. Defining the loading response spectrum Frequency curves: The loading response spectrum consists of two frequency curves, one for a damping of 0.5 % and the other for a damping of 5.0 %. Each frequency curve gives the acceleration as a function of frequency. Choose DefinitionsSpectrum Definitions Frequency Curve, add frequency curve F05 and define it as follows: Frequency 0.25 2.5 9.0 33.0 Value 7.22 58.37 48.66 9.81

Then add frequency curve F50 and define it as follows: Frequency 0.25 2.5 9.0 33.0 Value 4.63 30.71 25.60 9.81

Click OK to close the dialog box. Response spectrum: Choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsResponse Spectrum, add response spectrum RS1, enter F05, 0.5 in the first row of the table, F50, 5.0 in the second row of the table. Then click Save and click the Graph... button. In the Display Response Spectrum dialog box, set the Response Spectrum to RS1 and click OK. Click Cancel to close the other dialog box.

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Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load

To delete the mesh plot, click the Pick icon , highlight the mesh plot and press the Delete key. The graphics window should look something like this:

0.50% damping 5.00% damping

Acceleration
10
1

10

10 Frequency

Defining the modal damping ratios Choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsDamping Table, add damping table name DAMPING, set Defined by to Tabular Input, set the first two rows of the table to 1, 1.0; 2, 3.0 and click OK. Computing the response due to the earthquake load Response definition: Choose DefinitionsResponse, add response EARTHQUAKE and set the Type to Response Spectrum. Set the Spectrum to RS1, the Damping Table to DAMPING, the Ground Motion Direction to Y and click OK. Computations: Choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Option to Single Response and the Response to EARTHQUAKE. Then set Variable 1 to (Displacement: Y-DISPLACEMENT), variable 2 to (Velocity: Y-VELOCITY), variable 3 to (Acceleration:Y-ACCELERATION), variable 4 to (Reaction:Z-MOMENT_REACTION) and click Apply. The results for node 1 should be reaction = 2.74963E+02 (N-m) and the results for node 3 should be displacement = 1.13969E-01 (m), velocity = 2.98134E+00 (m/s), acceleration = 7.83830E+01 (m/s2). Click Close to close the dialog box.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load

To compute the internal bending moments at the built-in end, we use an element result point corresponding to the built-in end. Results for the built-in end are computed at element 1, local node 1. Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement, add point BUILT-IN, verify that the Element Number is 1, set Defined By to Label Number, verify that the Label # is 1 and click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Response Option to Single Response and the Response to EARTHQUAKE. Then set Variable 1 to (Force:NODAL_MOMENT-T) and click Apply. The result should be 2.74963E+02 (N-m). Click Close to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes). Additional note It is easier to define the response spectrum in a batch file than it is to enter the response spectrum using the dialog boxes. In primer problem 26, we define the response spectrum in a batch file and then read the batch file into the AUI.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Problem description
A plate with a hole is subjected to tension as shown:
z p = 25.0 N/mm2

Region to mesh

All lengths in mm. Thickness = 1 mm

56

E = 7.0 104 N/mm2 n = 0.25

10

20

This is the same model and loading as problem 2. We deliberately solve the problem using the relatively ineffective 3 and 4-node elements (without incompatible modes), so that the results are inaccurate when a coarse mesh is used. In this way we can demonstrate the mesh quality visualization features of the AUI. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics: $ Plotting and listing error indicators $ Plotting repeating bands We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 12, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

13-1

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining the model As the model is almost the same as problem 2, we only briefly give the steps needed to define the model. Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Geometry: Click the Define Points icon the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X2 10 0 0 0 5 10 10 0 X3 28 28 10 5 0 0 10 0 , define the following points (remember to keep

We also need a point mid-way along the hole. The coordinates of this point are most conveniently entered using a cylindrical coordinate system. Click the Coordinate Systems icon , add coordinate system 1, set the Type to Cylindrical and click OK. Then click the , add the following information to the table, and click OK. X1 5 X2 45 X3 0

Define Points icon Point # 9

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ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

To define the arc lines, click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Arc, set P1 to 4, P2 to 9, Center to 8 and click Save. Then add line 2, set P1 to 9, P2 to 5, Center to 8 and click OK. To define the surfaces, click the Define Surfaces icon Vertex, define the following surfaces and click OK. Surface Number 1 2 3 Point 1 7 7 1 Point 2 3 9 2 , make sure that the Type is set to

Point 3 4 5 3

Point 4 9 6 7

Boundary conditions: We need two boundary conditions for modeling symmetry. Click the and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add Apply Fixity icon fixity name ZT, check the Z-Translation button and click Save. Then add fixity name YT, check the Y-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Lines. Set the fixity for lines 4 and 9 to YT, the fixity for line 6 to ZT and click OK. , set the Load Type to Pressure and click the Define... Loads: Click the Apply Load icon button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Pressure dialog box, add pressure 1, set the Magnitude to -25 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Line and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 8. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Material: Click the Manage Materials icon Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 7E4, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.25 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. , add element group number 1, set Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon the Type to 2-D Solid, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Stress, set Incompatible Modes to No and click OK. Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign a uniform point size to all points and have the AUI automatically compute the subdivisions. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, verify that the Subdivision Mode is set to Use End-Point Sizes and click OK. Now choose MeshingMesh Density Point Size, set the Points Defined from field to All Geometry Points, set the Maximum to 1.0 and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 4, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon this:
TIME 1.000 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C U U 2 3 -

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window should look something like

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 25.00

B B B B B B B

B C

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob13. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob13, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob13. Examining the solution Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress:STRESS-ZZ) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Note the jagged nature of the bands. To smooth the bands, click the Smooth Plots icon The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. .

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ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

TIME 1.000 STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 96.0 80.0 64.0 48.0 32.0 16.0 0.0

Z X Y

MAXIMUM 106.2 EG 1, EL 71, IPT 11 (96.95) MINIMUM -6.307 EG 1, EL 19, IPT 21 (-4.002)

TIME 1.000 SMOOTHED STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 96.0 80.0 64.0 48.0 32.0 16.0 0.0

Z X Y

MAXIMUM 106.2 NODE 66 MINIMUM -4.087 NODE 16

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Error indicators: The AUI allows you to plot error indicators as a guide for determining where the mesh should be refined. To plot error indicators, click the Error Plots icon The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 ERROR SMOOTHED STRESS-ZZ REF 106.2 RST CALC TIME 1.000 0.2167 0.1833 0.1500 0.1167 0.0833 0.0500 0.0167 MAXIMUM 0.2382 NODE 21 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 16 Z X Y

This plot shows that the maximum stress jump (difference between stresses evaluated at the same node) is about 24% of the maximum stress value. You can, if desired, scale the error indicator so that the stress jump is not divided by a reference value. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the ... button next to the Smoothing Technique field, set the Error Reference Value to 1 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. It is also possible to list the nodes for which the error indicator is highest. Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set the Smoothing Technique to BANDPLOT00001, Variable 1 to (Stress:STRESS-ZZ) and click Apply. The AUI lists the value of 2.52870E+01 for node 21. Click Close to close the dialog box. Repeating bands: Another way to present the error is to plot repeating bands of unsmoothed , set the Smoothing Technique to NONE, click stresses. Click the Modify Band Plot icon the Band Table... button, set the Type to Repeating and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

TIME 1.000 ERROR SMOOTHED STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 23.40 19.80 16.20 12.60 9.00 5.40 1.80 Z X Y

MAXIMUM 25.29 NODE 21 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 16

TIME 1.000 STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 REPEAT 12.00 12.00 -12.00

Z X Y

MAXIMUM 106.2 EG 1, EL 71, IPT 11 (96.95) MINIMUM -6.307 EG 1, EL 19, IPT 21 (-4.002)

The fact that the bands become indistinct near the hole shows that further mesh refinement is needed.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Refining the mesh Preparing to modify the model: Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes). Choose database file prob13 from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. , set the Delete Mesh from field to Deleting the elements: Click the Delete Mesh icon Surface if necessary, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. Creating a refined mesh: In this mesh refinement, we would like to use fewer elements away from the hole and more elements closer to the hole. Choose MeshingMesh Density Point Size, set the Points Defined From field to Vertices of Specified Surfaces, enter 1, 0.5, 2, 0.5, 3, 2.0 in the first three rows of the table, then click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 4, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Save the database, generate the ADINA data file, run ADINA, choose Post-Processing and load the porthole file in the same way as before, this time using name prob13a.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Examining the solution Follow the instructions given above to plot the stresses. We obtain the plots shown on pages 13-10 and 13-11. The numerical value of the error indicator has dropped, showing that the solution has in fact improved. Also the repeating bands are more distinct near the hole. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Refinement, unsmoothed stresses:

TIME 1.000 STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 96.0 80.0 64.0 48.0 32.0 16.0 0.0 Z X Y

MAXIMUM 108.4 EG 1, EL 77, IPT 11 (102.7) MINIMUM -6.556 EG 1, EL 27, IPT 21 (-4.489)

Refinement, smoothed stresses:

TIME 1.000 SMOOTHED STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 97.5 82.5 67.5 52.5 37.5 22.5 7.5 Z X Y

MAXIMUM 108.4 NODE 71 MINIMUM -3.528 NODE 15

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ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

Refinement, error indicator:

TIME 1.000 ERROR SMOOTHED STRESS-ZZ REF 108.4 RST CALC TIME 1.000 0.1625 0.1375 0.1125 0.0875 0.0625 0.0375 0.0125 MAXIMUM 0.1783 NODE 156 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 11 Z X Y

Refinement, unsmoothed stresses, repeating bands:

TIME 1.000 STRESS-ZZ RST CALC TIME 1.000 REPEAT 12.00 12.00 -12.00 Z X Y

MAXIMUM 108.4 EG 1, EL 77, IPT 11 (102.7) MINIMUM -6.556 EG 1, EL 27, IPT 21 (-4.489)

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Problem description
The frame shown in the figure below is to be analyzed to determine the horizontal force required to push the frame over.
30000 N force, constant Rigid end Increasing force z 1m s t r 1m Cross-section x y

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining multiple loads using different time functions $ Defining moment-curvature input $ Reading commands from a batch file $ Defining rigid end data $ Using the ATS (automatic time-stepping) method $ Defining an element section point $ Defining a resultant variable We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 13, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Cross-section modeling The beam cross-section is modeled using the moment-curvature material model in ADINA. With the moment-curvature material model, the cross-section and material are described by several curves, as shown in detail below.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

14-1

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

The moment-curvature model accurately captures many aspects of the behavior of the crosssection. These aspects include: a) the dependence of the moment-curvature data on the axial force b) the non-symmetry of the moment-curvature data (different behavior for positive curvature and negative curvature) c) the dependence of rupture on the axial load d) the multilinear nature of the yielding behavior Axial force/axial strain data: Note, in ADINA, positive axial force is tensile, negative axial force is compressive.
160000

Axial force (N)

120000 80000 40000 0 0 0.001

(symmetric in tension and compression)

0.002

0.003

Axial strain

Torsional moment/twist data:

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Torsional moment (N-m)

Twist per unit length (rad/m)

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Bending moment/curvature data in the s direction:

1000

Moment in s-direction (N-m)

750 500 250 0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -250 -500 -750 -1000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

Curvature in s-direction (rad/m)

Bending moment/curvature data in the t direction:

3000 2000 1000 0 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 -1000 -2000 -3000 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Moment in t-direction (N-m)

F=-64000 N F=0 F=64000 N

Curvature in t-direction (rad/m)

We will set up the model so that the t-direction for all beam elements coincides with the positive z-direction. Thus, for example, a bending moment in the t-direction is interpreted as a bending moment in the z-direction. Also note that since the loads are in-plane, there are no torsional moments or bending in the sdirection. However, material input is still required for torsion and bending in the s-direction.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

14-3

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Rigid-end modeling The rigid end feature of the beam element is used to model the assemblage of braces or struts that make up the corners of the frame. P- effect ADINA includes the P- effect when a large displacement kinematic formulation is used. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. The data for the bending behavior in the t direction is stored in a separate batch file prob14_1.in. You need to copy the file prob14_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame and click OK. Automatic time-stepping: Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Automatic Time Stepping Scheme to Use Automatic Time Stepping (ATS) and click the button to the right of that field. In the Automatic Time-Stepping dialog box, set the Maximum Subdivisions Allowed to 20 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Equilibrium iteration tolerances: We will change the convergence tolerances used during equilibrium iterations. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Tolerances... button and set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force. Set the Reference Force field and the Reference Moment field to 1.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Kinematics:We want to include P- effects in the analysis. Choose Control Analysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the Displacements/Rotations field to Large and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the model:
Element s direction y Element r direction, same as line direction L2 Element r direction, same as line direction L1 Element s direction Element s direction L3 P4

P3 Element r direction, same as line direction

P1

P2

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon table and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 X1 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 X2 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0

, enter the following information into the

Click the Point Labels icon

to display the point numbers. , add the following lines and click OK.

Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon Line Number 1 2 3 Type Straight Straight Straight Point 1 1 3 2 Point 2 3 4 4

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000

to display the line numbers, the graphics

Y Z P3 L2 P4 X

L1

L3

P1

P2

Defining subdivision data We will use 10 elements for each line in the frame. Choose MeshingMesh Density Complete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Number of Divisions, set the Number of Subdivisions to 10 and click OK. Defining boundary conditions and loads Boundary conditions: We will fix the base of the frame. Click the Apply Fixity icon , make sure that the Apply to field is set to Points, enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the table (leave the Fixity column blank) and click OK. Loads: We will apply the two loads using different load applications and time functions. The vertical load will be applied using a constant time function (time function 1) and the horizontal load will be applied using an increasing time function (time function 2). We will apply a horizontal load of 10000 N in 20 equal steps. Choose ControlTime Step, set the first row to 20, 500 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

To define the time functions, choose ControlTime Function and verify that time function 1 is a constant time function with unit magnitude. Now add time function 2, enter Time 0 10000 Value 0 10000

in the table and click OK. Notice that with this time function definition, the solution time represents the magnitude of the horizontal load. Now we define the load applications. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 30000, the Y Force Direction to 1.0 and click Save. Now add force 2, set the Magnitude to 1, the X Force Direction to 1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Load Number is 1 and that the Apply to field is set to Point, then, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 3, then click Apply. Now set the Load Number to 2, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Point, then, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 3, the Time Function to 2 and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot icon window should look something like the figure on the next page. Defining the material data Choose ModelMaterialsBeam Rigidity, add rigidity number 1 and set the Type to Multilinear Plastic. Check the Unsymmetric button between the Bending fields and click Save. Axial strain/axial force data: Click the button to the right of the Axial Force vs Strain Curve field. In the Define Axial Strain-Force Curve dialog box, add number 1, enter Axial Strain 0.001 0.003 Axial Force 160000 160000 , the graphics

in the table, then click OK. In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Curve # field to 1 and click Save.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

TIME 10000. Y Z P3 L2 P4 PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 10000. 31623. X

L1

L3

B P1

B P2

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Torsional data: Click the button to the right of the Torsion (r) field. In the Define Force vs Twist-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, then right-click in one of the cells in the Twist-Moment Curve column and click Define. In the Define Twist-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, enter Twist Angle per Unit Length 0.07 0.3 Moment

380 380

in the table and click OK to close the Twist-Moment Curve dialog box. In the Define Force vs Twist-Moment Curve dialog box, enter Axial Force TwistMoment Curve 1 1

-1E6 1E6

in the table and click OK to close the Force/Twist Moment Curve dialog box. In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Torsion (r) field to 1 and click Save.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Bending data in the s direction: Click the button to the right of the Bending (s) field. In the Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, then right-click in one of the cells in the Curvature-Moment Curve column and click Define. In the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, enter Curvature -0.25 -0.05 0 0.05 0.25 Moment -800 -567 0 567 800

in the table and click OK to close the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box. In the Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, enter Axial Force CurvatureMoment Curve 1 1 1

-1E6 0 1E6

in the table and click OK to close the Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box. In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Bending (s) field to 1 and click OK to close the Define Rigidity dialog box. Bending data in the t direction: There is too much data to conveniently enter using dialog boxes, so we have put the equivalent commands in the batch file prob14_1.in. Read these commands as follows: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob14_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. Lets verify that the data is entered correctly. Choose ModelMaterialsBeam Rigidity and click the button to the right of the Bending (t) field. In the Define Force vs CurvatureMoment Curve dialog box, choose curve number 2. The table should be Axial Force CurvatureMoment Curve 3 3 2 4 4

-164000 -64000 0 64000 164000

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Now right-click in one of the cells in the Curvature-Moment Curve column and click Define. In the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, choose curve number 2. The table should be Curvature -0.2 -0.1 -0.05 -0.0308 0 0.0308 0.05 0.1 0.2 Moment -1970 -1881 -1556 -1118 0 1118 1556 1881 1970

When you choose curve number 3, the table should be Curvature -0.24 -0.1 -0.05 -0.0185 0 0.0343 0.05 0.1 0.24 Moment -1975 -1686 -1337 -671 0 1246 1731 2189 2394

and when you choose curve number 4, the table should be Curvature -0.16 -0.1 -0.05 -0.0343 0 0.0185 0.05 0.1 0.16 Moment -2326 -2189 -1731 -1246 0 671 1337 1686 1866

Click OK twice to close the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box and the Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog boxes. In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Bending (t) field to 2 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Defining the elements , add group number 1 and set the Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to Beam. Check the Use Moment-Curvature Rigidity button in the Stiffness Definition box and make sure that the Rigidity is 1. Now click the Advanced tab, set the Rigid EndZones field to Defined by Length with Infinite Stiffness and click OK. Element generation: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the components of the Orientation Vector to (-1, 0, 0), enter 1, 3 in the first two rows of the table and click Apply. Then set the components of the Orientation Vector to (0, 1, 0), enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. Rigid-end data: Choose MeshingElementsElement Data, enter the following data for the indicated elements, and click OK. Beam Element 10 20 21 30 Rigid End-Zone (Length from Start) 0 0 0.025 0 Rigid End-Zone (Length from End) 0.025 0.025 0 0.025 , the graphics window should look something like this:
Y Z X

When you click the Redraw icon .

TIME 10000.

P3

L2

P4
PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 10000. 31623.

L1

L3

B B P1

B B B P2

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Checking the element orientations: Lets confirm the element local coordinate system directions. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , then click the Element Depiction button. In the Element Depiction dialog box, check the Display Local System Triad button, make sure that the Type is Element Coordinate System and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10000. Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE

The line parallel to the element indicates the element r direction

TIME 10000. 31623.

This line indicates the element s direction

U U U B B B B B 1

Use the mouse to rotate the model out-of-plane until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page. Remember that (r, s, t) is a right-handed system with r directed along the beam neutral axis.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

TIME 10000. Z Y X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 10000. 31623.

This line indicates the element t direction

B B B B

U U U B 1

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob14. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob14, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and icon click Save. ADINA reports *** Program stopped abnormally ***. This is OK, as we shall see, ADINA does not converge in step 15 because the pushover load is exceeded. See the comments at the end of this problem description for more information. Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Displaying the plastic curvatures Choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to PLASTIC_CURVATURE-T and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. and open porthole file prob14.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

TIME 7344.

Y Z X

PLASTIC CURVATURE-T TIME 7344. 0.1467 s

We see that the highest horizontal load reached was 7344 (N) and that there is significant plastic deformation at the bases and at the corners. Use the Previous Solution icon the Next Solution icon and

to examine how the plasticity develops as the horizontal load is to return to the last

increased. When you are finished, click the Last Solution icon solution. Displaying the moments

Choose DisplayElement Line PlotModify, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-T and click the Rendering button. In the Define Element Line Rendering Depiction dialog box, set the Scale Factor to Automatic and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , then click the Element Depiction button. In the Element Depiction dialog box, check the Display Local System Triad button, make sure that the Type is Element Coordinate System and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

TIME 7344.

Y Z X

BENDING MOMENT-T TIME 7344. 1967. s

This plot shows that the bending moments at the base are negative (the directions of the bending moment lines are opposite to the s-directions of the elements at the base), and the bending moments of the vertical members at the rigid corners are positive (the directions of the bending moment lines are the same as the s-directions of these elements). You can change the sign convention used in the element line plot as follows. Choose Display Element Line PlotModify, click the Rendering button, set the Positive Moment Convention to Clockwise and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Graphing the force-deflection curve We will create a force-deflection graph. To determine the node number where the load is applied, click the Node Labels icon (the node should be node 11). Then choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, define point LOADED as node 11, then click OK. Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X variable to (Displacement:X-DISPLACEMENT), set the Y variable to (Prescribed Load: X-PRESCRIBED_FORCE), verify that the model point is LOADED, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

TIME 7344.

Y Z X

BENDING MOMENT-T TIME 7344. 1967. s

8.

RESPONSE GRAPH X-PRESCRIBED_FORCE, LOADED

7.

X-PRESCRIBED_FORCE, LOADED

6.

5.
3

*10

4.

3.

2.

1.

0.

0.

2.

4.

6.

8. *10
-3

10.

12.

14.

16.

18.

X-DISPLACEMENT, LOADED

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

Graphing the moment-curvature curves at the base We will graph the moment-curvature curves at the base. First we define two element section points corresponding to the nodes at the base. Click the Clear icon Labels icon numbers. and the Element Labels icon , then click the Node

to display the node numbers and element

Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement Section, add point LEFT_BASE, set the Element Number to 1, set Defined by to Node Number, set the Node Number to 1 and click Save. Now add point RIGHT_BASE, set the Element Number to 11, set Defined by to Node Number, set the Node Number to 12 and click OK. Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X Variable to (Strain:CURVATURE-T), set the Y Variable to (Force:BENDING_MOMENT-T), verify that the model point is LEFT_BASE, then click OK. Notice that the bending moment and curvature are negative. We will define resultants to switch the signs of the bending moment and curvature. Choose DefinitionsVariable Resultant, add resultant BENDING_MOMENT, define it as -<BENDING_MOMENT-T> and click Save. Now add resultant CURVATURE, define it as -<CURVATURE-T> and click OK. (Hint, you can type the resultant in upper, lower or mixed upper and lower case.) Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X Variable to (User Defined:CURVATURE), set the Y Variable to (User Defined: BENDING_MOMENT), verify that the model point is LEFT_BASE, then click OK. To add the curve for the right base, choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X Variable to (User Defined:CURVATURE), set the X Model Point to RIGHT_BASE, set the Y Variable to (User Defined:BENDING_MOMENT), set the Y Model Point to RIGHT_BASE, set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The graph title, axes and curves can be customized as in Primer Problem 2. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

RESPONSE GRAPH

20.

BENDING_MOMENT, LEFT_BASE

15.

BENDING_MOMENT, LEFT_BASE BENDING_MOMENT, RIGHT_BASE

*10

10.

5.

0.

0.00 0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

0.22

CURVATURE, LEFT_BASE

Examining the output file We will examine the ADINA output file to learn how the ATS algorithm determined a converged solution near the pushover load. Click the View Output button in the ADINA control window to view the output file, or use a text editor to edit file prob14.out. Go to the end of the file and back up until you see the text
RESTART DATA IS SAVED FOR STEP 14 AT TIME EQUALS 0.700000000000E+04

Step 14 corresponds to time 7000.0. For step 15, ADINA first attempts to find the solution for time 7500.0. ADINA performs 7 equilibrium iterations, then reports Zero pivot - possibly wrong boundary conditions ADINA then tries to find the solution for time 7250, and succeeds after 4 equilibrium iterations. Now ADINA tries to find the solution for time 7500 (starting from the solution for time 7250) and reports Zero pivot - possibly wrong boundary conditions

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ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

In this manner, ADINA continues to cut back the time step, as shown in the following table: Current time 7000 7000 7250 7250 7250 7312.5 7312.5 7343.75 7343.75 7343.75 Time step size 500 250 250 125 62.5 62.5 31.25 31.25 25 156.25 Trial solution time 7500 7250 7500 7375 7312.5 7375 7343.75 7375 7368.75 7500 Result No convergence Convergence No convergence No convergence Convergence No convergence Convergence No convergence No convergence No convergence

ADINA stops when the last time step size is smaller than or equal to the original time step size divided by the maximum number of subdivisions (in this case, the maximum number of subdivisions allowed was 20). So the pushover load is probably between 7343.75 N and 7368.75 N.

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Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame

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ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

Problem description
A spherical monopole vibrates sinusoidally, producing spherical waves that propagate into the surrounding air, as shown:
. u = 0.138230 sin wt (m/sec) w = 2pf, f = 10 kHz

Air

Air: k = 1.404 105 Pa r = 1.18 kg/m3 m = 1.5 10-5 kg/m-s

Derived quantities: c = k/r = 345 m/s k = w/c = 182 m-1 kR = 10

R = 0.055 m

Monopole

In this problem solution, we use ADINA-FSI. ADINA-CFD is used to model the air close to the monopole and ADINA is used to model the air further from the monopole. Although this problem could be solved with ADINA alone, we choose to use ADINA-FSI in order to demonstrate the principles of fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis. An axisymmetric analysis is appropriate here. We could have chosen to apply the monopole vibration loading in several ways. The way that we choose here is to specify the monopole velocity directly to the ADINA-CFD fluid model. Notice that the initial monopole velocity is zero. This is consistent with zero velocity initial conditions throughout the fluid domain. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Performing a fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis $ Using ADINA potential-based fluid elements $ Defining and applying skew systems $ Importing a time function into the time function dialog box $ Performing a Fourier analysis We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 14, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-FSI. The data for the time function is stored in a separate file prob15_tf.txt. You need to copy the file prob15_tf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 48 M Bytes. The memory allocation is required to perform the animations at the end of this example. Defining model geometry The top figure on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining this model. Surface S1 will be meshed with ADINA-CFD elements and surface S2 will be meshed with ADINA potential-based fluid elements. Line L3 will be used to define a potential-interface of type infinite. When the AUI generates the data file, this potential-interface will create ADINA potential interface elements of type infinite.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

z ADINA potential-interface of type infinite

P6

ADINA f elements

L3 S2 P4 L4 P2
ADINA-CFD elements S1 L1

L2

P1
0.055

P3 L5

P5

P7

0.045 0.1 (All dimensions in meters)

The next figure shows the fluid-structure interface used in this problem. Notice that the fluidstructure boundary must be defined in both the ADINA input and in the ADINA-CFD input.

ADINA: FSI boundary 1

ADINA-CFD: Special boundary condition 1

L2

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (remember to leave the X1 column blank), then click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X2 0 0 0.055 0 0.1 0 0.2 X3 0 0.055 0 0.1 0 0.2 0 and add the following lines: P2 2 5 7 Center 1 1 1

Now we define the arc lines. Click the Define Lines icon Line Number 1 2 3 Type Arc Arc Arc Defined by P1, P2, Center P1, P2, Center P1, P2, Center P1 3 4 6

Next we add the straight lines on which we will assign boundary conditions later: Line Number 4 5 Type Straight Straight Point 1 4 5 Point 2 2 3

Click OK to close the line dialog box. Finally we define the surfaces. Click the Define Surfaces icon surfaces: Surface Number 1 2 Type Vertex Vertex Point 1 5 7 Point 2 4 6 and enter the following

Point 3 2 4

Point 4 3 5

Click OK to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Defining subdivision data We will use a 10 20 mesh for the ADINA-CFD fluid region and a 10 60 mesh for the finite ADINA fluid region. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , select surface number 1, set the Number of Subdivisions in the u- and v-directions to 10 and 20 respectively, then click Save. Now select surface number 2, set the Number of Subdivisions in the u- and v-directions to 10 and 60 respectively, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. ADINA: Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 15: 10 kHz monopole, ADINA input" and click OK. Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Dynamics-Implicit. FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with CFD". Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Note that we do not need to explicitly specify that the potential degree of freedom is a master degree of freedom.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

ADINA: Defining the fluid-structure boundaries In this problem, a fluid-structure boundary is used at the interface between the ADINA and ADINA-CFD domains. Choose ModelBoundary ConditionsFSI Boundary, add Boundary Number 1, enter 2 in the table and click OK. ADINA: Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Potential-based Fluid button. In the Define Potential-based Fluid Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Bulk Modulus to 1.404E5, the Density to 1.18 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. ADINA: Defining the potential-interface Choose ModelBoundary ConditionsPotential Interface, add Potential Interface Number 1, set the Type to Fluid Infinite Region, set the Boundary Type to Spherical, set the Radius of Boundary to 0.2, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. ADINA: Defining the fluid elements , add element group 1, set the Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to 2-D Fluid, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric, make sure that the Formulation is set to Linear Potential-Based Element and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon enter 2 in the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000

, set the Nodes per Element to 4,

Z X Y

ADINA: Generating the data file Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob15_a, uncheck the Run Solution button (we don=t want to run ADINA by itself) and click Save. Notice that the AUI writes Model completion information for potential-based elements into the Log Window. This is because the AUI completes the potential-based model when it generates the ADINA data file. In this case the AUI does the following: Creates 10 ADINA-CFD interface elements (these are potential-based interface elements between the ADINA and the ADINA-CFD models) Generates and assigns skew systems to some of the nodes on the boundary between the ADINA and ADINA-CFD models (9 nodes). Adds fixities to the nodes on the boundary between the ADINA and ADINA-CFD models in the direction of zero stiffness. The zero stiffness direction is tangential to the boundary (the AUI assigns the skew systems so that one direction is tangential to the boundary).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

The AUI also notes that there are 120 uncovered element sides (sides without any interface). These sides are treated as symmetric boundary conditions. Also there are two nodes that have both a free normal and structural normal. These nodes are on the intersection of the ADINA/ADINA-CFD boundary and the symmetric boundaries. ADINA-CFD: Defining model control data Finite element program: Choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 15: 10 kHz monopole, ADINA-CFD input" and click OK. Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Transient. Then click the Analysis Options icon , set the Integration Method to Composite and click OK.

FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to 'with Structures', then click the Coupling Options icon and click OK. to the right of this list. Set the FSI Solution Coupling to Direct

Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ Plane), uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button, set the Flow Type to Slightly Compressible and click OK. Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the first row of the table to be 150, 5.0E-6 and click OK. ADINA-CFD: Defining the boundary conditions Fluid-structure boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary condition 1, set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface and make sure that the Fluid-Structure Boundary # is 1. Enter 2 in the first row of the Line # table. Click Save to save special boundary condition 1. Wall boundary condition: Add special boundary condition 2 and set the Type to Wall. Set the Slip Condition to Yes. Enter 4 and 5 in the Line # table, then click OK to close the dialog box. When you click the Boundary Plot icon the figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like

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ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

TIME 0.0007500
Z X Y

C B
V V B C
2 3

B C

WAL FSI 1 2 -

Skew systems: In preparation for prescribing the velocities, we need to define skew systems for the nodes on which we will prescribe velocities. At each node on line 1, the skew system directions are chosen to be normal and tangential to the line. Choose ModelSkew SystemsDefine, set the Type to Normal, set the System # to 1 and click OK. (You might need to actually type in the number 1). Then choose Model Skew SystemsApply and set the Type to Lines. In the first row of the table, set the Line # to 1 and the Skew System # to 1, then click Save. Notice that the value under the Normal Direction column is Aligned with Axis =C= and that the value under the Tangential Direction column is Aligned with Axis >B=. Click OK to close the dialog box. Prescribed velocities: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is set to Velocity and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity dialog box, add velocity 1, set the Y Prescribed Value to 0.0, the Z Prescribed Value to 0.138230 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line, then, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. Because the nodes on line 1 have skew systems, the Y direction load is actually applied in the B direction (tangential direction) and the Z direction load is actually applied in the C direction (normal direction). Time function: Choose ControlTime Function, clear the table, import file prob15_tf.txt and click OK. Prob15_tf.txt contains a sinusoidal time function with unit amplitude and frequency of 10 kHz.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

To plot the load, click the Load Plot icon

. Unfortunately, at the end of the solution, the , then click the Next Solution

load has zero amplitude. So, click the First Solution icon

icon several times until the displayed time is 2.500E-05. Click the Load Plot icon twice to replot the loads. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.500E-05 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 2.500E-05 0.1382

C B
V V B C
2 3

B C

WAL FSI 1 2 -

ADINA-CFD: Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Constant button. In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 1.5E-5, the Density to 1.18, the Fluid Bulk Modulus to 1.404E5 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. ADINA-CFD: Defining the elements , add group 1, make sure that the Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type is 2-D Fluid and the Sub-Type is Axisymmetric, then click OK. , enter 1 in the table and click OK. Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

TIME 2.500E-05 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 2.500E-05 0.1382

D C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

B B B B

B B B B V V B C D
2 3

CCCCCCCCCCD CCCCCCCCCC C

B C D

WAL FSI 1 2 2 1

ADINA-CFD: Generating the data file Click the Data File/Solution icon , enter file name prob15_f, uncheck the Run Solution button (we don=t want to run ADINA-CFD by itself) and click Save. Running ADINA-FSI Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob15. Choose Solution Run ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob15_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob15_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Postprocessing strategy ADINA-FSI creates two porthole files, one for ADINA and one for ADINA-CFD. We postprocess the results for both models simultaneously. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Click the Open icon icon and open porthole file prob15_a. Then click the Open

and open porthole file prob15_f.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

We compare the finite element solution with the following analytical solution. The analytical solution for the pressure amplitude as a function of the distance from the center of the monopole is u R R p(r ) = p ( R ), p ( R ) = r (kR ) 2 + 1

where r is the distance from the center of the monopole. Accordingly we expect that, at a given time, a plot of r p (r ) versus r is sinusoidal with an amplitude of R p ( R ) = 3.084 N/m and period of = c = 3.45 102 m . f

Displaying the waves

We need to define a variable corresponding to r p (r ) . First we define a variable for r, then a variable for r p (r ) . Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add Resultant name R, define it as
SQRT(<Y-COORDINATE>**2 + <Z-COORDINATE>**2)

and click Save (hint, you can type the resultant in upper, lower or mixed upper and lower case). Now add Resultant name RADIUS_PRESSURE, define it as
FE_PRESSURE * R

and click OK. (We use FE_PRESSURE to access the pressures directly calculated by the ADINA potential-based fluid elements, and also the pressures at the centers of the ADINA-CFD fluid elements.) Now we present RADIUS_PRESSURE as a band plot. Click the Model Outline icon then click the Create Band Plot icon click OK. ,

, choose (User Defined: RADIUS_PRESSURE) and

The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The plot shows the spherical nature of the waves, with maximum amplitude and wavelength comparable to the solution given above.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

TIME 0.0007500 Z X Y

MAXIMUM 3.160 EG 1, EL 162, IPT 11 (3.058) MINIMUM -3.092 EG 1, EL 88, IPT 11 (-3.013)

RADIUS_PRESSURE RST CALC TIME 0.0007500

2.700 1.800 0.900 0.000 -0.900 -1.800 -2.700

To create an animation, click the Movie Load Step icon

. When the movie shoot is

finished, click the Animate icon . The animation shows the outwards motion of the waves. The absorption of the waves by the infinite potential-based interface elements is also apparent.
Performing a Fourier analysis of the pressure time history

Let=s examine the solution at one point in the model in more detail. We choose to examine the pressure from the ADINA (solid) model at point P5 (at r = 0.1 m). First we need to determine the node number corresponding to this point. Click the Clear icon the Node Symbols icon , then click

to display the mesh with nodal symbols. To show just the

ADINA model, click the Change Zone icon , set the Zone Name to ADINA and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Now click the Query icon and click on the model to determine the node number of the indicated node. (You may need to enlarge the model to make it easier to select the node.) This node number should be 661.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

TIME 0.0007500 Z X Y

Node at point P5

Before we can create the model point, we must change the current finite element program to ADINA. Choose ADINA Structures from the FE Model (not the Program Module!) dropdown list. Create a model point corresponding to node 661 as follows: choose Definitions Model PointNode, add node point name N661, set the Node Number to 661 and click OK. Let=s plot the pressure at node 661 as a function of time. Click the Clear icon , then choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). In the Define Response Curve (Model Point) dialog box, set the Y Variable to (Stress:FE_PRESSURE), set the Y Smoothing Technique to AVERAGED and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Now let=s do a Fourier analysis of the steady-state response. From the graph, we are close to steady-state by time 2.5 104 , so we choose as a time interval 2.5 104 to 7.5 104 . Click
the Clear icon , then choose GraphFourier Analysis. To set the time interval, press the ... button to the right of the Response Range field, make sure that the Response Range name is DEFAULT, set the Start Time field to 2.5E-4 and click OK to close the Define Response Range Depiction dialog box. In the Fourier Analysis dialog box, set the Variable to (Stress:FE_PRESSURE), set the Smoothing Technique to AVERAGED and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. The Fourier analysis is consistent with the nearly sinusoidal time history.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

RESPONSE GRAPH 30. FE_PRESSURE, N661 20.

10.

FE_PRESSURE, N661

0.

-10.

-20.

-30.

-40. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. *10
-4

5.

6.

7.

8.

TIME

Fourier analysis 30. FE_PRESSURE, point N661

25.

20.

Amplitude

15.

10.

5.

0. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. *10
4

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Frequency (cycles/unit time)

We want to examine the numerical values in the graph. Choose GraphList. The amplitude at frequency 1.0000E+04 should be 2.98329E+01, which is close to the analytical pressure of 30.84 at r = 0.1 m.

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole

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ADINA Primer

Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the shaft-shaft intersection shown using a 3D finite element mesh:
Displacement load applied over this area 0.0015 radius

0.01 radius

Material properties: E = 2.07 1011 N/m2 n = 0.29

0.08

0.06

All dimensions in meters

0.02

0.004 radius 0.002 radius fillet

Prescribed displacement of 0.001 m

0.0075 radius

0.08 0.04 0.02 0.004 radius

This end fixed

Shaft-shaft intersection dimensions and loading

The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate the usage of ADINA-M (the ADINA Modeler). In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Construction of solid geometry using ADINA-M $ Using the geometry discretization controls during meshing $ Definition of a zone using the mouse $ Plotting color shaded images

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. In addition you need to allocate at least 40 MB of memory to the AUI. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are too many nodes in the model. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structrures from the Program Module drop-down list. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 40 M Bytes. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Defining model geometry , add body 1, set the Type to Cylinder, the Vertical shaft: Click the Define Bodies icon Radius to 0.01, the Length to 0.08, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.04), the Axis to Z and click Save. Horizontal shaft: Add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.0075, the Length to 0.08, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.04, 0.04), the Axis to Y and click OK. When you click the Wire Frame icon the figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Merging the shafts: Click the Boolean Operator icon , make sure that the Operator Type is Merge and that the Target Body is 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. , make sure that the Modifier Type is Blend, make Fillet: Click the Body Modifier icon sure that the Target Body is 1 and set the First Radius to 0.002. Then enter edges 7 and 8 in the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000
X

Z Y

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

Area on which displacement is applied: To define the area on which displacements are applied, we create a cylinder and use the cylinder to create an imprinted face on the shaft , add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to body. Click the Define Bodies icon 0.0015, the Length to 0.01, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.06, 0.045), the Axis to Z and click , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the OK. Now click the Boolean Operator icon Target Body to 2, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Now we make the imprint. Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, make sure that the Target Body is 1, check the Keep the Imprinted Edges Created by the Subtraction button, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Holes: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.004, the Length to 0.025, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.02), make sure that the Axis is X and click Save. Now add body 3, make sure that the Type is Cylinder, set the Radius to 0.004, the Length to 0.025, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.06), make sure that the Axis is X and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. , set the Operator Type to Subtract, make sure that Now click the Boolean Operator icon the Target Body is 1, enter 2, 3 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

This completes the geometry definition. To make a color-shaded image of the geometry, click the Shading icon
TIME 1.000 X

. The graphics window should look something like this:

Z Y

Click the Wire Frame icon

to display the geometry with dashed hidden lines.

Specifying boundary conditions, loads and the material Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon first row of the table and click OK. , set the Apply to field to Faces, enter face 5 in the

, set the Load Type to Displacement and click the Loads: Click the Apply Load icon Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement 1, set the Z Translation to -0.001 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply To field to Face, then, in the first row of the table, set the Face # to 1 and the Body # to 1, and, in the second row of the table, set the Face # to 2 and the Body # to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. and the Load Plot icon When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like the figure on the next page. , the graphics window

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.001000

B B

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Material: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Meshing Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon the Type to 3-D Solid and click OK. , add element group number 1, set

Subdivision data: We will specify a uniform element size throughout most of the ADINA-M geometry and a finer mesh near the fillet. The fillet element size will be controlled by the element size on geometry faces 10 and 11. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.006 and click OK. Now click the Subdivide Faces , select face 10, set the Element Edge Length to 0.0012, enter 11 in the first row of icon the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.001000

B B

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Meshing: First, click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon

(we do not want to see dashed

hidden lines in the elements that we generate). Now click the Mesh Bodies icon , set the Body # to 1 in the first row of the table, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. This mesh is acceptable, but we would prefer a mesh with a smoother transition between the fillet and the rest of the mesh. , set the Delete Mesh Deleting the mesh and remeshing: Click the Delete Mesh icon from field to Body, enter 1 in the table and click OK. Now choose Meshing Mesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.006 and click OK. This time, when we remesh, we use the geometry discretization controls. Click the Mesh , set the Boundary Meshing to Delaunay, click the Advanced tab, set the Bodies icon Geometry Discretization Error to 0.08, the Minimum Size of Element Allowed to 0.0001, the Body # to 1 in the first row of the table, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.001000

B B

B BB B B B

B B B

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.001000

B B B

B BB B B B

B B B

U U U 1 2 3 - - -

Notice that all curved boundaries are refined. The fillet has smaller elements because its curvature is greater.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob16. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob16, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob16. Plotting the effective stresses Click the Quick Band Plot icon . Note that the largest effective stress occurs at the point of load application. As we are only interested in the stresses near the fillet, we now plot only the region near the fillet. We do this by defining a zone as those elements in a box that contains the fillet. and click the ... button to the right of the Zone Name field. Click the Change Zone icon Add zone BOX and double-click in one of the rows of the table. If the Change Zone of Mesh Plot dialog box is covering up the mesh plot, move the dialog box out of the way. Use the mouse to create a rubber-band box that includes the shaft-shaft intersection, as shown:
TIME 1.000 EFFECTIVE STRESS X RST CALC TIME 1.000 1.950E+10 1.650E+10 1.350E+10 1.050E+10 7.500E+09 4.500E+09 1.500E+09 Z Y

MAXIMUM 2.118E+10 EG 1, EL 8342, IPT 14 (1.734E+10) MINIMUM 24561. EG 1, EL 1817, IPT 4 (34778.)

Define this rubber-band box using the mouse

The elements within the rubber-band box become highlighted.

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

Press the Esc key to return to the Define Zone dialog box. Notice that the table is now filled in. Click OK to close the Define Zone dialog box. In the Change Zone dialog box, set the Zone Name to BOX and click OK. Use the mouse to rotate the mesh until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 EFFECTIVE X STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000 1.733E+09 1.467E+09 1.200E+09 9.333E+08 6.667E+08 4.000E+08 1.333E+08 MAXIMUM 1.841E+09 EG 1, EL 640, IPT 2 (1.575E+09) MINIMUM 1489840. EG 1, EL 4231, IPT 2 (1937530.) Z Y

Your results may be slightly different than ours because free-form meshing produces slightly different meshes on different computers. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M

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ADINA Primer

Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the cracked body shown using a 3D finite element mesh:
0.030 Top view 0.05 radius

Material properties: E = 2.07 1011 N/m2 n = 0.29 0.030 All dimensions in meters Crack line 0.035 radius

0.03 radius

Front view

0.05
0.0275
0.1

106 N vertical load applied to top holes

0.0275

Crack line

Bottom holes fixed

Cracked body dimensions

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

We use the CRACK-M features of the AUI to create a mesh suitable for fracture mechanics analysis. These features require that the model be divided into bodies as follows: 1) Crack front bodies, that surround the crack front line. Crack front bodies are topologically equivalent to half-cylinders. Mapped meshing is used in crack front bodies. 2) Crack sleeve bodies, that surround the crack front bodies. Free-form meshing is used in crack sleeve bodies. 3) Bodies that represent the remaining part of the model. Free-form meshing is used in these bodies. The arrangements of bodies used in this model are shown in the following figure. This figure shows a section through the model. The faces of the cracked area are shown slightly separated, but this is just to visually show the cracked area. In the model, the faces of the cracked area are initially coincident.

B1 B3 B7 B6 B10 B11 0.03 0.035 0.040

B5 B4 B8 B9

B4, B6, B8, B10 are cracked bodies. B5, B7, B9, B11 are crack sleeve bodies. B1, B3 are bodies for the rest of the model.

Not drawn to scale. Holes in rest of model not shown.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Notice that the cracked area is entirely surrounded by either crack bodies or crack sleeve bodies. The OpenCascade geometry modeler is used in this analysis. (The Parasolid-based geometry modeler can also be used, but only if the input is modified.) In the fracture mechanics analysis, we calculate J-integrals at various stations along the crack front. In this calculation, it is assumed that the crack propagates along the surface of selfsimilar crack advance. However, actual crack propagation is not considered. For the theory used in fracture mechanics, see Chapter 10 of the ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Using sheets to section bodies $ Creating bodies by revolving sheets $ Creating bodies by transformations $ Linking faces of ADINA-M geometry $ Defining constraint sets $ Creating CRACK-M definitions $ Using the Active Zone icon to plot only updated geometry $ Using cutting planes to examine the mesh and the results $ Using the fracture mechanics analysis features. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have a version of the AUI that includes the OpenCascade modeler. In addition you need to allocate at least 80 MB of memory to the AUI. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the model contains more than 900 nodes. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI with the OpenCascade modeler (for example, using aui8.8 -occ for Linux versions) and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 80 M Bytes.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Overview of geometry definition Before proceeding with the geometry definition, we outline with sketches the steps used. You may want to refer to these steps when working through this problem. Step 1) Define geometry without crack
B = body B1 B1 z x y B3

Pipe body created

Body sectioned into halves

Top holes created

Bottom holes created

Step 2) Define sheet for upper right crack body

L2 L3 P103 P101 L1 P102 After creation of sheet body, sheet body is face 1 of body 4 F1 B4

Points and lines for upper right crack front body

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Step 3) Define sheet for upper right crack sleeve body

P106 L2 L3 L4 P107 P104 L1 F1 B5 P105 F1 B5

Points and lines for upper right crack sleeve body

After creation of sheet body, sheet body is face 1 of body 5

Sheet for face of upper right crack sleeve body, after subtraction of body 4

Step 4) Revolve sheets +180 degrees, then revolve sheets -180 degrees

Sheet revolved into upper crack bodies

Sheet revolved into upper crack sleeve bodies

B5 B4 B6

B7

Section view of cracked bodies and crack sheet bodies

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Step 5) Create reflection of upper crack bodies and upper crack sleeve bodies

B5 B4 E1 F3 E1 F3 B8 B9 F6 F6 Reflected bodies separated in this figure for clarity F6 F6 B6 F3 E1 F3 E1 B10 E = edge, F = face

B7

B11

The right-hand side bodies (6, 7, 10, 11) will be used for the definition of the first CRACK-M, and the left-hand side bodies (4, 5, 8, 9) will be used for the definition of the second CRACKM. Step 6) Subtract crack bodies and crack sleeve bodies from rest of model

B1

B3

B5 B4 E1 F3 E1 F3 B8 B9 F6 F6 F6 F6 B6 F3 E1 F3 E1 B10

B7

B11

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Defining geometry, step 1: Model without crack , add body 1, set the Type to Pipe, the Radius to 0.05, Pipe: Click the Define Bodies icon the Thickness to 0.02, the Length to 0.1, make sure that the Center Position is (0.0, 0.0, 0.0), set the Axis to Z and click Save. (We do not want to close the dialog box yet.) Sectioning of pipe: Add body 2, set the Type to Sheet, set Defined By to Y-Plane and click OK. Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Modifier Type to Subtract, set the Target Body to 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Wire Frame icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Creation of holes: To make the first set of holes, we create a cylinder and subtract it from the , add body 4, set the Type to Cylinder, the pipe bodies. Click the Define Bodies icon Radius to 0.015, the Length to 0.15, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.0275), make sure that the Axis is X and click OK. Now click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body to 1, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 4 in the first row of the table and click Save. Set the Target Body to 3, enter 4 in the first row of the table and click OK.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Unfortunately the rendering of the geometry bodies is not very good. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Surface Depiction... button, set the Open Cascade Curve Tolerance to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

, add We make the second set of holes in a similar way. Click the Define Bodies icon body 4, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.015, the Length to 0.15, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, -0.0275), the Axis to Y and click OK. Now click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body to 1, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 4 in the first row of the table and click Save. Set the Target Body to 3, enter 4 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

Defining geometry, step 2: Sheet for upper right crack body Active zone for crack geometry: In steps 2 and 3, we will concentrate on the crack geometry. When we create the crack geometry, we do not want to plot the rest of the model. So we create an initially empty zone, set this zone to be the "active zone", and plot the active zone. and click the ... button to the right of the Zone Name field. Click the Change Zone icon Add zone CRACK and click OK. The AUI gives a warning "No data input rows entered for zone CRACK". Click OK to close the warning message. In the "Change Zone of Mesh Plot" dialog box, set the Zone Name to CRACK and click OK. The AUI gives an alert message "Nothing to plot in mesh plot. Creating empty mesh plot." Click OK to close the alert message. Now click the Active Zone icon click OK. , set the first row of the table to CRACK and

Sheet for upper right crack body: Click the Define Points icon and scroll down to the bottom of the table. The highest point number currently defined should be 36 (38 for Windows versions). Add one more row with the following information and click OK. Point # 101 X1 0.035 X2 0.0 X3 0.0

Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 101, set the components of the Vector to 0.003, 0, 0 and click Save. Add line 2, set the Type

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

to Revolved, set the Initial Point to 102 and the Angle of Rotation to 180. Then, in the Axis of Revolution box, set "Defined by" to Vector, set the components of vector A to (0.035, 0, 0), the components of vector B to (0, -1, 0) and click Save. Add line 3, set the Type to Straight, set Point 1 to 103 and Point 2 to 101, then click Save. Finally add line 4, set the Type to Combined, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. Click the Define Bodies icon Loop # to 4 and click OK. , add body 4, set the Type to Sheet, set the External Line

When you click the XZ View icon

, the Point Labels icon

, the Line/Edge Labels icon , the graphics

, the Surface/Face Labels icon and the Volume/Body Labels icon window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z Y X

E2

F1 B4

P103

E3

P101

E1

P102

Defining geometry, step 3: Sheet for upper right crack sleeve body and scroll down to Sheet for upper right crack sleeve body: Click the Define Points icon the bottom of the table. The highest point number currently defined should be 103. Add one more row with the following information and click OK. Point # 104 X1 0.04 X2 0.0 X3 0.0

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

You can't see point 104 because it is outside of the graphics window. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to shrink the mesh plot until point 104 is visible. Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 104, set the components of the Vector to 0, 0, 0.005 and click Save. Add line 2, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 105, set the components of the Vector to -0.01, 0, 0 and click Save. Add line 3, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 106, set the components of the Vector to 0, 0, -0.005 and click Save. Add line 4, set the Type to Straight, set Point 1 to 107 and Point 2 to 104, then click Save. Finally add line 5, set the Type to Combined, enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. Click the Define Bodies icon Loop # to 5 and click OK. , add body 5, set the Type to Sheet, set the External Line

Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body to 5, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 4 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z Y X

P106

E3 B5

P105

F1 E2 E4 E5 E1

F1

B4

P107

E6

P103

E3

P101

E1

P102

E2

P104

Defining geometry, step 4: Revolving sheets , set the Revolve Face # to 1, the Body # to 4, the Angle of Click the Body Revolved icon Revolution to 180, the Axis to Z and click Apply. Set the Revolve Face # to 1, the Body # to

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

5, the Angle of Revolution to 180, the Axis to Z and click Apply. Set the Revolve Face # to 1, the Body # to 4, the Angle of Revolution to -180, check the "Merge Revolved Body with Original Body" button, set the Axis to Z and click Apply. Set the Revolve Face # to 1, the Body # to 5, the Angle of Revolution to -180, check the " Merge Revolved Body with Original Body " button, set the Axis to Z and click OK. When you click the Iso View 1 icon , the Point Labels icon , the Line/Edge Labels , the

, the Surface/Face Labels icon and the Volume/Body Labels icon icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Defining geometry, step 5: Reflecting bodies , add body 8, and set the Type to Transformed. Click the ... Click the Define Bodies icon button to the right of the Transformation Label field and add transformation 1. Set the Type to Reflection, make sure that the Plane is XY and click OK. In the Define Body dialog box, make sure that "Define by" is set to Copying, set the Parent Body to 4 and the Transformation Label to 1. Then enter 5, 6, 7 in the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

Defining geometry, step 6: Subtracting crack bodies and crack sleeve bodies from rest of model Since we have finished defining the crack bodies and crack sleeve bodies, we no longer want to show just these bodies. Click the Change Zone icon WHOLE_MODEL and click OK. Use the Pick icon plot into the graphics window. , make sure that the Zone Name is and the mouse to resize the mesh

We also want to turn off the Active Zone feature. Click the Active Zone icon table and click OK.

, clear the

Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body to 1, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 4, 5, 8, 9 in the first four rows of the table and click Save. Now set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body to 3, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 6, 7, 10, 11 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

Specifying loads and boundary conditions In order to define the loads and boundary conditions, we need to know some of the point and face numbers on bodies 1 and 3. The point and face numbers are slightly different depending upon whether the Linux version or the Windows version of the AUI is used. Therefore we provide separate instructions for the Linux version and the Windows version. Linux version The figure on the next page shows the point and face numbers of bodies 1 and 3. Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the Apply to field to Faces, set the Body # to 1, enter face 11 in the first row of the table and click Save. Now set the Body # to 3, enter face 6 in the first row of the table and click OK.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Linux version
Y P15 F6 of B1 F7 of B3 P20

Z X

F12 of B3 F7 of B1

F13 of B3

F8 of B3

F6 of B3 F11 of B1

Face 6 of body 3, and face 11 of body 1 are fixed. Face 6 of body 1 and faces 12 and 13 of body 3 are constrained to point 15. Face 7 of body 1 and faces 7 and 8 of body 3 are constrained to point 20.

Constraint equations: We constrain the faces upon which we apply the forces to points, then we apply the forces to the points. Choose ModelConstraintsConstraint Equations, define the following constraint sets and click OK. Constraint Set 1 2 3 4 5 6 Entity Type Face Face Face Face Face Face Entity # 7 7 8 6 12 13 Body # 1 3 3 1 3 3 Slave DOF Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Master Entity Type Point Point Point Point Point Point Point # Master DOF Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans

20 20 20 15 15 15

(we abbreviate Z-Translation by Z-Trans in this table)

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 5E5, the Direction to (0, 0, 1) and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Point. In the first two rows of the table, set the Point # to 15 and 20 respectively, then click OK to close the dialog box. Windows version The following figure shows the point and face numbers of bodies 1 and 3.
Windows version
Y P15 F6 of B1 F13 of B3 P21 Z X

F8 of B3 F7 of B1

F7 of B3

F12 of B3

F6 of B3 F11 of B1

Face 6 of body 3, and face 11 of body 1 are fixed. Face 6 of body 1 and faces 7 and 8 of body 3 are constrained to point 15. Face 7 of body 1 and faces 12 and 13 of body 3 are constrained to point 21.

, set the Apply to field to Faces, set the Body # to Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon 1, enter face 11 in the first row of the table and click Save. Now set the Body # to 3, enter face 6 in the first row of the table and click OK. Constraint equations: We constrain the faces upon which we apply the forces to points, then we apply the forces to the points. Choose ModelConstraintsConstraint Equations, define the following constraint sets and click OK.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Constraint Set 1 2 3 4 5 6

Entity Type Face Face Face Face Face Face

Entity # 7 12 13 6 7 8

Body # 1 3 3 1 3 3

Slave DOF Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans

Master Entity Type Point Point Point Point Point Point

Point #

Master DOF Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans Z-Trans

21 21 21 15 15 15

(we abbreviate Z-Translation by Z-Trans in this table) Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 5E5, the Direction to (0, 0, 1) and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Point. In the first two rows of the table, set the Point # to 15 and 21 respectively, then click OK to close the dialog box. All versions When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 1.000

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 500000.

B U U U B 1 2 3

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Linking adjacent body faces Face links: Choose GeometryFacesFace Link, add face link 1, set the Type to Created for All Faces/Surfaces and click OK. The AUI displays a warning message "Face 1 of body 4 and face 2 of body 5 cannot be linked..." This message is OK because the listed faces are not adjacent to each other. Click OK to close the warning message. Also note that the AUI writes the message 32 face-links are created to the bottom of the Message Window. Creating CRACK-M definitions The crack front is a closed line. So we create one CRACK-M definition for each 180 degree segment of the line, then merge the CRACK-M definitions. The CRACK-M definitions for the 180 degree segments are shown in the following sketch.

B5 B4 E1 F3 E1 F3 B8 B9 F6 F6 F6 F6 B6 F3 E1 F3 E1 B10

B7

B11

CRACK-M 2: Crack front body 1 = 4 Crack front face 1 = 3 Crack front edge 1 = 1 8 Crack front body 2 = Crack front face 2 = 3 Crack front edge 2 = 1 Cracked surface body 1 = 5 Cracked surface face 1 = 6 Cracked surface body 2 =9 Cracked surface face 2 = 6

CRACK-M 1: Crack front body 1 = 6 Crack front face 1 = 3 Crack front edge 1 = 1 Crack front body 2 = 10 Crack front face 2 = 3 Crack front edge 2 = 1 Cracked surface body 1 = 7 Cracked surface face 1 = 6 Cracked surface body 2 = 11 Cracked surface face 2 = 6

Choose ModelFracture3-D Crack Front (ADINA-M) Define, add the following information into the dialog box and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Crack Front # 1 2

Crack Front Body #1 6 4

Face

Edge

3 3

1 1

Crack Front Body #2 10 8

Face

Edge

3 3

1 1

Cracked Surface Body #1 7 5

Face

6 6

Cracked Surface Body #2 11 9

Face

6 6

Now add Crack Front # 3, set the Type to Combine, set Crack Front A to 1, Crack Front B to 2 and click OK. Subdividing the CRACK-M Choose ModelFracture3-D Crack Front (ADINA-M) Subdivide, set "Apply to Crack Front" to 3, set "# Subdivisions along Crack Front" to 36, "# Subdivisions in Radial Direction" to 3, set "# Subdivisions in Tangential Direction for" both Body 1 and Body 2 to 6, then click OK. Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the element groups Although one element group could have been used in this model, we use two element groups instead, one element group in the crack bodies and crack sleeve bodies, and another element group for the rest of the model. Element group definition: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the Type to 3-D Solid and click Save. Then add group number 2, make sure that the Type is 3-D Solid and click OK. Meshing the CRACK-M Choose ModelFracture3-D Crack Front (ADINA-M) Mesh Crack, set the Crack Front # to 3, set the "3-D Solid Element Group #" to 1, the "Nodes per Element" to 27, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 500000.

B U U U B 1 2 3

Note that elements 1 to 1296 in element group 1 are used to mesh the CRACK-M. We want the nodes near the crack front line to be at the quarter-points. Choose ModelFracture3-D Crack Front (ADINA-M) Quarter Point, make sure that "Place Mid-Side Nodes At" is set to "Quarter Position" and click OK. Subdividing the crack sleeve bodies We will specify a uniform element size in the crack sleeve bodies. Click the Subdivide Bodies icon , set the Body to 5, and set the Element Edge Length to 0.005. Then set the first three rows of the table to 7, 9, 11 and click OK. Meshing the crack sleeve bodies Choose ModelFracture3-D Crack Front (ADINA-M) Mesh Body, mesh the following bodies and click OK. (You can ignore and close the Warning dialog boxes that appear.) Crack Front Body # 5 7 9 11 3-D Solid Element Group # 1 1 1 1 Nodes per Element 27 27 27 27

The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 500000.

U U U B 1

Subdividing the rest of the model We will specify a uniform element size in the bodies for the rest of the model. Click the , set the Body to 1, and set the Element Edge Length to 0.007. Subdivide Bodies icon Then set the first row of the table to 3 and click OK. Meshing the rest of the model First click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon lines in the mesh. so that we don't see the dashed hidden

Click the Mesh Bodies icon , make sure that the Element Group is set to 2, set the Nodes per Element to 27, set "Pyramid Elements" to Yes, set "Mid-Side Nodes" to "Place on Straight Line", set the first two rows of the table to 1, 3 and click OK. You can ignore and close the Warning dialog boxes that appear. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Specifying fracture mechanics calculations Fracture control: Choose ModelFractureFracture Control, check the Fracture Analysis field, set the Dimension to 3-D Crack and click OK.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

B B BBBBB BB BB B BB BBBBBB B B BBB BBB B B B BB BBBB B BB BB B BB B B BB B B BB B BB B B BBBBB B B B BB BB BB BB B B B BB BB BB B B BB BB BBB B BB BBBBBB B B BBBBBB B BBBB BBBB

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 500000.

C C CC C CC C C CC CCCC CC C C CCC CC C C C C CC CCC C C C CC CC C CCC C CC C C CC CC C C C C CCCC CC CCCCC CC C CC C U U U B C

1 2

C -

Virtual shifts: We will create the virtual shifts automatically from the CRACK-M. Choose ModelFracture3-D Crack Front (ADINA-M) Virtual Shift, make sure that the Crack Front # is 3, then click OK. The AUI writes the message "148 virtual shifts defined for crack front body 3" to the message window. Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob17. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob17, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and icon click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob17. Plotting the deformed mesh . The We need to magnify the plotted displacements. Click the Scale Displacements icon displacement magnification factor appears to be too large for this model, so we will reduce it. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the Model Depiction button. Set the Magnification Factor to 40 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Now click the Shading icon

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 40.00

. The graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

Determining the maximum displacement Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The AUI reports that the maximum Z-displacement is 1.58703E-4 at node 30742 (your node number may be different, but the Z-displacement should be very close to ours). Click Close to close the dialog box. Plotting the element groups in different colors In the remaining mesh plots, we do not want to view the constraint equations. Choose DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, set the Constraint Depiction to OFF and click OK. Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon . Notice that the constraint

, set the Type to Cutting equation lines are not displayed. Now click the Cut Surface icon Plane, the Below the Cutplane field to Display as Usual, the Above the Cutplane field to Do not Display and click OK. Click the Color Element Groups icon the figure on the next page. . The graphics window should look something like

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Click the Color Element Groups icon

to turn off the element group colors.

Examining the meshing near the crack line , then the Mesh Plot icon Click the Clear icon keyword, right click on 2. EG1 and choose Display. . In the Model Tree, expand the Zone

Let=s magnify the displacements so that we can see the crack opening under the load. Click the Scale Displacements icon figure on the next page. . The graphics window should look something like the top

Now let's look at just the mapped mesh. Remember that elements 1 to 1296 in element group 1 are used to mesh the crack front bodies in the CRACK-M. Click the Change Zone icon , click ... to the right of the Zone Name field, add zone CRACK, click the Edit field, enter the text ELEMENTS 1 TO 1296 OF ELEMENT GROUP 1 in the first row of the table, then click OK. In the Change Zone of Mesh Plot dialog box, set the Zone Name to CRACK and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 57.41 Z X Y

TIME 1.000

DISP MAG 57.41

Z X Y

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Now let's just look at part of the mapped mesh. Click the Change Zone icon , set the zone name to CRACK, click ... to the right of the Zone Name field, click the Edit field, change the text so that it reads ELEMENTS 1 TO 324 OF ELEMENT GROUP 1 in the first row of the table, then click OK. In the Change Zone of Mesh Plot dialog box, set the Zone Name to CRACK and click OK. Use the Pick icon plot until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 57.41 Z

and the mouse to rotate the

X Y

and zoom into the top of the mesh plot. The graphics Now click the Node Symbols icon window should look something like the figure on the next page. You can see that the nodes near the crack front line are located at the quarter-points.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Plotting the virtual shifts The following diagram shows the corner nodes on the crack front line and arrows depicting the first 37 virtual shifts for these nodes.
- Corner node on crack front line

y x

VS2 VS1, VS37 VS36

Notice that virtual shifts 1 and 37 are at the same node.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Virtual shifts 1 to 37 shift only the node on the crack front, virtual shifts 38 to 74 shift the elements in ring 1, virtual shifts 75 to 111 shift the elements in rings 1 and 2, and virtual shifts 112 to 148 shift the elements in rings 1, 2 and 3. For example, virtual shift 38 shifts the same node as virtual shift 1, but virtual shift 38 shifts the elements in ring 1 as well. And virtual shift 75 shifts the same node as virtual shift 1, but virtual shift 75 shifts the elements in rings 1 and 2. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the Virtual Shift Depiction... button. In the Define Virtual Shift Depiction dialog box, click the Plot field, and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

Now repeat the above steps, and in the Define Virtual Shift Depiction dialog box, set the Virtual Shift # to 2. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Repeat the above steps, and in the Define Virtual Shift Depiction dialog box, set the Virtual Shift # to 39. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

Virtual shift 39 shifts the same crack front node as virtual shift 2, but virtual shift 39 also shifts the first ring of elements around the crack front. Graphing the J integral for each virtual shift Choose Definitionsodel LineVirtual Shift, add line LINE and click the Auto button. In the From row, set the Virtual Shift # to 1, in the To row, set the Virtual Shift # to 111 and

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Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M

click OK. The table in the Define Model Line dialog box is filled in. Click OK to close this dialog box. Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), set the X Coordinate to (Fracture: VIRTUAL_SHIFT_NUMBER), set the Y Coordinate to (Fracture: J-PARAMETER_3) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
LINE GRAPH 115. Line LINE 110.

105.

100.

J-PARAMETER_3

95.
2

*10

90.

85.

80.

75.

70.

65. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 110. 120. VIRTUAL_SHIFT_NUMBER

Remember that virtual shifts 1 to 37 correspond to only nodes on the crack front shifted, virtual shifts 38 to 74 correspond to 1 ring of elements shifted and virtual shifts 75 to 111 correspond to 2 rings of elements shifted. There is very little difference between the results for 0, 1 and 2 rings for this problem. Choose GraphList. The value of J-PARAMETER_3 for virtual shift 1 should be around 1.11332E+04 (Pa-m). Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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ADINA Primer

Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and the deformation of a very thin flexible structure within a two-dimensional channel, as shown:
500

30

Normal traction 0.04 dyne/cm2

15

40

0.05 Fluid: m = 1.7 10-4 g/cm-s r = 0.001 g/cm3 All lengths in cm

Structure: Elastic material: E = 1 106 dyne/cm2 n = 0.3

In this problem solution, we use a fluid model for the fluid in the channel and a solid model for the structure. The fluid model is entered as an ADINA-CFD model and the solid model is entered as an ADINA model; however the analysis itself is performed as a fully coupled analysis using ADINA-FSI. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Performing a fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis in which separate AUI databases are used for the solid and fluid models. $ Plotting a model using stretch factors. $ Defining leader-follower points. $ Resizing element vectors with the mouse. We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 17, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-FSI.

ADINA R&D, Inc.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

ADINA model
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel, ADINA input and click OK. FSI analysis: Set the FSI/No FSI drop-down list to FSI. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Analysis assumptions: We anticipate that the structural displacements will be large, but that the strains will be small. Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the Displacements/Rotations field to Large and click OK. (Note: the strains will be small because the structure is so thin.) Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA model:
P1

L1

L3 (not drawn to scale)

S1 P2 P3

L2

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (remember to leave the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 X2 30.025 30.0 30.05 X3 15.0 0.0 0.0 , enter the following surface and click

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon OK. Surface # 1 Type Vertex Point 1 1

Point 2 2

Point 3 3

Point 4 1

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

Defining the boundary conditions Fixities: We will fix the bottom line of the structure. Click the Apply Fixity icon , change the Apply to option to Lines, enter line number 2 in the first row of the table, leave the fixity column blank and click OK.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Fluid-structure boundaries: Lines 1 and 3 are fluid-structure boundaries. Choose Model Boundary ConditionsFSI Boundary, add FSI boundary number 1, enter 1, 3 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon this:
TIME 1.000

, the graphics window should look something like

Z X Y

U U 2 3 - -

Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Youngs Modulus to 1E6, the Poissons ratio to 0.3 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements , add element group 1, set the Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to 2-D Solid, the Element Sub-Type to Plane Strain and click OK. Subdivision data: We will use a 5 1 mesh, so we assign 5 subdivisions to lines 1 and 3. , select line 1, set the Number of Subdivisions to 5, enter 3 Click the Subdivide Lines icon in the first row of the table and click OK.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , check the Triangular Surfaces Treated as Degenerate button, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. Its difficult to see the elements because the model is so thin. We will plot the model using a stretch factor. To do this, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the View button, set the X Stretch factor to 100.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

B B

U U 2 3 - -

Generating the ADINA data file, saving the database Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob18_a, uncheck the Run and save the database to file

Solution button and click Save. Now click the Save icon prob18_a.

ADINA-CFD model
Click the New icon to create a new database. Choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 18: Fluid flow over a structure in a channel, ADINA-CFD model and click OK. FSI analysis: Set the FSI/No FSI drop-down list to FSI. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ Plane), uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button and click OK. Time steps and time function: In this model, we will apply the normal traction in 70 steps. Choose ControlTime Step, set the number of steps to 70 in the first row of the table and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK. Time 0 1 2 3 20 30 40 70 Value 0.0 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0024 0.0044 0.01 0.04

Defining the model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA-CFD model.
P3 L5 P2 L1 P1

L6 P6 L11 P10

S2 P5 S4 L12 L13 L8 P9 P8

S1 P4 S3 L9 P7

(not drawn to scale)

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Click the Define Points icon , enter the points given in the following table (you can leave the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X2 500 30.025 0 500 30.025 0 500 30.05 30 0 X3 40 40 40 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 , define the following surfaces and click OK. Point 2 2 3 5 6 Point 3 5 6 8 10 Point 4 4 5 7 9

Now click the Define Surfaces icon Surface number 1 2 3 4 Type Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Point 1 1 2 4 5

The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Defining material properties Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Constant button. In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 1.7E-4, the Density to 0.001and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the boundary conditions and loading Wall boundary conditions: We will apply no-slip wall boundary conditions on the channel , add special upper and lower walls. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Enter 1, 5, 9 and 12 in the first four rows of the Line # table. Click OK to close the Special Boundary Condition dialog box.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

TIME 70.00 Z X Y

FSI boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary condition 2, set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface and make sure that the FluidStructure Boundary # is 1. Enter 8 and 13 in the first two rows of the Line # table. Click OK to close the Special Boundary Condition dialog box. Loading: We will apply a normal-traction at the channel inlet. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Normal Traction and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Normal Traction dialog box, add Normal Traction 1, set the Magnitude to 1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 6 and 11 respectively, then click OK. and the Load Plot icon When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like the figure on the next page. Defining leader-follower relationships To keep good mesh quality, we want point 2 to move along the channel wall following point 5. Choose MeshingALE Mesh ConstraintsLeader-Follower. In the first row of the table, set the Label # to 1, the Leader Point # to 5, the Follower Point # to 2 and click OK. , the graphics window

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

TIME 70.00 Z X PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04000 Y

C C B

C C

V V B C
2

B C

WAL FSI 2 1 -

Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add element group 1, make sure that the Type is 2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and click OK. Subdivision data: We will set the subdivisions of the surfaces explicitly. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon and click OK. Surface Number 1 2 3 4 , set the subdivision data for each surface as shown in the following table

Number of Subdivisions, u 50 10 50 10

Number of Subdivisions, v 11 11 6 6

Length Ratio of Element Edges, u 4 1 4 1

Length Ratio of Element Edges, v 1 1 1 1

The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

TIME 70.00 Z X PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04000 Y

C C B

C C

V V B C
2

B C

WAL FSI 2 1 -

Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 70.00 Z X PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04000 Y

C C C CC C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C CCC C C B B B B B C C C CC C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCCB C C C C C C CCC D B C C

V V B C D
2

B C D

WAL FSI 2 1 1 2

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ADINA Primer

Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Notice that there are six fluid elements along each structural boundary, but only five solid elements in the structure. Also the fluid elements are 4-node elements and the solid elements are 9-node elements. Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, saving the ADINA-IN database Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob18_f, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file prob18_f.

Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob18_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob18_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob18_f. Then click the Open icon

and open porthole file prob18_a.

Examining the solution

Mesh motion: Use the Zoom icon and the mouse to enlarge the left end of the model. The graphics window should look something like this:

Use the icons that change the solution time (Previous Solution icon , Fast Rewind icon , Fast Forward icon

, Next Solution icon and Last

, First Solution icon

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Solution icon ) to study in detail how the mesh moves. Notice that the vertical element boundaries in the fluid above the structure remain vertical. They remain vertical because we defined a leader-follower relationship between geometry points 5 and 2. When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon click the Unzoom All icon . , then click the Load Plot icon to to display the last solution, then

Velocity vectors: Click the Model Outline icon

display the loads. Now click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The AUI shows the velocities in the fluid and the stresses in the structure. To remove the stresses in the structure, click the , verify that the Vector Quantity is Stress, click the Delete button Modify Vector Plot icon and click Yes to answer the prompt, then click OK to close the dialog box. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 70.00 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04000

VELOCITY TIME 70.00 19.00

17.50 15.00 12.50 10.00 7.50 5.00 2.50

Use the icons that change the solution time to study in detail how the velocities change as the load is increased. For small loads (at time 1.0, for example), the recirculation region is short and is entirely contained in the fluid model. As the load is increased, the recirculation region becomes longer. When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon display the last solution. to

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ADINA Primer

Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

It is easier to visualize the recirculation region if the vectors are longer. Click the Pick icon , then pick one of the vectors. The AUI draws a diamond-shaped box around the vector. Enlarge the vectors by holding down the Ctrl key and dragging the mouse diagonally upwards and to the right. You can also shorten the vectors by dragging the mouse diagonally downwards and to the left. We can also make all of the velocity vectors the same length. Click the Modify Vector Plot icon , click the Rendering button, set the Vector Length to All Same Length and click

OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Use the Mesh Zoom icon and the mouse to enlarge the left end of the model. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 70.00 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 70.00 FIXED

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04000

17.50 15.00 12.50 10.00 7.50 5.00 2.50

Click the Refit icon

to show the whole model. ,

Pressure field: Now we will show the pressure field. Click the Clear Vector Plot icon

then click the Quick Band Plot icon . The AUI shows the pressures in the fluid and the effective stresses in the structure. To remove the stresses in the structure, click the Modify Band Plot icon , verify that the Band Plot Variable is (Stress: EFFECTIVE_STRESS), click the Delete button and click Yes to answer the prompt, then click OK to close the dialog box. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like this figure on the next page.

ADINA R&D, Inc.

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

TIME 70.00

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04000

NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 70.00 0.04050 0.03150 0.02250 0.01350 0.00450 -0.00450 -0.01350

MAXIMUM 0.04253 NODE 1072 MINIMUM -0.01978 NODE 611

Use the icons that change the solution time to study in detail how the pressure field changes as the load is increased. When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon to display the last solution. Plotting the structural motion To display only the ADINA (solid) model, click the Clear icon , then, in the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right click on '1. ADINA' and choose Display. We would like to compare the deformed mesh to the original mesh. Click the Show Original . Use the Pick icon Mesh icon mesh is entirely displayed. and the mouse to shrink the plot so that the original

Now we will show the reactions. Choose DisplayReaction PlotCreate, verify that the Reaction Quantity is REACTION and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

TIME 70.00 Z X Y

REACTION TIME 70.00 602.4

560.0 480.0 400.0 320.0 240.0 160.0 80.0

Let=s list the maximum displacements. For the listing commands, we must first select the finite element model. Choose ADINA Structures from the FE Model (not the Program Module!) drop-down list. Then choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement: Y-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The maximum y displacement should be 5.87995 at node 1 and the maximum z displacement should be 1.54817 at node 1. Click Close to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

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18-16

ADINA Primer

Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe subjected to an inlet pressure as shown:
Inlet pressure 1.0 Pa 1.0 m Water: m = 1.3 10-3 N-s/m2 r = 1000 kg/m3 Ammonia added at center of inlet: D = 2.310-9 m2/s Internal diameter 0.05 m

This problem could be solved using a 2D analysis, but we choose to solve it using a 3D analysis as a demonstration. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ 3D fluid flow analysis $ Assignment of mass transfer properties $ Defining and using a mesh style $ Determining the volume flux through a pipe $ Viewing the solution using multiple cutting planes We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 18, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. We will work on this problem in two steps: 1) set up the fluid model, then 2) add mass transfer. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Fluid model
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 19: Fluid flow in a pipe and click OK. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, verify that the Flow Dimension field is set to 3D, uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button and click OK. Defining the model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA-CFD model.
y P1 L1
S1

V1

It is, of course, possible to use ADINA-M to define the geometry, but we use the native AUI geometry in this problem. Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 X1 0 , enter the following point into the table and click OK: X2 0 X3 0

Now click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.0, 0.0, 0.025 and click OK. , add surface 1, set the Type to Revolved, set the Now click the Define Surfaces icon Initial Line to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, make sure that the Axis is set to X, uncheck the Check Coincidence button and click OK. Now click the Define Volumes icon , add volume 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Surface to 1, make sure that the components of the Vector are set to 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

The graphics window should look something like this (note: in this view you are viewing the outlet of the pipe):
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Defining the boundary conditions and loading Wall boundary conditions: We need to apply no-slip wall boundary conditions on the pipe walls. Use the Query icon and the mouse to determine the surface number of the pipe

wall (it should be 4). Now click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Set the Apply to field to Surfaces and add surface number 4 to the table. Click OK to close the Special Boundary Condition dialog box. Loading: We will apply a normal-traction at the channel inlet (surface 1). Click the Apply , set the Load Type to Normal Traction and click the Define... button to the Load icon right of the Load Number field. In the Define Normal Traction dialog box, add traction 1, set the Magnitude to -1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Apply to field to Surface, then set the Surface # to 1 in the first row of the table. Click OK to close the dialog box. Note: by default, the normal traction is zero at the channel outlet, so no action is required at the channel outlet.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Time steps and time function: In this model, we will apply the normal traction in 2 steps. Choose ControlTime Step, set the number of steps to 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK. Time 0 2 Value 0.0 1.0 , then the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot

When you click the Wire Frame icon

icon , you should be able to use the mouse to rotate and resize the mesh plot until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 2.000 Y Z X

B PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 2.000 1.000

V V V B
1 2

WAL 1

Defining material properties Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Constant button. In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 0.0013, the Density to 1000.0 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to 3-D Fluid and click OK. , add element group 1, set the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign the number of subdivisions in the u, v and w directions of the volume. In this case, the u direction is the tangential direction, the v direction is the axial direction (extrusion direction) and the w direction is the radial direction. Click the Subdivide Volumes icon and set the Number of Subdivisions in the u, v and w directions to 16, 8 and 6 respectively. Also set the Length Ratio of Element Edges in wdirection to 0.5. (We do this to make the element size smaller in the radial direction near the pipe wall.) Then click OK. , enter 1 in the first row of the table Element generation: Click the Mesh Volumes icon and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Y Z X

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B BB B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

B B BB BB B B B B B BB B BB

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 2.000 1.000

V V V B
1 2

WAL 1

Notice that the AUI does not display element lines in the interior of the volume. and the mouse to display the model as seen end-on from the channel Use the Pick icon inlet. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Here you can see that, in the radial direction, the element size gets smaller near the pipe wall.

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Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

TIME 2.000 B B B B B B Y Z X

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 2.000 1.000

B B B

B B

V V V
1 2

WAL 1

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob19. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob19_1, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose PostProcessing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob19_1.

Examining the solution We want to create plots of the results within the pipe. So we will define a cutting plane, then change the view and remove all of the cutplane interior lines. . Set the Type to Cutting Plane, set Defined Cutting plane: Click the Cut Surface icon by to Y-Plane, uncheck the Display the Plane(s) button and click OK. View and cutting plane interior lines: Click the XZ View icon icon . and the Model Outline

Save mesh plot defaults: We will use this mesh plot appearance for several plots. So we save the mesh plot defaults so that we dont have to repeat the above steps for each plot. Click the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Save Mesh Plot Style icon

to display the velocities. We Velocities and pressures: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon would also like to show the pressure within the pipe. Use the mouse to move the mesh plot to the top of the graphics window. Then click the Mesh Plot icon and the Quick Band Plot

icon . Use the mouse to delete any extra text and axes, and to resize the mesh plots and annotations, until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z Y X

VELOCITY TIME 2.000 0.1176

0.1050 0.0900 0.0750 0.0600 0.0450 0.0300 0.0150

NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 2.000

MAXIMUM 1.000 NODE 569 MINIMUM -4.658E-11 NODE 585

0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

Total volume flux, average velocity, maximum velocity: Now we will determine the total volume flux, average velocity and maximum velocity of the flow. To do this, we cut the model with a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow, then integrate and search for the maximum velocity on the plane. First we reset the mesh plot defaults. Click the Reset Mesh Plot Style icon Now click the Clear icon , then click the Mesh Plot icon .

. Click the Cut Surface icon

, set the Type to Cutting Plane, make sure that Defined by is set to X-Plane, set the Coordinate Value to 0.7 and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 2.000 X Z Y

Total volume flux: To create a model point for determining the total volume flux over the cutting plane, choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Integration, add point name X_FLUX, verify that the Integration Type is Integral and click OK. Now choose List Value ListModel Point, verify that the point name is X_FLUX, set Variable 1 to (Flux: VOLUME_FLUX_SURFACE) and click Apply. The volume flux should be 1.09308E-4 (the analytical solution for laminar flow is 1.18E-4). Click Close to close the dialog box. Average velocity: To create a model point for determining the average velocity over the cutting plane, choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Integration, add point name X_AVERAGE, set the Integration Type to Averaged and click OK. Now choose List Value ListModel Point, verify that the point name is X_AVERAGE, set Variable 1 to (Velocity:X-VELOCITY) and click Apply. The average velocity should be 5.72472E-2 (the analytical solution for laminar flow is 6.01E-2). Click Close to close the dialog box. Maximum velocity: To create a model point for determining the maximum velocity over the cutting plane, choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Extreme, add point name X_MAX, verify that the Extreme Value Type is Absolute Maximum and click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the point name to X_MAX, set Variable 1 to (Velocity:X-VELOCITY) and click Apply. The maximum velocity should be 1.17643E-1 (the analytical solution for laminar flow is 1.202E-1). Click Close to close the dialog box.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Adding mass transfer

Choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose database file prob19 from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Modifying the model Heading: Choose ControlHeading, change the heading to "Problem 19: Mass transfer in a pipe", and click OK. Mass transfer: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, check the Includes Mass Transfer button, set the Total Number of Species to 1 and click OK. Mass ratio loading: First we apply zero mass-ratio of the species at the inlet surface. Click , set the Load Type to Mass Ratio and click the Define... button to the Apply Load icon the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass Ratio dialog box, add mass ratio 1, make sure that the Mass Ratio is 0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Apply to field to Surface and, in the first row of the table, set the Surface # to 1 and click Apply. (Do not close the dialog box yet.) Now we apply unity mass-ratio of the species at the center of the inlet. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, make sure that the Load Type is set to Mass Ratio and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass Ratio dialog box, add mass ratio 2, set the Mass Ratio to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Load Number to 2, set the Apply to field to Point and, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 1. Click OK to close the dialog box. Mass material: Choose ModelMass TransferMass Transfer Materials, add material 2 and verify that the Type is Constant. Set the Constant Diffusive Coeff. to 2.3E-9 and click OK. We also must update the element group data to reference the mass material. Click the Define Element Groups icon , set the Mass Transfer Material to 2 and click OK.

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon to save the database. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob19_2, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob19_2.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe

Examining the solution In this postprocessing session, we examine how the mass ratio changes along the length of the and set the Type to Cutting Plane, verify that the pipe. Click the Cut Surface icon Defined by field is set to X-Plane, set the Coordinate Value to 0.1, set the Distance Between Planes to 0.2 and click OK. We now have five cutting planes evenly spaced along the pipe. Click the Model Outline icon to remove the interior lines of the cut elements. , set the Band Plot Variable to (Fluid Variable: Now click the Create Band Plot icon MASS_RATIO_1) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 X Z Y

MASS_RATIO_1 TIME 2.000 0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

MAXIMUM 1.000 NODE 872 MINIMUM -1.494E-07 NODE 601 (-1.473E-07)

The plot shows that the high mass ratio remains at the center of the pipe (that is, the ammonia remains concentrated at the center of the pipe). Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the enclosure shown in the figure.
All lengths in meters
0.1 0.02 0.1

Air: q = 1000 oK m =4.82 10-5 N-s/m2 r = 0.277 kg/m3 k = 0.075 W/m-oC s = 5.669610-8 W/m2-oK4 cp = 1185 J/kg-oC g = -9.8 m/s2 b = 0.0013 oC-1 qref = 293 o K q = 293 oK

0.09

0.02

Boundaries marked with are reflecting boundaries with s = 0.5 (specular reflectivity), d=0.5 (diffusivity)

Other boundaries are absorbing boundaries with s=0.0, d=0.1 .

The enclosure includes three reflectors and an absorbing boundary. Radiation heat transfer occurs between these items. Heat transfer also occurs due to natural convection of the fluid and thermal conduction within the fluid. Notice that the temperatures are prescribed at two of the reflectors. The temperature at the third reflector is not prescribed and is solved for as part of the solution process. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Assignment of material data for natural convection $ Assignment of initial temperatures $ The use of relative pressure within the analysis $ Automatic nondimensionalization $ Assignment of specular boundary conditions $ Free-form meshing within geometry surfaces $ Defining a trace rake of type grid $ Setting the particle time step size We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 19, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

20-1

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are 3191 nodes in the model. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure and click OK. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ Plane) and click OK. Number of iterations: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 50 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Tolerances: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Tolerances button, set the Relative Tolerance for Degrees of Freedom to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Initial temperature: We want to set the initial temperature to 293o. Choose Control Default Temperature, set the Default Initial Temperature to 293 and click OK. Relative pressure: Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, uncheck the Include Hydrostatic Pressure button and click OK. This means that the pressure variable in the solution procedure will not include hydrostatic effects; this technique is usually used when buoyancy is present in the model. Non-dimensionalization: Choose ControlSolution Process, check the Non-Dimensional Analysis button, click the ... button to the right of that button, set the Length Scale to 0.01, the Velocity Scale to 0.1, the Density Scale to 0.277, the Specific Heat Scale to 1185.0, the Temperature Scale to 1000.0, the Temperature Datum to 293.0, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes (be careful to close the Non-Dimensional Analysis dialog box first). The velocity scale is determined so that the convective term in the energy equation has the same order of magnitude as the radiation term. The temperature scale is used to reduce the temperatures used in the solution process; if the temperatures are not reduced, the numerical

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ADINA Primer

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

procedure will diverge due to large 4 values from the radiation terms. Defining the model geometry The following diagram shows the key geometry used in defining the ADINA-CFD model.
P101

P111

P1

P2

P121

P102

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

P11
L1

P10

P20

P22
L2

P12

P21

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 10 11 12 20 21 22 101 102 111 121 X2 -0.01 0.01 -0.09 -0.11 -0.09 0.09 0.09 0.11 -0.11 0.11 -0.05 0.05 X3 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

, enter the following points (you can leave

Click the Point Labels icon

to show the geometry point labels. , define the following lines and click OK: P1 11 21 P2 12 22 Center 10 20

Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon Line number 1 2 Type Arc Arc Defined by P1, P2, Center P1, P2, Center

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon click OK: Surface number 1 2 3 4 5 Type Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Point 1 111 1 2 121 121 Point 2 101 111 1 2 22

, define the following surfaces and

Point 3 11 11 12 21 102

Point 4 111 12 21 22 121

Notice that surfaces 1 and 5 are triangular surfaces. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

P101

P111

P1

P2

P121

P102

P11

P10

P20

P22

P12

P21

Defining material properties Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Constant button. In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 4.82E-5, the Specific Heat to 1185.0, the Density to 0.277, the Thermal Conductivity to 0.075, the Coefficient of Volume Expansion to 0.0013, the Reference Temperature to 293, the Acceleration due to Gravity, Z to -9.8 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

Defining the boundary conditions Wall boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Enter line numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14 in the table. (Note: the order of the lines in the table doesnt matter.) Click OK to close the dialog box. Pressure zero value: Because the flow is incompressible and we are specifying the velocity along the entire boundary, the pressure solution is not completely determined. In order to completely determine the pressure solution, we set the pressure to zero at one point in the and click the Define button. In the Define Zero model. Click the Apply Fixity icon Values dialog box, add zero values name PRESSURE, check the Pressure degree of freedom and click OK. In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, verify that the Apply to field is Points, enter 1, PRESSURE in the first row of the table and click OK. Prescribed temperatures: We need to prescribe the temperatures on the top center line (line 8) , set the Load Type to and the right-hand arc line (line 2). Click the Apply Load icon Temperature and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Temperature dialog box, add temperature 1, set the Magnitude to 1000, click Save, add temperature 2, set the Magnitude to 293 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, verify that the Load Number is set to 1, set the Apply to field to Line, set the Line # to 8 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Load Number to 2, verify that the Apply to field is set to Line, set the Line # to 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. Specular boundary conditions: First we define the boundary condition for the reflectors (lines 8, 1, 2). Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary condition 2, set the Type to Specular-Diffusive-Radiation, the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant to 5.6696E-8, the Number of Rays Emitted between Normal and Tangent Direction to 20, the Specular Reflectivity Function Multiplier to 0.5 and the Diffuse Reflectivity Function Multiplier to 0.5. Enter line numbers 8, 1, 2 in the table and click Save. Now we define the boundary condition for the remainder of the enclosure (lines 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14). Copy special boundary condition 2 to 3, set the Specular Reflectivity Function Multiplier to 0.0 and the Diffuse Reflectivity Function Multiplier to 0.1. Clear the table and enter line numbers 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14 in the table. Click OK to close the dialog box.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 1000. B C D P101 C P111 C D P1 B P2 C

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window

Z V V B C D
2 3

P -

WAL SPE 1 2 1 3 P121 C P102

P11 B

P10

P20 B P21

P22

P12

Defining the elements Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add element group 1, verify that the Type is 2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and click OK. Subdivision data: We will use a uniform mesh size. Choose MeshingMesh Density Complete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.003 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. , set the Meshing Type to Free-Form, set the Nodes per Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon Element to 3, enter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in the first five rows of the table and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 1000. V V B C D

2 3

Z P X Y

WAL SPE B 1 2 C 1 3 D D P1 B P2 C P121 C P102

P101

P111 C

P11 B

P10

P20 B P21

P22

P12

TIME 1.000

V V B C D E
2

P PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 1000.

Z X Y

B C D E

WAL SPE 1 2 1 3 1 2

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCEBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C P111 C D P1 B P2 C P121 C C P101 C P102 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C B B P10 P20 B P22 B P11 B B B B BB BB B BBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBB B P12 P21 C

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Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob20. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob20, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose PostProcessing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob20.

Examining the solution We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the underlying mesh plots will all have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh plot, then set the defaults to that appearance. to plot just the mesh outline. Use the Pick icon and Click the Model Outline icon the mouse to erase the TIME 1.000 text and the coordinate axes. Then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon to save the mesh plot defaults. and the mouse

. Use the Pick icon Velocity vectors: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon to move the mesh to the upper half of the graphics window.

Pathlines: Click the Mesh Plot icon and move the mesh to the lower half of the graphics window. Now choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotCreate and click the button to the right of the Trace Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Grids, enter the following data in the first row of the table and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. X 0.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.045 Plane X-Plane Shape Rectangular Side 1 Length 0.2 NSIDE1 11 Side 2 Length 0.1 NSIDE2 6

Move the particle trace legend until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. The rake is a rectangular grid of injectors with center (0,0,0.045) with side lengths 0.2 and 0.1. 5 times. The graphics window should look Now click the Trace Downstream icon something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.07161

0.06500 0.05500 0.04500 0.03500 0.02500 0.01500 0.00500

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 PATHLINE START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000 PARTICLE TIME = 0.000

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.07161

0.06500 0.05500 0.04500 0.03500 0.02500 0.01500 0.00500

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 PATHLINE START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000 PARTICLE TIME = 0.1860

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Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

It seems like the default particle time step is too small, since we have to click the Trace Step Downstream icon several times before we notice any difference in the plot. To reset the default particle time step, choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. The Particle Time Step Size is currently 0.037194. Set the Particle Time Step Size to 1.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The plot doesnt change since we have not changed the particle time. (Note: do not confuse the particle time step with the time step that the AUI uses for the numerical integration of the particle traces. The numerical integration of the particle traces is completely separate from the particle time step. The particle time step is used only to provide a time step for the Trace Downstream and Trace Upstream icons.) Now click the Trace Downstream icon time increases by 1.0. twice. Each time you click the icon, the particle

To remove the injector triangles, choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Rendering field. In the Define Trace Rendering Depiction dialog box, uncheck the Display Symbols at Injector Locations button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. To create longer pathlines, choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Current Particle Time to 100 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

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ADINA Primer

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

Temperature: Click the Clear icon Band Plot icon

, then the Mesh Plot icon

, then click the Create

, set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click and the mouse to move the mesh to the upper half of the graphics

OK. Use the Pick icon window.

Heat fluxes (due to conduction within the fluid): Click the Mesh Plot icon Create Vector Plot icon

, then click the

, set the Element Vector Quantity to HEAT_FLUX and click OK.

Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rearrange the graphics, until the graphics window looks something like this:

TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 950. 850. 750. 650. 550. 450. 350.

MAXIMUM 1000. NODE 383 MINIMUM 293.0 NODE 951

HEAT FLUX RST CALC TIME 1.000 7568.

7000. 6000. 5000. 4000. 3000. 2000. 1000.

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure

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ADINA Primer

Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the enclosure shown in the figure.
All lengths in meters 0.005 0.03 No-slip Radiation: s = 5.669610-8 W/m2-oK4 View factor = 1.0 e = 0.4 (emittance) qenv = 500oK 0.06 0.005

Convection: h = 10.2 W/m2-oC qenv = 293oK

Aluminum: k = 204 W/m- oC cp = 896 J/kg-o C r = 2700 kg/m3

Air: m =2 10-5 N-s/m2 r = 1.2 kg/m3 k = 0.025 W/m-oC cp = 1006 J/kg-oC g = -9.8 m/s2 b = 0.0033 oC-1 qref = 293 o K

Steel: k = 43 W/m-o C cp =473 J/kg-o C r = 7800 kg/m3

No-slip

Both the solid walls and fluid within the enclosure are modeled using ADINA-CFD. The solid walls are subjected to radiation and convection boundary conditions. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ The use of solid element groups in ADINA-CFD $ Assignment of convection and radiation boundary conditions in ADINA-CFD $ Particle trace plots showing the motions of single particles $ Animation of particle trace plots We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 20, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure and click OK. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension field to 2D (in YZ Plane) and click OK. Number of iterations: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method... button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 100 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Initial temperature: Choose ControlDefault Temperature, set the Default Initial Temperature to 400 and click OK. Relative pressure: Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, uncheck the Include Hydrostatic Pressure button and click OK. Non-dimensionalization: Choose ControlSolution Process, check the Non-Dimensional Analysis button, click the ... button to the right of that field, set the Length Scale to 0.01, the Velocity Scale to 0.01, the Density Scale to 1.2, the Specific Heat Scale to 1006.0, the Temperature Scale to 500.0, the Temperature Datum to 500.0, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Defining the model geometry The following diagram shows the key geometry used in defining the ADINA-CFD model.
P4 P3

P2 P1

S2

S1

S3

P8

P7

P6 P5

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X2 0.02 0.015 -0.015 -0.02 0.02 0.015 -0.015 -0.02 X3 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03

, enter the following points (you can leave

Now click the Point Labels icon

to display the point numbers. , define the following surfaces and

Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon click OK: Surface number 1 2 3 Surface type Vertex Vertex Vertex Point 1 2 1 3 Point 2 3 2 4

Point 3 7 6 8

Point 4 6 5 7

After you click the Line/Edge Labels icon like the figure on the next page. Defining material properties Click the Manage Materials icon

, the graphics window should look something

and click the Constant button.

Air: In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 2.0E-5, the Specific Heat to 1006.0, the Density to 1.2, the Thermal Conductivity to 0.025, the Coefficient of Volume Expansion to 0.0033, the Reference Temperature to 293.0, the Acceleration due to Gravity, Z to -9.8 and click Save. Steel: In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 2, set the Specific Heat to 473.0, the Density to 7800.0, the Thermal Conductivity to 43.0 and click Save.

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure
TIME 1.000 P4 L8 P3 L1 P2 L5 P1 Z X Y

L9

L2

L4

L7

P8 L10 P7

L3

P6 L6 P5

Aluminum: In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 3, set the Specific Heat to 896.0, the Density to 2700.0, the Thermal Conductivity to 204.0 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the boundary conditions Wall boundary conditions: The lines on which we need to assign no-slip boundary conditions , add special boundary are lines 1 to 4. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the table and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet). Note: it is recommended to assign wall boundary conditions to the lines between the solid regions and the fluid region. Radiation boundary condition: We need to prescribe a radiation boundary condition to the right-hand line of the model (line 7). In the Special Boundary Condition dialog box, add special boundary condition 2, set the Type to Heat Transfer Radiation, set the View Factor to 1.0, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant to 5.6696E-8, the Radiation Coefficient Function Multiplier to 0.4 and the Environment Temperature Function Multiplier to 500.0. Enter 7 in the Line # column in the table and click Save. Convection boundary condition: We need to prescribe a convection boundary condition to the left-hand line of the model (line 9). In the Special Boundary Condition dialog box, add special boundary condition 3, set the Type to Heat Transfer Convection, set the Convection Coefficient Function Multiplier to 10.2 and the Environment Temperature Function Multiplier

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

to 293.0. Enter 9 in the Line # column in the table and click OK to close the dialog box. Pressure zero value: Because the flow is incompressible and we are specifying the velocity along the entire boundary, the pressure solution is not completely determined. In order to completely determine the pressure solution, we set the pressure to zero at one point in the and click the Define button. In the Define Zero model. Click the Apply Fixity icon Values dialog box, add zero values name PRESSURE, check the Pressure degree of freedom and click OK. In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, verify that the Apply to field is Points, enter 3, PRESSURE in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon this:
TIME 1.000 P4E P3 L8 D L1 P2 L5 P1

, the graphics window should look something like

Z X Y

C L9 D L2

D L4 B L7 V V B C D E
2 3

WAL CNV RAD 2 3 1 -

B C D E P8 L10 P7 D L3 P6 L6 P5

Defining subdivision data We will grade the mesh so that the fluid mesh is refined near the walls, therefore we will use a nonuniform mesh size with central biasing. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon following data and click OK. , enter the

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Surface Number

Number of Subd. in u-dir 18 5 5

Number of Subd. in v-dir 24 24 24

Length Ratio in u-dir 5 1 1

Length Ratio in v-dir 5 5 5

1 2 3

Use Central Biasing for u-dir Yes No No

Use Central Biasing for v-dir Yes Yes Yes

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 1.000 L8 P4E P3 D L1 P2 L5 P1 Z X Y

C L9 D L2

D L4 B L7 V V B C D E
2 3

WAL CNV RAD 2 3 1 -

B C D E P8 L10 P7 D L3 P6 L6 P5

Defining the elements Air: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add element group 1, verify that the Type is 2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK.

, add element group 2, verify that the Type is Steel: Click the Define Element Groups icon 2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and set the Default Material to 2. Set the Element Option to Solid and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon first row of the table and click OK. , enter 2 in the

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Aluminum: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add element group 3, verify that the Type is 2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and set the Default Material to 3. Set the Element Option to Solid and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon the first row of the table and click OK. , enter 3 in

Click the Color Element Groups icon , then use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like the figure on the next page.
TIME 1.000 C F DDD D D D D D C D C P4D P3 E L8 C D C D C D C D C D C D C C C D D D B D D D D D DDD D D B D D P2B P1 D L1 L5 B D B D B D B D B D B D D D D B B B Z X Y

C D C L9 D L2 C D C C C C C C C C C C C D D D D D D D D D D D DDD D D D D D P8 L10 P7

B D D L4 B L7 B D D D B B B C D E F

V V
2

B D B D D B D B D B D B D B D B D D D D D DDD D D B D L3 P6 L6 P5

WAL CNV RAD 2 3 1 1 -

B C D E F

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob21. Click the Data File/

Solution icon , set the file name to prob21, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob21.

Examining the solution We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the underlying mesh plots will all have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh plot, then set the defaults to that appearance.

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Click the Group Outline icon to plot just the outlines of the element groups. Use the mouse to erase the TIME 1.000 text and the coordinate axes. Then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon to save the mesh plot defaults. .

Velocity vectors: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon

Particle traces: We will show the particle traces in the same mesh plot. Choose Display Particle Trace PlotCreate and click the button to the right of the Trace Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Grids, enter the following data in the first row of the table and click OK. X 0.0 Y 0.0 Z 0.0 Plane X-Plane Shape Rectangular Side 1 Length 0.03 NSIDE1 11 Side 2 Length 0.06 NSIDE2 21

Click OK to close the Create Particle Trace Plot dialog box. Then use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like this:

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.1092

0.0975 0.0825 0.0675 0.0525 0.0375 0.0225 0.0075

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 PATHLINE START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000 PARTICLE TIME = 0.000

Now click the Trace Downstream icon

to start the pathlines.

We would rather display the actual particles instead of the particle paths. Choose Display Particle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Trace Option to Single Particle and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Rendering field. Uncheck the Display Symbols at Injector Locations button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.1092

0.0975 0.0825 0.0675 0.0525 0.0375 0.0225 0.0075

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER PARTICLE TIME = 0.03240

Now click the Trace Downstream icon several times. The particles move as the particle time increases. Notice that the particles near the boundaries of the fluid move faster than the particles near the center of the fluid. Also the particles move in the directions given by the velocity vectors. Now we will create an animation of the particles moving. Choose DisplayMovie Shoot Trace Step, set the End Time to 5.0 and click OK. The AUI computes the particle traces corresponding to particle times 0 to 5. Click the Animate icon to display the animation.

It is difficult to visualize the particle motions because the particles move too far between to clear the animation, then choose successive frames. Click the Refresh icon DisplayMovie ShootTrace Step, set the End Time to 5.0, the Number of Frames to 201 and click OK. Click the Animate icon to display the animation. To slow down the animation further, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay to 50 and click Apply. Click Cancel to close the dialog box and click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.

Lets create a pathline plot for the same range of particle times. Choose Display Particle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field.

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

Set the Trace Option to Pathline, the Current Particle Time to 5.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.1092

0.0975 0.0825 0.0675 0.0525 0.0375 0.0225 0.0075

PARTICLE TRACE STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000 PATHLINE START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000 PARTICLE TIME = 5.000

Temperature: Click the Clear icon

, then the Mesh Plot icon

, then click the Create

Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click OK. Use the mouse to move the mesh to the left half of the graphics window. Heat fluxes (due to conduction): Click the Mesh Plot icon , then click the Create Vector

Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HEAT_FLUX and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics, until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure

TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 442.5 427.5 412.5 397.5 382.5 367.5 352.5

HEAT FLUX RST CALC TIME 1.000 1471.

MAXIMUM 449.8 NODE 476 MINIMUM 341.3 NODE 725

1300. 1100. 900. 700. 500. 300. 100.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Problem description
A rubber O-ring is pressed between two frictionless plates as shown:
Prescribed displacement

C L

0.012 m

0.04865 m

A two-dimensional axisymmetric analysis is appropriate here. Data points on the uniaxial stress-strain curve for the rubber are Engineering strain (m/m) -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 Engineering stress (MPa) -0.2383 -0.1035 -0.0275 0.0 0.0111 0.0280 0.0409 0.0516 0.0610

In this analysis, we would like to obtain the deformations, contact forces and stress state for a prescribed displacement of 0.004 m.

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Input of stress-strain data for rubberlike materials $ Plotting and listing the strains. We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 21, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates and click OK. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. Automatic time-stepping: Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Automatic Time Stepping Scheme to Use Automatic Time Stepping (ATS) and click OK. Equilibrium iteration tolerances: We will change the convergence tolerances used during equilibrium iterations. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Tolerances... button and set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force. Set the Contact Force Tolerance to 1E-3, the Minimum Reference Contact Force to 1E-8, the Reference Force field in the Force Tolerances box to 3E-4 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Time function: We will apply the entire load in one time step. We need a time function that reaches the maximum prescribed displacement at time 1.0. Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows, and click OK. Time 0.0 1.0 Value 0.0 0.004

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ADINA Primer

Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Defining the model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the model:
P7 L3 S3 P4 S4 z P9 y L4 P5 L5 P1 S1 L1 P8 S2 P2 P3 L6 L2 P6

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (remember to leave the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X2 0.04865 0.05465 0.04865 0.04265 0.04865 0.062 0.040 0.062 0.040 X3 0.006 0.006 0.012 0.006 0.0 0.012 0.012 0.0 0.0 to display the point numbers.

Click the Point Labels icon

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon Line number 1 2 3 4 Line number 5 6 Type Arc Arc Arc Arc Type Straight Straight Defined by P1, P2, Center P1, P2, Center P1, P2, Center P1, P2, Center Point 1 8 7 Point 2 9 6

, add the following lines and click OK. P1 5 2 4 5 P2 2 3 3 4 Center 1 1 1 1

When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon like this:

TIME 1.000

, the graphics window should look something

Z X Y

P7 L3

P3

L6 L2

P6

P4

P1

P2

L4 P9 P5 L5

L1 P8

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon click OK: Surface number 1 2 3 4 Type Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Point 1 1 1 1 1 Point 2 5 2 3 4

, define the following surfaces and

Point 3 2 3 4 5

Point 4 1 1 1 1

Defining boundary conditions, constraint equations, loads Boundary conditions: We will fix line 5. Click the Apply Fixity icon , change the Apply to field to Lines, enter line number 5 in the first row and column of the table, leave the fixity column blank and click Save. We will allow line 6 to move only in the Z direction. Here we need to define a corresponding fixity and then apply it to line 6. Click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add fixity name FIXY, check the Y-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, enter line 6 and fixity FIXY in the second row of the table, then click OK. Constraint equations: We will constrain line 6 to point 6 so that when point 6 moves in the Z direction, line 6 follows. Choose ModelConstraintsConstraint Equations and add constraint set 1. In the Slave box, set the Entity Type to Line, set the Entity # to 6 and set the Slave DOF to Z-Translation. In the first row of the table, set the Point # to 6 and the Master DOF to Z-Translation. Then click OK. Loads: We will apply the load by moving the top contact surface downwards by the , set the Load Type to Displacement and prescribed amount. Click the Apply Load icon click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement 1, set the Z field in the Prescribed Values of Translation box to -1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Point, then, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 6, then click OK. (Note, it is also possible to apply the prescribed displacement directly to the line. In that case, constraint equations are not necessary.) and the Load Plot icon When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like the figure on the next page. , the graphics window

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

P7 L3

P3

C L6 L2

P6 PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.004000

L9

P4

L10

P1

L8

P2

L7 L4 P9 P5 B L5 B C L1 P8 U U 2 3 - - C

Defining the material The material of the O-ring is rubber, and we are given data points on the stress-strain curve. Therefore we use the curve fitting feature of the AUI to generate the material constants. and click the Ogden button. Add material 1 and click Click the Manage Materials icon the button to the right of the Fitting Curve field. In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, add Fitting Curve 1 and click the button to the right of the Simple Tension Curve field. In the Define Stress-Strain2 Curve dialog box, add curve 1, enter the following stress-strain data points in the table (these points are repeated from the problem description for convenience) and click OK. (You can ignore the Strain2 column.) Strain -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 Stress -0.2383 -0.1035 -0.0275 0.0 0.0111 0.0280 0.0409 0.0516 0.0610

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, set the Simple Tension Curve to 1 and click OK. In the Define Ogden Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1, and set the Bulk Modulus to 0. Now set Alpha 1= 1.3, Alpha 2 = 5.0, Alpha 3 = -2.0 and click Save. The AUI performs a curve fit to determine the constants in the Ogden material model and fills in the Bulk Modulus, Mu1, Mu2 and Mu3 fields of the Define Ogden Material dialog box. The Bulk Modulus is 20.0911, Mu1 is 0.00741697, Mu2 is 0.00254953 and Mu3 is 0.0289875. The AUI also writes some information about the curve fit to the message window. Use the scrollbar of the message window to review the information (if necessary, choose ViewMessage Window to open the message window). To display the stress-strain curve, click the Graph button in the Define Ogden Material dialog box. A new graphics window is displayed, that should look something like this:
Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data
Material 1, (Test)

0.4

0.2
Material 1, Ogden

0.0

Engineering stress

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5
Engineering strain

1.0

1.5

2.0

Close the new graphics window. Click OK to close the Define Ogden Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining subdivision data We will use point-sizes to define the subdivision data. Choose MeshingMesh Density Complete Model, make sure that the Subdivision Mode is set to Use End-Point Sizes and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

We enter the element density at five points in the O-ring. Choose MeshingMesh Density Point Size, and, in the table, set the mesh size for points 1 to 5 as follows, then click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 5 Mesh Size 0.0012 0.0012 0.0008 0.0012 0.0008

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

P7 L3

P3

C L6 L2

P6 PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.004000

L9

P4

L10

P1

L8

P2

L7 L4 P9 P5 B L5 B C L1 P8 U U 2 3 - - C

Notice that these short perpendicular lines are more closely spaced near points 3 and 5 and are more widely spaced near point 1. This is because the point size is smallest at points 3 and 5 and largest at point 1. Defining the finite elements and nodes for the O-ring , add element group Element group control data: Click the Define Element Groups icon 1, set the Type to 2-D Solid, verify that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click OK. Finite elements: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

P7 L3

P3

C L6 L2

P6 PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.004000

L9

P4

L10

P1

L8

P2

L7 L4 P9 P5 B L5 B C L1 P8 U U 2 3 - - C

Defining the contact surfaces Contact group control data: Click the Define Contact Groups icon , add contact group 1, and verify that the contact group type is 2-D Contact. Now click the Advanced tab, set the Normal Contact w-Function Parameter to 1E-15 and click OK. Contact surfaces: We use three contact surfaces. Contact surface 1 surrounds the entire Oring, contact surface 2 represents the lower plate and contact surface 3 represents the upper plate. Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon , add contact surface number 1, enter the line numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first column for the first four rows of the table, then click Save. Then add contact surface number 2, enter line 5 in the first column and row of the table and click Save. Define contact surface number 3 onto line 6 in the same way, then click OK. We need to have nodes on contact surfaces 2 and 3. Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface , set the Contact Surface field to 2 and click Apply. This places one contact segment icon and three nodes onto contact surface 2. To place nodes and contact segments onto contact surface 3, set the Contact Surface field to 3 and click OK. When you click the Show Segment Normals icon page. , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

D P7 L3 L9 P3

D D L6 L2

B P6 PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.004000

P4

L10

P1

L8

P2

L7 L4 C P9 P5 C C L5 B C D L1 C P8 U U 2 3 - - C

Contact pairs: To finish the contact modeling, we need to define which pairs of surfaces can come into contact and the associated friction coefficients. Contact surface 1 can contact both contact surface 2 and contact surface 3, so we have two contact pairs. In the first pair contact surface 1 is the contactor and contact surface 2 is the target, and in the second pair contact surface 1 is the contactor and contact surface 3 is the target. and add contact pair 1. Set the Target Surface to 2, Click the Define Contact Pairs icon set the Contactor Surface to 1, verify that the Coulomb Friction Coefficient is 0.0 and click Save. Add contact pair 2, with contact surface 3 as the Target Surface and 1 as the Contactor Surface in the same way. Click OK. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob22. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob22, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

You will notice that ADINA uses the ATS method to obtain the solution as shown in the following table: Current time 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 0.25 0.625 0.625 0.8125 Time step size 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.375 0.375 0.1875 0.1875 Trial solution time 1.0 0.5 0.25 1.0 0.625 1.0 0.8125 1.0 Result No convergence No convergence Convergence No convergence Convergence No convergence Convergence Convergence

When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob22. Obtaining a summary of model information We will view a summary of the model. Choose ListInfoModel and read the information in the window that appears, using the scrollbars if necessary. There are 635 nodes, 1 element group and one contact surface group. In element group 1, there are 152 axisymmetric solid elements. Close this window. To learn which solutions are loaded, choose ListInfoResponse and read the information in the window that appears. There are two load steps loaded from times 0 to 1 (the first load step contains the initial conditions and the second contains the computed response). There are no mode shape results since this is not a frequency analysis. Close this window. To learn which variables can be used in post-processing, choose ListInfoVariable and read the information in the window that appears. Obtaining a deformed mesh plot with loads and contact forces Click the Show Original Mesh icon and the Load Plot icon . and

To add the distributed contact tractions to the mesh plot, choose DisplayReaction Plot Create, set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK. Using the Pick icon and the mouse, shrink the mesh plot and move the annotations until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

TIME 1.000 Z X PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 0.004000 Y

DISTRIBUTED CONTACT TRACTION TIME 1.000 0.07024

0.06500 0.05500 0.04500 0.03500 0.02500 0.01500 0.00500

Plotting strains as bands and vectors We will plot bands of the maximum principal strain. Click the Clear icon and the Mesh

Plot icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon , choose variable (Strain:LOGSTRAIN-P1) and click OK. Move the mesh plot to the upper half of the graphics window. Now we will add a strain vector plot to the graphics window. Click the Mesh Plot icon , then shrink the newly created mesh plot so that it is about the same size as the previous mesh plot and move it to a position directly under the previous mesh plot. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to remove the extra text and axes. , set the Vector Quantity to STRAIN, click OK, then Click the Create Vector Plot icon move the vector table to a position to the right of the mesh plot. You may want to shrink the band table and vector table so that they do not overlap. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

LOGSTRAIN-P1 RST CALC TIME 1.000

MAXIMUM 0.3514 EG 1, EL 141, IPT 33 (0.3463) MINIMUM 0.1205 EG 1, EL 88, IPT 32 (0.1358)

0.3333 0.3000 0.2667 0.2333 0.2000 0.1667 0.1333

LOG STRAIN RST CALC TIME 1.000
+ -

0.4680

0.3000 0.1800 0.0600 -0.0600 -0.1800 -0.3000 -0.4200

We want to get a closer look at the strain vectors near the center of the O-ring. We could click the zoom icon and then select a zoom bounding box to enclose just the center of the Oring, but then the strain vector table would not be visible and the strain vectors would be correspondingly enlarged. So instead, click the Mesh Zoom icon and then make a rubber-band box that encloses just the center of the O-ring. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The AUI only enlarges the mesh plot enclosed in the rubber-band box and does not enlarge the strain vectors. To restore the original picture, click the Refit icon Making listings We will list the strains within the model. Choose ListValue ListZone. Set variable 1 to (Strain:LOGSTRAIN-P1), variable 2 to (Strain:LOGSTRAIN-P2) and variable 3 to (Strain: LOGSTRAIN-P3), then click Apply. Use the scrollbars to examine the listing. Notice that the strains are output at the integration points. To get a listing with smoothed strains at the node points, set the Smoothing Technique field to AVERAGED and click Apply. The dialog box displays the new listing. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes. .

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

LOGSTRAIN-P1 RST CALC TIME 1.000

MAXIMUM 0.3514 EG 1, EL 141, IPT 33 (0.3463) MINIMUM 0.1205 EG 1, EL 88, IPT 32 (0.1358)

0.3333 0.3000 0.2667 0.2333 0.2000 0.1667 0.1333

LOG STRAIN RST CALC TIME 1.000
+ -

0.4680

0.3000 0.1800 0.0600 -0.0600 -0.1800 -0.3000 -0.4200

22-14

ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

Problem description
A pipe bend is subjected to a concentrated force as shown:
y

15

12
P

Displacement gauge

Cross-section:
0.432

18

6.625

All dimensions in inches. Material is stainless steel. E = 29700 kpsi n = 0.27

The material of the pipe can be idealized as an elastic-plastic material using the von Mises yield criterion with kinematic hardening, with the following points on the uniaxial stressstrain curve: Logarithmic strain 6.06 10-4 0.002 0.0077 0.02 0.04 0.1 True stress (103 psi) 18.0 35.4 40.8 48.9 56.5 72.2

ADINA R & D, Inc.

23-1

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

We would like to obtain the force-deflection curve for the pipe and, in particular, the limit load. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Large displacement elastic-plastic analysis using shell elements. $ Specifying a collapse analysis. $ Adding text to the graphics window. We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 22, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading AProblem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend@ and click OK. Overall model control data: We will perform a collapse analysis using the load-displacement control (LDC) algorithm to automatically choose the load step sizes. Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Collapse Analysis. We will specify additional parameters needed for the LDC algorithm later. Kinematics: We anticipate that the displacements of the pipe can be large. Therefore we select a large displacement, small strain formulation for use in the analysis. Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the Displacements/Rotations field to Large and click OK. Defining the model geometry The diagram on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining the model:

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

P4 L5 S2 S3 L7 S4 P5

L3

S1

P1 L1

We will define the pipe midsurface by creating a circular cross-section at the base of the pipe and then extruding the cross-section along the pipe axis. To create the pipe cross-section, we will create a point on the pipe cross-section and revolve the point around the pipe axis (at the base of the pipe, the pipe axis is coincident with the yaxis). Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 X1 -3.0965 X2 0 , enter the following point and click OK. X3 0

(3.0965 corresponds to the radius of the midsurface of the pipe.) Now, to revolve the point, , add line number 1 and set the Type to Revolved. Set the click the Define Lines icon Initial Point to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, the Axis to Y and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Now we will extrude the cross-section in the direction of the y-axis to create the surface for , add surface number 1 the first straight piece of the pipe. Click the Define Surfaces icon and set the Type to Extruded. Set the Initial Line to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.0, 18.0, 0.0 and click OK.

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

We want to choose a more convenient view for the mesh plot. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the View... button, set the View Direction (not the View Point) to 0.1, 0.1, 1.0, set the Angle of Rotation to 135 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. We will display all successive meshes using this view, so we will change the default view. Click the Save View icon .

Let's continue the definition of the pipe surfaces. To create the pipe bend, we need to revolve the newly-created cross-section line 90 degrees about an axis with center (9.0,18.0,0.0) and components (0.0,0.0,1.0). From the mesh plot, we observe that the line that we need to revolve is line number 3 (use the Query icon and the mouse to confirm this). Click the

Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 2 and set the Type to Revolved. Set the Initial Line to 3, the Angle of Rotation to -90, Axis of Revolution Defined by to Vector, the components of the Vector Origin to 9, 18, 0 and the components of the Vector Direction to 0, 0, 1. When you click OK, the graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. (You might need to use the mouse to rescale the mesh plot.)

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

TIME 1.000

Y Z X

To create the remaining straight pipe segments, we will continue to extrude the pipe crosssection. The first extrusion will create the straight pipe up to the location where we want to measure the displacement and the second extrusion will create the remaining pipe.

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

Notice that the line for the pipe cross-section that we want to extrude is line 5. To create the first extrusion, click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 3 and set the Type to Extruded. Set the Initial Line to 5, the components of the Vector to 15, 0, 0 and click Save. Notice that the newly created line segment for the pipe cross-section is line number 7. To create the second extrusion, return to the dialog box, add surface number 4, set the Initial Line to 7, the components of the Vector to 12, 0, 0 and click OK. Surface thicknesses: Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness, enter 0.432 for the thickness of each surface and click OK. Defining boundary conditions and loads Boundary conditions: We will fix line 1. Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the Apply to field to Lines, enter line number 1 in the first row and column of the table, leave the fixity column blank and click OK. Loads: We will apply a unit concentrated load to point 5 (the tip of the pipe). Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 1.0, set the Force Direction to 0, -1, 0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Point, and, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 5. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. and the Load Plot icon When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like the figure on the next page. , the graphics window

Remember that because we are performing a collapse analysis, ADINA will choose the load step sizes automatically. Since we have defined the force, we can now complete the input for the LDC algorithm. We will apply a displacement of 0.5 inches downward in the first solution step and we want the algorithm to terminate after a displacement of 4 inches is reached. Also we will let ADINA run for a maximum of ten load steps. Click the Analysis Options icon , make sure that the Point/Node # is set to Point, set the Label # field to 5, the Degree of Freedom to Y-Translation, the Displacement field to -0.5, the Maximum Allowed Displacement to 4, check the Continue after the first Critical Point is reached button and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Step, enter 10 in the first row in the Number of Steps column and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

TIME 1.000 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 1.000

B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Plastic Multilinear button. In the Define Multilinear Elastic-Plastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 29700, the Poisson's ratio to 0.27 and the Type of Strain Hardening to Kinematic. Then enter the following stress-strain data points in the Stress-Strain curve table (these points are repeated from the problem description for convenience). Do not click OK yet. Strain 6.06E-04 0.002 0.0077 0.02 0.04 0.1 Stress 18.0 35.4 40.8 48.9 56.5 72.2

Now click the Graph button to display the stress-strain curve. The AUI displays a new graphics window that should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data

80. 70. 60. 50.

True stress

Material 1, plastic-multilinear (if large strain formulation used)

40. 30. 20. 10. 0. 0.0 Logarithmic strain 0.1

Notice that the graph shows true stress vs logarithmic strain. For problems in which the strains are relatively small, as in this problem, these quantities are close to the engineering quantities. Close the new graphics window, then click OK to close the Define Multilinear Elastic-Plastic Material dialog box, and click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the finite elements and nodes Element group control data: Click the Define Element Groups icon 1, set the Type to Shell and click OK. , add element group

Subdivision data: We enter the mesh size at the geometry points, with a smaller mesh size at the pipe bend. First choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, make sure that the Subdivision Mode is Use End-Point Sizes and click OK. Now choose Meshing Mesh DensityPoint Size, set the Points Defined from field to All Geometry Points, set the Maximum to 4 and click Apply. Change the Mesh Size for points 2 and 3 to 2.0 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

TIME 10.00 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 10.00 1.000

B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Finite elements: We will generate 9-node finite elements on the geometry surfaces. Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 9 and click the Options tab. In the Nodal Coincidence Checking box, set the Check field to All Generated Nodes. Click the Basic tab, enter surfaces 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10.00 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 10.00 1.000

B B B

BB B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob23. Click the Data File/

Solution icon , set the file name to prob23, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose PostProcessing from the Program Module drop-down list and discard all changes. Then click the Open icon , set the Files of type field to ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), choose and open porthole file prob23.

file prob23 and click Open. Then click the Open icon

Please notice that we first opened the ADINA-IN database, then loaded the porthole file. We did this so that we can create a force-deflection curve of the results using the geometry points. Obtaining a deformed mesh plot The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 6.000 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 6.000 12.14

U U U B B B B B BB B 1

You will notice what appear to be missing lines in the finite element model. These missing lines lie on the outline (or silhouette) of the model. To display these lines, click the Modify and click the Rendering button. In the Mesh Rendering Depiction Mesh Plot icon dialog box, set the Generate Outline field to Geometry and Mesh, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

Since we always want to display the outline lines in this model, click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon .

(Note: the outline lines are only important if the mesh is relatively coarse and higher-order elements are used, as in this model. So the default is for the outline lines not to be plotted.) Obtaining a summary of model information To view a summary of the model, choose ListInfoModel. There are 830 nodes and one element group containing 210 shell elements. Click Close to close the dialog box. To view a summary of loaded responses, choose ListInfoResponse. There are seven load steps loaded from times 0 to 6 (the first load step contains the initial conditions). Recall that you requested 10 solution load steps; ADINA computed only 6 solution load steps because the maximum displacement specified for collapse analysis was exceeded in step 6. Click Close to close the dialog box. Viewing the solutions Use the Previous Solution icon and Next Solution icon to display the other solutions. Notice that the deformations increase as the load increases, as we expect. When you are finished, click the Last Solution icon Making a force-deflection curve graph We will plot the applied force versus the deflection at the deflection gauge. Result points: Before we can create the graph, we need to define result points for the node where the load is applied and for the node associated with the displacement gauge. Since we have geometry points at these node points, we will define these result points in terms of the geometry points. Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Combination)General, add name TIP, enter POINT 5 in the first row of the table and click Save. Define the name GAUGE to be the geometry point 4 in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box. Variables: We need to define variables corresponding to the force and displacement. Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add resultant name FORCE, enter the expression -<Y-PRESCRIBED_FORCE> and click Save. Define the name DISP to be the expression .

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

-<Y-DISPLACEMENT> in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box. , then choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). Set Graph: Click the Clear icon the X variable to (User Defined:DISP) and set the X model point to GAUGE. Set the Y variable to (User Defined:FORCE) and set the Y model point to TIP. Then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this. It is, of course, possible to change the graph title, axis labels and curve legends as was shown in problem 2.
RESPONSE GRAPH 14. FORCE, TIP 12.

10.

FORCE, TIP

8.

6.

4.

2.

0. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 DISP, GAUGE 2.0 2.5 3.0

Drawing bands of plastic strain Let's draw bands corresponding to the accumulated effective plastic strain. This strain will show us which areas of the pipe are most damaged. Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon .

In the band plots, we do not want to show the mesh geometry or the boundary conditions. Click the Show Geometry icon Mesh Plot Style icon and the Boundary Plot icon . Then click the Save

to update the defaults.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

To draw the bands, click the Create Band Plot icon

, set the Band Plot Variable to (Strain:

ACCUM_EFF_PLASTIC_STRAIN) and click OK. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to resize the mesh plot and rearrange the annotations until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 6.000 Y Z ACCUM EFF PLASTIC STRAIN RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 6.000 X

0.03000 0.02333 0.01667 0.01000 0.00333 -0.00333 -0.01000 MAXIMUM 0.03278 EG 1, EL 115, IPT 132 (0.02319) MINIMUM -0.01165 EG 1, EL 113, IPT 132 (0.002253)

We are now observing the plastic strains on the top surface of the pipe skin (which is the outer surface in this model). We would also like to observe the plastic strains on the bottom (inner) surface of the pipe skin. So we will display another mesh plot, then we will plot plastic strains of the inner surface onto this mesh plot. and use the Pick icon to move the mesh plot to a position Click the Mesh Plot icon under and to the right of the first mesh plot. Shrink both mesh plots so that they both fit in the graphics window. Also delete any duplicate text and axes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Now, before we draw the bands on the second mesh plot, we instruct the AUI to compute plastic strains on the bottom surface of the shell elements. Choose DefinitionsResult Control, set the Result Control Name to DEFAULT, set the t Coordinate field to -1.0 and , set the Band Plot Variable to (Strain: click OK. Click the Create Band Plot icon ACCUM_EFF_PLASTIC_STRAIN) and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

TIME 6.000 Y Z ACCUM EFF PLASTIC STRAIN RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 6.000 X

0.03000 0.02333 0.01667 0.01000 0.00333 -0.00333 -0.01000 MAXIMUM 0.03278 EG 1, EL 115, IPT 132 (0.02319) MINIMUM -0.01165 EG 1, EL 113, IPT 132 (0.002253)

It is difficult to compare the two pictures because the band tables are different. So we will use the same band table for both band plots. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Name to BANDPLOT00001, click the Band Table... button, set the Value Range to 0.0 and 0.04 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Repeat this procedure for band plot BANDPLOT00002. We are also not interested in the minimum value of the plastic strain. Click the Modify Band , set the Band Plot Name to BANDPLOT00001, click the Band Rendering... Plot icon button, set the Extreme Values field to Plot the Maximum and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Repeat this procedure for band plot BANDPLOT00002. Since we now have two band tables, each with almost the same information, use the Pick icon and the mouse to delete one of them. Let's add some text to label the two plots. Choose DisplayTextDraw, enter the text Outer surface in the Text box and click OK. The AUI draws the text near the center of the graphics window. Use the Pick icon to move and resize the text so that it is below the base of the upper mesh plot. Repeat these steps for the text Inner surface

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ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

and place this text below the base of the lower mesh plot. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 6.000 Y Z ACCUM EFF PLASTIC STRAIN RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 6.000 X

MAXIMUM 0.03278 EG 1, EL 115, IPT 132 (0.02319)

MAXIMUM 0.04833 EG 1, EL 108, IPT 311 (0.03232)

Outer surface

0.03900 0.03300 0.02700 0.02100 0.01500 0.00900 0.00300

Inner surface

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend

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ADINA Primer

Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

Problem description
The pipe shown below is filled with water flowing at constant velocity. It is desired to determine the pipe deformation due to gravity and to the fluid flow.
g = 9.81 m/s2

Fluid flow

1.21920 m
npipe = 0.29

Epipe = 2.07 1011 N/m2

rpipe = 7800 kg/m3

m=100mwater =1000.001 kg/m-s=0.1 kg/m-s rwater = 890 kg/m3

Pipe outer diameter = 5.0800 10-2 m Pipe inner diameter = 4.9022 10-2 m Pipe midsurface radius = 2.49555 10-2 m Pipe wall thickness = 8.89 10-4 m

Pipe model: The walls of the pipe are modeled with 9-node shell elements. Small displacements are assumed in the pipe model. Fluid model: The fluid is modeled with 8-node FCBI elements. A uniform velocity is applied to the fluid at the left end of the pipe. On the right end of the pipe, the transverse velocities are set to zero. (If this condition is omitted, the gravity applied to the fluid will cause fluid flow at the pipe outlet.) Large structural displacements are assumed in the fluid model. Slip fluid-structure interaction boundary conditions are used on the pipe wall. This assumption is consistent with the comparison solution and allows us to use a coarse fluid model (only two elements across the pipe diameter). The result is that the fluid velocity is constant in the pipe. As a consequence, the viscosity does not affect the solution, and therefore the viscosity of the water is scaled by a factor of 100, so that the model converges. We must set up two finite element models, an ADINA model for the pipe and an ADINACFD model for the fluid. In this case we set up the models separately in two separate AUI databases, but note that you could also have set up both models in the same AUI database.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a 3-D FSI model. $ Defining mass-proportional loads. $ Defining fluid-structure boundary conditions with slip. $ Adding comparison solutions to a graph We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 23, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-FSI. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

Defining the ADINA model

Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow, pipe model into the heading field and click OK. Interaction with fluid flow: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to 'with CFD'. Defining the model geometry The following diagram shows the key geometry used in defining the ADINA model.
z L1 P2 L2 P1 y

S1

P4 x P3

S2

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

Geometry point: Click the Define Points icon click OK: Point # 1 X1 0 X2 0.0249555

, enter the following point into the table and

X3 0

Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Revolved, set the Initial Point to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 180, make sure that the Axis is set to X and click Save. Add line 2, make sure that the Type is set to Revolved, set the Initial Point to 2, the Angle of Rotation to 180, make sure that the Axis is set to X and click OK. , add surface 1, set the Type to Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon Extruded, set the Initial Line to 1, the Vector to (1.2192, 0, 0), enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness, set the Thickness for both surfaces to 0.000889 and click OK. When you click the Wire Frame icon icon , Point Labels icon and Surface/Face Labels

, the graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

Defining boundary conditions Supports: Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. Add boundary condition PIN, check the X-Translation, Y-Translation and Z-Translation fields and click Save. Then add boundary condition ROLLER, check the Y-Translation and Z-Translation fields and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Points. Then enter 1, PIN, 2, PIN, 3, ROLLER, 4, ROLLER in the first four rows of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary Plot icon like the bottom figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something

Fluid-structure boundaries: Surfaces 1 and 2 are fluid-structure boundaries. Choose ModelBoundary ConditionsFSI Boundary, add FSI boundary number 1, set the Type to Surfaces, enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK.

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y P2

P1

S1 S2

P4

P3

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

C P2 C P1

S1 S2

B P4 B P3

B C

U U U 1 2 3 - - - -

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ADINA Primer

Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

Defining the load The pipe is subjected to gravity loading due to its own weight. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Mass Proportional and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass-Proportional Loading dialog box, add load number 1, set the Magnitude to 9.81, make sure that the Direction is set to (0, 0, -1) and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, in the first row of the table, set the Time Function to 1 and click OK. Defining the material Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poissons ratio to 0.29, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the finite elements and nodes Element groups: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to Shell and click OK. , add element group 1, set the

, select surface 1, set the Number of Subdivision data: Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon Subdivisions in u-direction to 5, the Number of Subdivisions in v-direction to 8, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 9, enter 1 and 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. The thick lines indicate the fluid-structure boundaries. To suppress the thick lines, choose DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, make sure that the Mesh Style Name is DEFAULT, set the Frontier Depiction to OFF and click OK. Now all successive mesh plots will not display the thick lines. Click the Clear icon , the Boundary Plot icon and

then the Show Geometry icon (to hide the geometry). The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

E E C P2 C P1

S1 S2

D D B P4 B P3

B C

U U U 1 2 3 - - - U U U 1 2 3 - - - -

D E

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y C

B C

U U U 1 2 3 - - - -

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

Creating the ADINA data file, saving the database file Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob24_a, uncheck the Run and save the database to file

Solution button and click Save. Now click the Save icon prob24_a.

Defining the ADINA-CFD model

Click the New icon to create a new AUI database. Then choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining the model control data Heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow, fluid model and click OK. Interaction with structure: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to 'with Structure'. , set the FSI Solution Coupling to Direct, set the Then click the Coupling Options icon Maximum Number of Fluid-Structure Iterations to 50 and click OK. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, make sure that the Flow Dimension is set to 3D, uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button, and click OK. Number of iterations and iteration tolerances: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 30 and click OK to close the Iteration Method dialog box. Now click the Iteration Tolerances button, set the Relative Tolerance for Degrees of Freedom to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Time steps and time function: We will apply only the gravity load in the first step and then increase the flow velocity to 200 m/s in 20 equal steps. Choose ControlTime Step, and, in the first row of the table, set the Number of Steps to 21, then click OK. Now choose ControlTime Function, edit the table for time function 1 as follows and click OK. Time 0 1 21 Value 0 0 200

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

Defining the model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA-CFD model.
z L1 y

S1
P1 Inlet: vx prescribed

V1

Outlet: vx uniform

Geometry point: Click the Define Points icon click OK. Point # 1 X1 0 X2 0

, enter the following point into the table and

X3 0

Geometry line: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point to 1, the components of the Vector to 0, 0.0249555, 0 and click OK. , add surface 1, set the Type to Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon Revolved, set the Initial Line to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, make sure that the Axis is set to X, uncheck the Check Coincidence button and click OK. Geometry volume: Click the Define Volumes icon , add volume 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Surface to 1, the components of the Vector to 1.2192, 0, 0 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page (note: in this view you are viewing the outlet of the pipe). Defining boundary conditions FSI boundary conditions: We need to define the fluid-structure boundary conditions , corresponding to the pipe wall (surface 4). Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon add Condition Number 1, set the Type to Fluid Structure Interface, make sure that the FluidStructure Boundary # is set to 1 and set the Slip Condition to Yes. Then set the Apply to field to Surfaces, enter 4 in the first row of the table and click OK.

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

TIME 21.00 X

Z Y

Inlet velocity: We need to define and apply the prescribed velocity at the inlet (surface 1). Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Velocity and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity dialog box, add velocity number 1, set the X Prescribed Value of Velocity to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Apply to field to Surface, and, in the first row of the table, set the Surface # to 1. Click OK to close the dialog box. Outlet velocity: We need to set the y and z velocities to be zero at the outlet (surface 5). Click and click the Define button. In the Define Zero Values dialog the Apply Fixity icon box, add zero values name YZ, check the Y-Velocity and Z-Velocity fields, then click OK. In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, set the Apply to field to Surfaces, enter 5, YZ in the first row of the table and click OK. , the Load Plot icon and the Wire Frame icon to Click the Boundary Plot icon show the FSI boundary conditions and the prescribed velocities. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Defining the material properties Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Constant button. In the Define Material with Constant Properties dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 0.1, the Density to 890, the Z Acceleration due to Gravity to -9.81 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

TIME 21.00
X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 21.00 200.0

V V V

B C

FSI 1 -

B C

Defining the finite elements and nodes Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to 3-D Fluid, and click OK. , add element group 1, set the

Subdivision data: We deliberately use a different number of elements along the pipe in the fluid model than in the structural model, to show that a different number of elements can be used along the fluid-structure boundaries in each model. Click the Subdivide Volumes icon , set the number of subdivisions in the u, v and w directions to 16, 24 and 1 respectively, then click OK. Element generation: Click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon , then click the Mesh

Volumes icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

TIME 21.00

X Y BB BB B BB B BB B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B B BB B B BB B B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B B BB B B BB B B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B PRESCRIBED BB B B BB B B B VELOCITY BB B B BB B B B BB B B B BB B B TIME 21.00 B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B B B BB B B 200.0 BB B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B B B B B BB B BB B BB B B BB B B B BB B B BB B B V V V P B B DD B B 1 2 3 DD D B D CD B B B D D B D D D DD DD C - C D - FSI 1 1

B C D

Creating the ADINA-CFD data file, saving the database file Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob24_f, uncheck the Run and save the database to file

Solution button and click Save. Now click the Save icon prob24_f.

Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob24_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob24_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. The run stops in time step 20. This is OK; as we will see, the run stops because the critical velocity was exceeded. Close all open dialog boxes.

Post-processing the ADINA-CFD model

In the following, we demonstrate post-processing of the ADINA-CFD model only. You can also post-process the ADINA model to check the model and to determine the deformations due to the fluid velocity. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Click the Open icon and open porthole file prob24_f.

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

Choose ListInfoResponse to see which solutions were computed. There are 20 load steps from times 0.0 to 19.0. Notice that there is no solution for times 20.0 and 21.0, because the model did not converge for time step 20.0. Click Close to close the dialog box. Checking the model solution Click the Quick Vector Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 19.00 X

to plot the velocity vectors. The graphics window

Z Y

VELOCITY TIME 19.00 180.0

180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0

The velocities are nearly constant, showing that the fluid-structure boundary condition with slip is working properly. Plotting the deformation as a function of velocity Click the Clear icon to clear the graphics window.

Velocity: We can extract the input velocity as the prescribed velocity at one of the nodes on the left end of the pipe. Node 425 is one of the nodes on the left end of the pipe. Choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, add point LEFTEND, set the node number to 425 and click Save. Deformation at the mid-span of the pipe: We need a node point definition at the mid-span of the pipe. Node 193 is at the mid-span. Add point MIDSPAN, set the node number to 193 and click OK. We also need a resultant for the displacement to change its sign. Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add resultant DISPLACEMENT, define it as

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

-<Z-DISPLACEMENT> and click OK. Creating the graph plot: Choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). For X, set the Variable to (Prescribed Load: X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY) and set the Model Point to LEFTEND. For Y, set the Variable to (User Defined: DISPLACEMENT) and set the Model Point to MIDSPAN. Then click OK. Adding a comparison solution: A good approximation to the theoretical solution is

w=

wstatic v 1 vc
2

where wstatic = and

5 L4 ( mg )total L 384 EI

vc =

EI A

See, for example, Harris, Shock and Vibration Handbook, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988: Chapter 29, Section Internal Flow in Pipes. (The approximation given in the reference is obtained using only the first mode of the exact solution.) For our case, the static deformation is 8.6889E-5 m and the critical velocity vc is 188.48 m/s. In order to plot this solution, we need to define constants and a resultant. Choose DefinitionsVariableConstant, add W_STATIC, set the Value to 8.6889E-5 and click Save. Then add VC, set the Value to 188.48 and click OK. Now choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add W_VELOCITY, enter the expression
W_STATIC/(1.0 - (<X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY>/VC)**2)

and click OK. Now choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). For X, set the Variable to (Prescribed Load:X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY) and set the Model Point to LEFTEND. For Y, set the Variable to (User Defined:W_VELOCITY) and set the Model Point to LEFTEND. Then set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK. Lets show the theoretical critical velocity as a separate curve. Choose Graph Define User Data, add user data VC, enter 188.48, 0 in the first row of the table, enter 188.48, 0.001 in the second row of the table and click OK. Now choose GraphPlot User Data,

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Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow

make sure that the Data Name is set to VC, set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK. We will now change the curve legends and symbols. Choose GraphModify, set the Action to Modify the Curve Depiction, click the P button, highlight the green curve (the one marked with circles) and click the ... button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. Click the Legend tab, and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter ADINA-FSI in the Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to see the new curve legend. For the second curve, set the Action to Modify the Curve Depiction, click the P button, highlight the red curve (the one marked with triangles) and click the ... button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. Uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter Comparison solution in the Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to see the new curve legend. In a similar way, remove the curve symbols and change the curve legend to Critical velocity for the third curve. Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure at the bottom of the page. It is also possible to change the graph title and axes, as was shown in problem 2. To see the numerical values displayed in the curves, choose GraphList. In the first listing, at time 1.90000E+01, the midspan displacement should be 8.41999E-04 (m). Click Close to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.
RESPONSE GRAPH ADINA-FSI Comparison solution 8. Critical velocity

10.

DISPLACEMENT, MIDSPAN

6.
-4

*10

4.

2.

0.

0.

50.

100.

150.

200.

X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY, LEFTEND

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ADINA Primer

Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Problem description
During a twelve day period, concrete is added to a hole previously drilled into rock. At the beginning of each 4 day interval, a 5 meter depth of concrete is poured. As the concrete solidifies, internal heat is generated as the water and cement in the concrete react and this heat is conducted into the surrounding rock and convected to the surrounding atmosphere.
C L

5m

Concrete properties
kJ k = 8.4 hr-m-K rc = 1950 kJ m3-K

25 m 20m 15 m

30 m

Rock properties kJ k = 50 hr-m-K rc = 1850 kJ m3-K

10m

Convective heat transfer boundary h = 50 kJ hr-m2-K q external = 278.15K

15 m
q initial = 278.15
6000
Internal heat generation (kJ/hr-m**3)
K

Region discretized

4000

2000

0
0 50
Time (hr)

100

150

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

In this analysis, we calculate the temperature distribution in the concrete and surrounding rock as a function of time. An axisymmetric analysis is appropriate here. We account for the change in the concrete volume and heat transfer surface area as the concrete is added. Regarding the units used in this analysis, the time unit is hour, the energy unit is kilojoule, the length unit is meter and the temperature unit is Kelvin. The power unit is therefore kJ/hour, not kilowatt. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Specifying element birth/death $ Specifying internal heat generation loading $ Specifying loads using arrival times $ Making an envelope band plot We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 24, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are 971 nodes in the model. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Thermal from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks and click OK Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type to Transient. We will use the Euler backward method for the time integration method. Click the Analysis Options icon Integration Method is Euler Backward Integration and click OK. , verify that the

Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, specify 80 time steps of 8 hours each, then click OK.

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Time functions: There are a number of different time functions used in this problem. We need a time function to describe the transient behavior of the heat generation from the concrete and we need time functions to describe the environmental temperature of the various convection surfaces. We also need to ensure that the temperatures at the intersections of the convection surfaces are physically realistic. Problems may occur in the calculations of environmental temperatures at nodes that are at the intersection of two or more boundary convection elements. This is because, at present, ADINA Thermal averages the environmental temperature at an intersection according to the environmental temperatures of the connected boundary elements regardless of whether the boundary elements are active. If one or more of the boundary elements are not active at a particular intersection, then the calculated environmental temperature may be artificially low. We circumvent this problem by explicitly setting the environmental temperature at each intersection node. First let's enter the concrete block time function. This time function (time function 1) gives the variation of internal heat within each block. When we use the time function, we will shift it using the arrival time feature so that the shifted time function is greater than zero when the block is added to the model. Choose ControlTime Function and enter the following information for time function 1: Time 0 8 24 48 72 96 120 10000 Value 0 5860 2300 710 290 130 0 0

Click Save to store this definition. Now we enter the time functions for the environmental temperature of the boundary convection elements. Define time function 2 as Time 0 95.9 96.0 10000 Value 278.15 278.15 0 0

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

time function 3 as Time 0 95.9 96 191.9 192 10000 Value 0 0 278.15 278.15 0 0

time function 4 as Time 0 191.9 192 10000 Value 278.15 278.15 0 0

time function 5 as Time 0 191.9 192 10000 Value 0 0 278.15 278.15

and time function 6 as Time 0 10000 Value 278.15 278.15

Click OK to close the dialog box. Initial conditions: Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsDefault Temperature Settings, set the Default Initial Temperature to 278.15 and click OK. Defining the geometry The figure on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining the model. Points: We need to enter enough geometry points to describe the geometry and to make it easy to define the surfaces used for meshing. Click the Define Points icon following data given in the table on the next page and click OK. , enter the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

P5
z

P4

L19 P7 L24 P6

S6 P17 S5 P16 L13 S4 P15 S3 P14

L25 P8 L23 P10

S9 P9 L22 S8 P11 L20

L16

L21 P12

S7 P13

S1

S2

P1

P2

P3

Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

X2 0 5 15 15 5 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 15 15 15 15

X3 0 0 0 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 10 15 20 25

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Click the Point Labels icon

to display the point numbers. , create surfaces 1 to 9 using the following data

Surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon and click OK. Surface number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Type Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Vertex Point 1 1 2 13 11 9 6 12 10 8 Point 2 2 3 14 15 16 17 13 11 9

Point 3 13 14 15 16 17 4 11 9 6

Point 4 12 13 11 9 6 5 10 8 7 , the

When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon and the Surface/Face Labels icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 640.0 P5 L19 P7 L24 P6 L16 P9 L13 P11 L10 P13 L18 S6 L15 S5 L12 S4 L9 S3 L7 P4 L17 P17 L14 P16 L11 P15 L8 P14 Z X Y

L25 S9 P8 L22

L23 S8 P10 L20 L21 S7 P12 L3

L4

S1

L2

S2

L6

P1

L1

P2

L5

P3

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Defining the material data We need to define the physical properties of the concrete and the base rock. Click the and click the k isotropic, c constant button. In the Define Manage Materials icon Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add material number 1, set the Conductivity to 8.4, the Heat Capacity to 1950 and click Save. Now add material number 2, set the Conductivity to 50, the Heat Capacity to 1850 and click OK. (Do not close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box yet.) Click the Convection Constant button. In the Define Constant Convection Material dialog box, add material number 3, set the Convection Coefficient to 50 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Defining the birth and death times The figure on the next page shows the modeling of the concrete and the convection boundary conditions. The only two surfaces for which the elements have birth times are surfaces 8 and 9, corresponding to the second and third concrete blocks. Choose Model Element Properties2-D Conduction. In the first row of the table, set the Surface # to 8 and the Birth Time to 95.9, and, in the second row of the table, set the Surface # to 9 and the Birth Time to 191.9. Click OK to close the dialog box. (Please note that we enter a birth time that is slightly earlier than the solution time for which we want the elements to be active. This avoids possible round-off error.) Now we will define the birth and death times of the boundary convection elements attached to the concrete blocks. Choose ModelElement Properties2-D Convection, add the following information and click OK. Line number 20 13 22 16 24 Birth time 0 0 95.9 0 191.9 Death time 95.9 95.9 191.9 191.9 0

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Convection elements are placed on thick lines

L19 Always active P6

L24 Active for t 192

S9 Active for t 192 L22 Active for 96 t < 192

L16 Active for 0 t < 192 P9

S8 Active for t 96 L20 Active for 0 t < 96

L13 Active for 0 t < 96 P11

S7 Always active

Defining the loads Internal heat generation: We will define the internal heat generation on the surfaces corresponding to the concrete elements. Load application 1 defines the internal heat load for the first concrete block, load application 2 defines the internal heat load for the second concrete block and load application 3 defines the internal heat load for the third concrete block. Each load application uses the same load definition, but each load application is shifted in time by 96 hours.

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Internal Heat and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Internal Heat dialog box, add Internal Heat Number 1, set the Heat Generation/Volume to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Surface, and in the first three rows of the table, set the Surface # to 7, 8, 9 and set the Arrival Time to 0, 96, 192. Click OK to close the dialog box. Environmental temperatures: We will assign the environmental temperatures to the boundary convection elements. In the following, we also assign environmental temperatures to the boundary convection element intersection points in order to override the averaging calculations described above. , set the Load Type to Convection and click the Define... Click the Apply Load icon button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection dialog box, add Convection Number 1, set the Environment Temperature to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line and define the environmental temperatures on lines using the following data: Line # 20 13 22 16 24 19 Time function 2 2 3 4 5 6

Now set the Apply to field to Point and define the environmental temperatures on points using the following data: Point # 11 9 6 Time function 2 4 6

Click OK to close the dialog box. Defining the element groups We need three element groups, group 1 for the concrete elements, group 2 for the rock elements and group 3 for the boundary convection elements. Click the Define Element Groups icon and add element group 1. Set the Type to 2-D Conduction, verify that the

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric, make sure that the Default Material is set to 1 and click Save. Now add element group 2, set the Type to 2-D Conduction, verify that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric, set the Default Material to 2 and click Save. Finally add element group 3, set the Type to Boundary Convection, set the Element Sub-Type to Axisymmetric, set the Default Material to 3 and click OK. Defining the subdivision data We will set the subdivisions of the surfaces explicitly. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , set the Surface Number to 1, set the number of subdivisions in the u and v directions to 5, enter 7, 8, 9 in the first three rows of the table and click Save. Now set the Surface Number to 2, set the number of subdivisions in the u and v directions to 5, set the Length Ratio of Element Edges for the u direction to 0.2, enter 3, 4, 5, 6 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 640.0 P5 L19 P7 L24 P6 L16 P9 L13 P11 L10 P13 L18 S6 L15 S5 L12 S4 L9 S3 L7 P4 L17 P17 L14 P16 L11 P15 L8 P14 Z X Y

L25 S9 P8 L22

L23 S8 P10 L20 L21 S7 P12 L3

L4

S1

L2

S2

L6

P1

L1

P2

L5

P3

Defining the finite elements and nodes Concrete elements: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Conduction, make sure that the Element Group is set to 1, enter surface numbers 7, 8, 9 in the first three rows of the table and click Apply. Rock elements: Set the Element Group to 2, enter surface numbers 1 to 6 in the first six rows of the table and click OK.

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Convection elements: Click the Mesh Lines icon table and click OK. When you click the Color Element Groups icon something like this:
TIME 640.0

, enter lines 20, 13, 22, 16, 24, 19 in the

, the graphics window should look

P5 L19 P7 L24 P6 L16 P9 L13 P11 L10 P13

L18 S6 L15 S5 L12 S4 L9 S3 L7

P4 L17 P17 L14 P16 L11 P15 L8 P14

L25 S9 P8 L22

L23 S8 P10 L20 L21 S7 P12 L3

L4

S1

L2

S2

L6

P1

L1

P2

L5

P3

Generating the data file, running ADINA Thermal, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob25. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob25, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA Thermal is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose PostProcessing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob25.

Displaying the temperatures To display bands of temperature for the last solution time, click the Quick Band Plot icon . We would rather display the temperatures in degrees C, so choose Definitions VariableResultant, add resultant TEMP_C, define it as TEMPERATURE n 273.15 and click OK. Then click the Modify Band Plot icon Defined: TEMP_C) and click OK. , set the Band Plot Variable to (User

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 640.0 Z X Y

TEMP_C TIME 640.0 63.00 54.00 45.00 36.00 27.00 18.00 9.00 MAXIMUM 67.69 NODE 232 MINIMUM 5.166 NODE 456

Now we reduce the number of colors used in the band plot (we do this so that the animation discussed below is processed more quickly). Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, set the Number of Colors to 4 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. To create an animation showing the temperature as a function of time, click the Movie Load . The AUI creates the animation frame-by-frame and displays each frame after Step icon it has been computed. You can see the concrete blocks as they are added. . When the movie shoot is finished, display the animation by clicking the Animate icon To display the animation more slowly, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay greater than 0 and click OK. Click the Refresh icon to remove the last frame of the animation from the display when you are finished viewing the animation. Making a band plot of the envelope of the temperatures We will plot the temperatures using an envelope. At each point in the model, the AUI determines the maximum temperature over the entire range of solution times, then the AUI plots the results as bands.

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon . To prepare for plotting the temperatures using an envelope, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the Response Name to DEFAULT, set the Type to Envelope and click OK. Then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined:TEMP_C) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 320.0 Z X Y

TEMP_C Envelope response 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00

MAXIMUM 78.31 NODE 267 (78.30) MINIMUM 5.166 NODE 456

Determining the maximum temperature at the nodes, plotting the results for the corresponding solution time Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, in the Extreme Values box, set the Number to 5, set Variable 1 to (User Defined:TEMP_C) and click Apply. The AUI lists the maximum temperature of 7.82978E+01 (degrees C) at time 2.08000E+02 (hours) at node 128. The AUI also lists the next four maximum temperatures. The fourth maximum temperature is 7.82960E+1 at node 267, and from the plot, node 267 is the location of the band plot close maximum. Click Close to close the dialog box. To plot the entire temperature field at time 208, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the Response Name to DEFAULT, set the Type to Load Step, set the Solution Time to 208 and click OK. Now click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon , then click the Create

Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined:TEMP_C) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks

TIME 208.0 Z X Y

TEMP_C TIME 208.0 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00

MAXIMUM 78.33 NODE 157 (78.30) MINIMUM 5.000 NODE 891

Note: the plots show slightly larger temperatures than the listings, because the plots consider temperatures within the elements as well as nodal temperatures. Because quadratic elements are used, the maximum temperatures occur within elements. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Problem description
The cable-stayed bridge shown in the figures below is to be analyzed for its dead-load static response and then to two loadings corresponding to earthquakes. The bridge has a single continuous span bearing on a central pier and the span is suspended by cables fixed at the top of two towers. The span consists of two longitudinal box girders, floor beams, a concrete deck and transverse box girders at the hanger points.

Plan view of deck:

9
Bottom of longitudinal girders pinned to ground

Transverse girder Bottom of longitudinal girders pinned to central pier

177.5 Longitudinal girders not shown

Cross-section of deck:

177.5

8" 9

10

10

9
96

10

10

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Tower dimensions:

10

170 1 10

50

10

96

10

15

For the purpose of analysis, the towers are considered to be rigid. The floor beams are I beams, 20 feet apart; each I beam has a 48" 3/8" web and 12" 1" flanges. The effect of the floor beams is included by increasing the stiffness of the deck in the transverse direction and by increasing the density of the deck. The flanges of the box girders are 4" thick and the webs are 2.5" thick. All box girders are capped with diaphragms 2.5" thick and diaphragms are also included at the centers of the longitudinal girders (at the central pier). The cable is considered to have no stiffness in compression. An initial strain is applied to the cable elements to provide the necessary prestress needed to keep the deck from sagging under the dead load.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

The units of the problem are: length (feet), force (kip), time (sec). Therefore the unit of mass is (kip-sec2/ft) and the unit of density is (kip-sec2/ft4). In the first earthquake analysis, the earthquake load is modeled using a response spectrum and in the second earthquake analysis, the ground displacements are applied directly to the model. The two loads are completely unrelated and describe two separate earthquakes. The emphasis of this worked example is on the specification of analysis types (static, response spectrum and dynamic) and on the presentation of the results. Therefore, in this analysis, we have set up the model geometry and the finite element definitions in a batch file (prob26_1.in). The organization of the batch file is: definition of geometry points, definition of geometry lines, definition of geometry surfaces, definition of geometry volumes, application of fixities, specification of material properties, definition of finite elements. If you are interested in understanding the commands in the batch file, refer to the AUI Command Reference Manual for ADINA. We have also set up the response spectrum definitions in a separate batch file (prob26_1.plo). If you are interested in understanding the commands in the batch file, refer to the AUI Command Reference Manual for Display Processing. The finite element mesh is divided into five element groups: Group 1: Concrete deck, modeled using 8-node shell elements. The elastic orthotropic material model is used to incorporate the floor beams. Group 2: Towers and pier, modeled using 27-node solid elements. The Young's modulus of these elements is set artificially high so that the towers do not participate in the motion. Group 3: Longitudinal box girders and stiffeners, modeled using 8-node shell elements. Group 4: Transverse box girders, modeled using 8-node shell elements. Group 5: Cables, modeled using truss elements with specified initial strains and the nonlinear elastic material model. Each cable is modeled with one truss element, to avoid cable vibration modes in the response spectrum analysis. The model is nonlinear because of the truss elements. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Reading a batch file for model definition. $ Reading a batch file for postprocessing definitions. $ Calculating mass properties. $ Turning off saving of the element results.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

$ Restarting from a dead load analysis. We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 25, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the model has 1666 nodes. You need to copy the files prob26_1.in, prob26_2.in, prob26_1.plo, prob26_xtf.txt, prob26_ytf.txt and prob26_ztf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

Dead load analysis

Reading the model geometry and finite element definitions from a batch file Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob26_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. You can see the log messages from the commands in the Message Window as the AUI processes the commands. For processing speed, we have not included any graphics commands in the batch file. After the AUI processes the last batch command, click the Mesh Plot icon to display the geometry and mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Specifying the control parameters Let's verify some of the control parameters. The Analysis Type field should be set to Statics. Choose ControlHeading, verify that the problem heading is Problem 26: Static analysis of cable-stayed bridge and click Cancel to close the dialog box. Choose Control Time Function, verify that the time function is constant with unit value and click Cancel to close the dialog box. Let's activate calculation of the mass properties. Click the Define Element Groups icon , then, for each of the five element groups, set the >Calculate Mass Properties= field to Yes and then click Save. (Click the Advanced tab to view the >Calculate Mass Properties= field.) Click OK to close the dialog box. Let's select the iteration tolerances. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Tolerances... button, set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force, set the Reference Force to 1, set the Reference Moment to 1 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Specifying the load The load is the dead weight of the structure. First we need to define a mass-proportional load, , set the Load Type to then we need to apply it to the model. Click the Apply Load icon Mass Proportional and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass-Proportional Loading dialog box, add load number 1, set the Magnitude to 32.2 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, in the first row of the table, set the Time

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Function to 1 and click OK. Specifying the cable initial strains We need to specify the initial strain in the cable elements. This strain prestresses the cable elements, providing a cable tension force to prevent the deck from sagging. We have already determined the magnitude of the required initial strain to be 3.52E-3. Choose ModelElement PropertiesTruss. In the first four rows of the table, set the Initial Strain to 3.52E-3 and click OK. Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob26. Click the Data File/

, set the file name to prob26_1a, make sure that the Run Solution button is Solution icon checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob26_1a.

Displaying mass properties To display the bridge mass properties, choose ListInfoMass. The total mass is 1.08932E+03 (kip-mass). Because the unit is kip-mass, you have to multiply by 32.2 to compute the weight. Notice that the centroid is at the actual center of the bridge; this is a good check on the model. Click Close to close the dialog box. Displaying the deformed mesh We will display the original mesh and magnify the deformations. Click the Show Original Mesh icon and the Scale Displacements icon something like the figure on the next page. . The graphics window should look

Listing the cable stresses and maximum deck displacements To list the cable stresses, choose ListValue ListZone, set the Zone Name to EG5, set Variable 1 to (Stress:STRESS-RR) and click Apply. The stress for time 0.0 is 1.01376E+04 and the stress for time 1.0 (which is what we are interested in) is 9.75382E+03 (kip/ft**2). Click Close to close the dialog box. To determine the maximum displacement, choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The AUI displays the maximum displacement = -1.02377E-01 (feet). Click Close to close the dialog box.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Z X Y

TIME 1.000

DISP MAG 692.8

Response spectrum analysis

In this analysis, we subject the bridge model to an earthquake load described by a response spectrum. The bridge model is preloaded by its weight before the earthquake load is applied. In ADINA, this type of analysis is performed using the restart feature. First the static deformations of the model are determined (we did this in the last section). These deformations are used as initial conditions for the frequency and modal participation factor calculations of the restart ADINA run. Specifying the control parameters In order to specify the parameters required for the restart ADINA run, we need to update the model. Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes and continue). Choose database file prob26 from the recent file list near the bottom of the Files menu. To change the title, choose ControlHeading, change the problem heading to Problem 26: Response spectrum analysis of cable-stayed bridge, then click OK. To specify a restart analysis, choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "Restart Run" and click OK.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

To request initial calculations required for response spectrum analysis, set the Analysis Type to Modal Participation Factors and click the Analysis Options icon . Now we enter the number of mode shapes to calculate and some parameters that control the frequency analysis. Click the Settings... button, set the Number of Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 15 and the Max. Number of Iterations per Eigenpair to 40. Now click the Settings button in the Solution Method box, check the Perform Sturm Sequence Check button and click OK twice to close the Subspace or Lanczos Iteration Settings dialog box and the Frequencies (Modes) dialog box. In the Modal Participation Factors dialog box, set the Number of Modes to Use to 15, verify that the Type of Excitation Load is set to Ground Motion and click OK. In order to reduce the size of the porthole file, we will turn off saving of the element stresses. Choose ControlPortholeVolume, uncheck the Individual Element Results button and click OK. Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon to save the database file. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob26_1b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob26_1a and click Copy. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob26_1b. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Viewing the frequency solution We will obtain a listing of the natural frequencies, modal participation factors and modal masses. Choose ListInfoMPF and examine the first table. The first several frequencies should be 1.33568 (Hz), 1.49623, 2.99607. The second table gives the modal masses for each frequency and direction, the third table gives the percent modal masses, the fourth table gives the accumulated modal masses (the accumulated modal mass for mode n is the sum of the modal masses for modes 1 to n) and the fifth table gives the percent accumulated modal masses. From the third table, we learn that mode 10 accounts for 48.84 % of the total mass for motions in the y direction. From the fifth table, we learn that our model includes 58.48% of the total mass for motions in the y direction, and 65.07% of the total mass for motions in the z direction. Click Close to close the dialog box. and

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Z X Y

MODE 1, F 1.336 TIME 1.000

MODE MAG 1350.

Now we will animate the mode shape. Click the Movie Mode Shape icon . The AUI shows the model moving through the mode shape. After the AUI is finished, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Number of Cycles to 5 and click OK to animate the motion. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. , Previous Solution icon , First Solution icon

You can use the Next Solution icon and Last Solution icon

to view the other modes.

Specifying the response spectrum We now assume that an earthquake causes ground motions in the y direction of the model. The response spectrum describing the earthquake load is shown in the figure on the next page. Now we need to enter the response spectrum into the AUI. We have prepared all of the necessary commands in batch file prob26_1.plo. (See problem 12 for an example in which we define a response spectrum using the dialog boxes.) Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working folder or directory, select file prob26_1 and click Open.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

1.6 1.4 5% damping 1.2

Acceleration (gs)

1.0 .8 .6 .4 .2 0. 0. 2. Period (sec) 4.

Now we graph the response spectrum (which we defined with name ARS in the batch file). Click the Clear icon ARS and click OK. . Choose GraphResponse Spectrum, select response spectrum

The graphics window should look something like this:

Response spectrum 5.00% damping 1.4

1.6

1.2

Acceleration

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Period

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Determining the maximum response Now we use the response spectrum to compute the maximum responses. Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone and click the Single Response button in the Response Option box. Notice that response DEFAULT is displayed. Click the button to the right of the Response field to view the definition of response DEFAULT. Response DEFAULT is a response of type response-spectrum (the commands in the batch file defined this response). Click Cancel to close the Response dialog box. Since the DEFAULT response corresponds to a response spectrum analysis, the AUI will use the response spectrum calculations when evaluating the variables. For the variables, enter (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT), (Velocity:Y-VELOCITY), (Acceleration: Y-ACCELERATION). Then click Apply. The AUI computes the maximum y-displacement as 4.27844E-02 (feet), the maximum y-velocity as 1.44463 (ft/sec) and the maximum yacceleration as 4.91908E+01 (ft/sec**2). Click Close to close the dialog box. The first time a response is used, information about the response is printed in the message window. To view this information, increase the size of the message window, then use the message window scrollbar. The AUI prints information about the response, then prints a table giving the mode number, its period, the damping, the modal participation factor and the spectrum value. You may find this information useful when evaluating the response spectrum calculations.

Dynamic analysis
In this analysis, we subject the bridge model to an earthquake load described by prescribed displacements. We assume that the motion of all supports can be represented by the same prescribed displacements. The bridge model is preloaded by its weight before the earthquake load is applied. In ADINA, this type of analysis is performed using the restart feature. First the static deformations of the model are determined (we did this in one of the previous analyses above). These deformations are used as initial conditions for dynamic analysis. Unfortunately we cannot use the results of the previous analysis because in the previous analysis fixities were used at the pier and ground. We have to replace these fixities by zero prescribed displacements and rerun the static analysis first, as we show in detail below. Because of the relatively large size of this model, we will run the model for only 10 time steps, simply to demonstrate how to perform this type of analysis. Of course, this means that the results will be relatively uninteresting, but if you have a fast computer, you can run the model for more steps by modifying the procedures given here.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

Preload: Specifying the control parameters In order to specify the parameters required for the static ADINA run, we need to update the ADINA model. Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes and continue). Choose database file prob26 from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. To change the title, choose ControlHeading, change the problem heading to Problem 26: Static (preload) analysis of cable-stayed bridge, and click OK. To select the analysis type, set the Analysis Type to Statics. Choose ControlTime Step, verify that one time step with time increment 1.0 is entered, then click Cancel. Since this is not a restart analysis, choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "New Run" and click OK. Preload: Specifying the ground displacements The ground motion is described by the three components of displacement. Each component is described by its own time function, time function 2 for the X component, time function 3 for the Y component and time function 4 for the Z component. Since we are prescribing the ground displacements directly, we must remove the fixities that we used in the previous analyses. In the Model Tree, click the + next to the Fixity text, then right-click the text 1. on 12 Lines, choose Delete and click Yes to answer the prompt. Right-click the text 1. on 8 Surfaces, choose Delete and click Yes to answer the prompt. Now we enter the time functions. For the static analysis, we will assign time function values of 0.0 to each of the new time functions. Choose ControlTime Function, add time function 2, enter 0.0, 0.0 for the first row and 1.0, 0.0 for the second row, then click Save. Copy this time function to time function 3 as follows: click the Copy button and click OK. Then copy time function 3 to time function 4 in a similar way and click OK to close the dialog box. Now we define displacement loads. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement number 1, set the X Prescribed Value of Translation to 1, then click Save. Now add displacement number 2, set the Y Prescribed Value of Translation to 1 and click Save. Finally add displacement number 3, set the Z Prescribed Value of Translation to 1, then click OK to close the dialog box. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. Now we apply these loads to the model. The supports are modeled with geometry lines 1 to 12 (for the attachments of the box girders to ground) and with geometry surfaces 401 to 404 and 501 to 504 (for piers). Therefore we have 20 load applications for each load direction for a total of 61 load applications in the model (remember that we are also applying the dead

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

load). Because the applications of the loads are tedious and error-prone when using the dialog boxes, instead we have entered the equivalent commands into the batch file prob26_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working folder or directory, select the file prob26_2.in and click Open. After the AUI processes the commands, you can examine the load applications using the Model Tree. Preload: Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob26. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob26_2a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked icon and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose PostProcessing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob26_2a.

The solution should be exactly the same as was computed in the previous static analysis. You can verify this by following the instructions given above for listing the maximum deck displacements. Dynamic analysis: Specifying the control parameters In order to specify the parameters required for the restart ADINA run, we need to update the ADINA model. Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes and continue). Choose database file prob26 from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. To change the title, choose ControlHeading, change the problem to Problem 26: Dynamic analysis of cable-stayed bridge, then click OK. To select the analysis type, set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Implicit. Click the Analysis Options icon , verify that the Newmark method with Delta = 0.5, Alpha = 0.25 is being used, then click Close. To specify a restart analysis, choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "Restart Run" and click OK. To enter the time step size and the number of steps, choose ControlTime Step, set the first row of the table to 10, 0.01, then click OK.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

We will model the damping in the bridge using Rayleigh damping with constants chosen to give 5% damping for modes 1 and 15. Choose ControlAnalysis Assumptions Rayleigh Damping, set the Default Alpha to 0.7225 , the Default Beta to 1.67E-3, then click OK. Dynamic analysis: Specifying the ground displacements In the dynamic analysis, we replace the time functions used for the prescribed displacements in the static analysis with time functions that describe the base motion. The points of each time function curve are stored in files prob26_xtf.txt, prob26_ytf.txt and prob26_ztf.txt. Choose ControlTime Function, select time function 2, click the Clear button, click the Import button, enter the filename prob26_xtf.txt and click OK. The time function curve table displays the time function that you just loaded. Click Save, then alter time functions 3 and 4 using files prob26_ytf.txt and prob26_ztf.txt in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box. Dynamic analysis: Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon to save the database file. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob26_2b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob26_2a and click Copy. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob26_2b. Dynamic analysis: Beginning post-processing To see which solutions have been computed, choose ListInfoResponse and examine the listing. You should see that 11 sets of displacements, velocities and accelerations have been loaded. Click Close to close the dialog box. To check the load application, click the Load Plot icon . The AUI displays the prescribed and

and the mouse to rotate the mesh plot so that displacements as arrows. Use the Pick icon you are looking at the underside of the bridge. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

TIME 1.100 Z Y X

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.100 6.536E-05

Dynamic analysis: Graphing the solution We will create a time history graph showing the displacement of one of the points where the cable is attached to the span. This point corresponds to node 1662. Choose Definitions Model PointNode, define point N1662 as node 1662, then click OK. Then click the Clear , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Variable to icon (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT), verify that the model point is N1662, then click OK. This displacement is, of course, the absolute displacement of the point. In order to obtain a graph of the relative displacement of the point (relative to the ground), we need to create a combination point in which the AUI subtracts the result at the ground from the result at the point. Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Combination) Node, add point N1662R, then, in the first row of the table, enter 1662 and 1.0 for the Node Number and Weight and in the second row of the table enter 826 and -1.0 for the Node Number and Weight. (Node 826 is one of the ground nodes.) Then click OK. Now choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Variable to (Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT), set the Model Point to N1662R, set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS, then click OK. Now we change the legends of the graph curves. Choose GraphModify, set the Action to Modify the Curve Depiction, click the P button and highlight the green curve (the one with the circles), then click the button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. In the Curve Depiction dialog box, uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter Absolute displacement in the first row of the Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to plot the updated curve.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

In a similar way, remove the curve symbols and set the curve legend to Relative displacement to ground for the red curve (the one with the triangles). The graphics window should look something like this:
RESPONSE GRAPH Absolute displacement 555. Relative displacement to ground

560.

Z-DISPLACEMENT, N1662

550.

*10
540. 535. 530. 1.00

-6

545.

1.02

1.04

1.06 TIME

1.08

1.10

1.12

Dynamic analysis: Plotting the deformations due to dynamic effects To plot the mesh with magnified displacements, click the Clear icon , then the Scale

. We dont see the displacements due to the ground motions because Displacements icon they are smaller than the displacements due to the mass-proportional loads. So we plot the mesh, magnifying just the dynamic displacements. Specifically, we set the reference time for the mesh plot to time 1.0. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the Model Depiction button. In the Model Depiction dialog box, set the Option for Plotting Original Mesh to Use Configuration at Reference Time and set the Reference Time for Original Mesh to 1.0. Also set the Defined by field to Max. Displacement and the Max. Displacement to 10. Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. We see that the bridge has translated and that one of the bridge modes has been triggered by the dynamic ground motion.

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

TIME 1.100 REF TIME 1.000
DISP MAG 1151873.

Z X Y

and Next Solution icon to examine the You can use the Previous Solution icon solutions for the other solution times. You can also show the solutions as an animation. Dynamic analysis: Listing the deformations due to dynamic effects We will list the displacements due to the ground motions. This can be done by subtracting the static displacements from the total displacements. In the AUI, this task is accomplished by defining a response of type response-combination. First we need to name the response associated with the static deformations. Choose DefinitionsResponse, add response STATIC, set the Solution Time to 1.0, then click Save. Next we need to name the response associated with the total deformations. Add response TOTAL, set the Solution Time to Latest and click Save. Now we can define the response combination. Select Response Name DEFAULT_RESPONSE-COMBINATION, then enter TOTAL, 1.0 in the first row of the table and STATIC, -1.0 in the second row of the table, then click OK. Now, whenever this response is used in another dialog box, the AUI will perform the response combination. For example, to determine the maximum dynamic displacement for this solution time, choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set the Response Option to Single Response, set the Response to DEFAULT_RESPONSE-COMBINATION, set Variable 1 to (Displacement: X-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 3 to (Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. You should obtain the maximum x

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Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge

displacement = 5.99422E-05 (feet), the maximum y displacement = 2.54509E-05 (feet), the maximum z displacement = -2.42499E-05 (feet). Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure shown below to harmonic and random loads.
z Uniform distributed load acting in positive z-direction x

0.04 1 0.02
All modes: 5% damping

All lengths in meters. E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 r = 7800 kg/m3

Uniform distributed load acting in positive y-direction not shown

The details of the loadings are given below when they are defined. In this problem solution, we demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining out-of-plane line loads $ Setting up a modal participation factor analysis with applied loads $ Defining and using harmonic loads $ Defining and using random loads We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 26, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

Defining the model

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads and click OK.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Geometry: Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 2 3 X1 1 0.1 X2 X3

, define the following points and click OK.

Click the Define Lines icon = 2 and click OK.

, add line 1, define a straight line with Point 1 = 1 and Point 2

Boundary conditions: Click the Apply Fixity icon column and click OK.

, enter 1 in the first row of the Point #

Loads:The loads in the y and z directions will be considered independent. We will have two load steps. In load step 1, the y-direction loads will be active; in load step 2, the z-direction loads will be active. Time function 1 will control the y loads and time function 2 will control the z loads. Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. Choose ControlTime Function and edit time function 1 to be Time 0 1 2 Value 0 1 0

Then define time function 2 as Time 0 1 2 Value 0 0 1

Click OK to close the time function dialog box. . Set the Load Type to Now we define the load applications. Click the Apply Load icon Distributed Line Load and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Line Load dialog box, add Line Load 1, set the Magnitude [Force/Length] to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Line # to 1, the Auxiliary Point to 3, the Load Plane to Perpendicular to Plane and

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

the Time Function to 1. In the second row of the table, set the Line # to 1, the Auxiliary Point to 3, the Load Plane to In-Plane and the Time Function to 2. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. , add cross-section 1, set the Cross-section and material: Click the Cross-Sections icon Width to 0.04, the Height to 0.02 and click OK. (Note: the element s-direction will lie in the x-z plane, so the Width (in the s-direction) is the larger cross-section dimension.) Click the and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Manage Materials icon Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Finite elements: Click the Define Element Groups icon Beam and click OK. Click the Subdivide Lines icon Click the Mesh Lines icon Click the Iso View 1 icon , add group 1, set the Type to

, set the Number of Subdivisions to 10 and click OK. , set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the table and click OK.

, Boundary Plot icon

and Load Plot icon

. Then click

the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam Cross-Section field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. (Note: we use the Iso View 1 icon because otherwise the mesh is plotted in the x-z plane.) Before continuing with the model definition, lets plot the loads for load step 1. Click the Previous Solution icon figure on the next page. . The graphics window should look something like the bottom

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

TIME 2.000 X PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 2.000 1.000

Z Y B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

TIME 1.000 X PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 1.000

Z Y B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Specifying the analysis options Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Modal Participation Factors and click . Click the Settings button, set the Number of the Analysis Options icon Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 10 and click OK to close the dialog box. Set the Number of Modes to Use to 10, set the Type of Excitation Load to Applied Load and click OK to close the dialog box.

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob27. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob27, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob27. Listing the natural frequencies and modal participation factors Choose ListInfoResponse and verify that 2 sets of applied loading modal participation factors are loaded from times 1.0 to 2.0. The modal participation factors for time 1.0 (load step 1) are calculated from the loads at time 1.0 (which are the y loads) and the modal participation factors for time 2.0 (load step 2) are calculated from the loads at time 2.0 (which are the z loads). Also notice that no displacements or other solution data is calculated by ADINA. However ADINA does calculate mode shapes, modal reactions and modal stresses. Click Close to close the dialog box. To list the modal data, choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Frequency/Mode: FREQUENCY) and click Apply. The first few frequencies should be 1.66424E+01 (Hz), 3.32770E+01. Click Close to close the dialog box. Defining the modal damping ratios Choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsDamping Table and add damping table DT1. Now click the button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve DT1, enter 0, 5 and 10000, 5 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. (5 corresponds to 5 % damping.) In the Define Damping Table dialog box, set the Curve Name to DT1 if necessary and click OK to close the dialog box.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Harmonic analysis
If you are not interested in harmonic analysis, you can skip to the Random analysis section below. For the theory used in harmonic analysis, see the ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide, Section 9.3. We will proceed as follows: 1) Analyze the beam assuming that only the y loads are applied 2) Analyze the beam assuming that both the y and z loads are applied Analysis assuming that only the y loads are applied Load magnitude specification: We assume that the time variation of the y loads is given by wy = 1000sin( t ) where = 2 f and f is the frequency of the loads (in Hz). Notice that

the magnitude factor 1000 is independent of the loading frequency f (but in general, the magnitude factor can be a function of the loading frequency). We also assume that this time variation is valid for 0 f 1000 Hz . To specify this information, choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsSweep Spectrum, add sweep spectrum name SWEEP_Y, and click the button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve SWEEP_Y, enter 0, 1000 and 1000, 1000 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. In the Define Sweep Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name to SWEEP_Y, set the Axes Type (FrequencyValue) to Linear-Linear, set the Spectrum Title to Sweep spectrum for y loads and click Save. To graph the sweep spectrum, click the Clear icon , then click the Graph button in the Define Sweep Spectrum dialog box. In the Display Sweep Spectrum dialog box, make sure that the Sweep Spectrum is set to SWEEP_Y and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Solution for frequency of 150 Hz: Lets plot the deformations assuming a loading frequency of 150 Hz. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and set the Type to Harmonic. Set the Method to Amplitude at Specified Angle, set the Loading Frequency to 150, set the Damping Table to DT1 and, in the table, enter 1, SWEEP_Y. Then click OK.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

2.

Sweep spectrum for y loads

Force

*10

1.

0.

0.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. *10
2

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Frequency

When you click the Clear icon

and the Iso View 1 icon

, then the Show Original

Mesh icon and the Scale Displacements icon something like this:
Harmonic response DISP MAG 2512.

, the graphics window should look

Z X Y

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

This solution is the solution when t in the loading equation above is 0, 1/150, 2/150, etc. We can also obtain the solution for other times by changing the specified angle in the harmonic response definition. For example, choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT, set the Angle (OMEGAT) to 90 and click OK. When you click the Clear icon and the Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original Mesh icon

and the Scale Displacements icon

Harmonic response DISP MAG 268.6

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

This is the solution when t in the loading equation is 90 degrees, and therefore when t in the loading equation above is (90 / 360) (1/150) = 1.667 103 seconds. You can try other angles to see the structural responses for other times. We can also plot the results, such as the bending moments. Choose Display Element Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. We can also have the AUI choose t for each bending moment in each element so that the bending moment in each element is maximum (of course, then t will be different for each element). Similarly, we can have the AUI choose t for each displacement at each node so that the displacement is maximum (of course, then t will be different for each node).

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Harmonic response DISP MAG 246.9 X

Z Y

BENDING MOMENT-S Harmonic response 29.99 t

For example, choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT, set the Method to Maximum Amplitude and click OK. Now click the Clear icon and the Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original Mesh icon and the Scale Displacements icon . The AUI chooses t for each displacement at each node so that the displacement at each node is maximum. Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S and click OK. The AUI chooses t for each bending moment in each element so that the bending moment in each element is maximum. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Note that this plot is similar to an envelope plot, where the envelope is taken over all solution times.
Solution for loading frequencies from 0 to 250 Hz: Of course, we could examine the results for any loading frequency using the instructions given above. But it is convenient to focus attention on one result (the tip displacement, for example) and then sweep the loading frequency over a range of frequencies.

The node at the tip is node 11. Choose DefintionsModel PointNode, add name TIP, define it as node 11 and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Harmonic response DISP MAG 246.2 X

Z Y

BENDING MOMENT-S Harmonic response 30.13 t

Now click the Clear icon and choose GraphHarmonic Analysis. Set the Variable to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and make sure that the Model Point is TIP. In the Frequency Range of the Harmonic Response box, set the Min. Frequency to 0 and the Max. Frequency to 250. Set the Frequency Spacing to Linear and the Number of Frequencies to 126, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14

Harmonic response, response DEFAULT

Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

Maximum amplitude

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00

0.

50.

100.
Frequency

150.

200.

250.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

This plot shows that the tip displacement is large for a loading frequency of 16 Hz. This is not surprising since the first natural frequency of the beam is around 16 Hz. In this plot, the units of amplitude are meters. We can also plot the amplitude scaled to the quasi-static amplitude (which is the amplitude for very low loading frequencies). To make this plot, choose DefinitionsResponse, check the Normalized by Quasi-Static Response button and click OK. Then follow the instructions given above for the previous graph. The graphics window should look something like this:

9.

Harmonic response, response DEFAULT Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

8.

7.
Normalized maximum amplitude

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

0.

0.

50.

100. Frequency

150.

200.

250.

Here it is easy to see that the maximum displacement is about 8 times the static displacement.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Analysis assuming that both the y and z loads are applied

Load magnitude specification: We assume that the time variation of the y loads is wy = 1000 cos(t ) and that the time variation of the z loads is wz = 2000 sin(t ) . The

combination of these two loads can be interpreted as a load that traces an elliptical path around the beam, as shown:
z

w = 1000 cos wt + 2000 sin wt y

We need to define a sweep spectrum for the z load. Choose Definitions Spectrum DefinitionsSweep Spectrum, add sweep spectrum name SWEEP_Z, and click the button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve SWEEP_Z, enter 0, 2000 and 1000, 2000 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. In the Define Sweep Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name to SWEEP_Z, set the Axes Type (Frequency-Value) to Linear-Linear, set the Spectrum Title to Sweep spectrum for z loads and click OK.
Solution for frequency of 150 Hz: Lets plot the deformations assuming a frequency of 150 Hz. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and that the Type is Harmonic. Set the Method to Amplitude at Specified Angle, set the Angle (OMEGAT) to 0, the Loading Frequency to 150 and uncheck the Normalized by QuasiStatic Response button. Now, in the table, enter 1, SWEEP_Y, 1, -90 in the first row and 2, SWEEP_Z, 1, 0 in the second row. Click OK to close the dialog box.

(For row 1, we use the identity cos( t ) = sin( t (90 )) to determine the value of the Phase Angle.)

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Now click the Clear icon and the Iso View 1 icon . Choose Display Element Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S and click OK, then choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-T and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
Harmonic response X Z Y

BENDING MOMENT-S Harmonic response 29.99 t

BENDING MOMENT-T Harmonic response 25.67 s

This is the solution for t in the loading equation = 0 degrees.

Random analysis
If you are not interested in random analysis, you can exit the AUI now. For the theory used in random analysis, see the ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide, Section 9.4. We will proceed as follows: 1) Analyze the beam assuming that only the y loads are applied 2) Analyze the beam assuming that both the y and z loads are applied

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Analysis assuming that only the y loads are applied

Load magnitude specification: In random vibration analysis, we specify the power-spectraldensity (PSD) of the load. For example, suppose that the PSD of the y load is given by the following table:

Frequency (Hz) 1 50 90 200 1000

PSD (N/m)2/Hz 9E-10 90 900 900 90

To specify this information, choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsRandom Spectrum, add random spectrum name PSD_Y, and click the button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve PSD_Y, enter the above table and click OK. In the Define Random Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name to PSD_Y, set the Spectrum Title to PSD for y loads and click Save. To graph the random spectrum, click the Clear icon , then click the Graph button in the Define Random Spectrum dialog box. In the Display Random Spectrum dialog box, make sure that the Random Spectrum is set to PSD_Y and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

10

PSD for y loads

10

10

10

Force
10
-1

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

10

10 Frequency

10

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

RMS solution: Lets list the rms (root-mean-square) values of the displacements. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and set the Type to Random. Then set the Damping Table to DT1 and, in the table, enter 1, PSD_Y. Then click OK to close the dialog box.

Now choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Option to Single Response, set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The listing shows that the y-displacement at node 11 is 4.74897E-04. Actually, because this is a random vibration analysis, the y-displacement is interpreted as the RMS value of the y displacement, which is interpreted as the standard deviation of the y displacement (the mean value of the y displacement is zero). Therefore, the probability that the y displacement exceeds 4.74897E-04 m is about 32%. Click Close to close the dialog box. Lets plot the rms displacements and the bending moments. Click the Clear icon Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original Mesh icon and the

and the Scale Displacements

icon . Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
Random response DISP MAG 167.7 X Z Y

BENDING MOMENT-S Random response 46.70 t

So the probability that the bending moment exceeds 46.7 (N-m) is about 32%.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

PSD of the solution: We can plot the PSD of the tip displacements.

The node at the tip is node 11. If you have not already done so in the harmonic analysis above, choose DefintionsModel PointNode, add name TIP, define it as node 11 and click OK. Now click the Clear icon and choose GraphRandom Analysis. Set the Variable to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and make sure that the Model Point is TIP. In the Frequency Range of the Random Response box, set the Min. Frequency to 1 and the Max. Frequency to 250. In the Frequency Spacing box, set the Number of Frequencies to 100, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

10

-7

Random response, response DEFAULT

Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP

10

-8

10

-9

Power-spectral-density

10

-10

10

-11

10

-12

10

-13

10

-14

10

-15

10

10

10
Frequency

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ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

Analysis assuming that both the y and z loads are applied

Load magnitude specification: We assume that the PSD of the y loads is the same as was used above, and that the PSD of the z loads is

Frequency (Hz) 1 50 90 200 1000

PSD (N/m)2/Hz 2E-10 100 200 200 20

To specify this information, choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsRandom Spectrum, add random spectrum name PSD_Z, and click the button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve PSD_Z, enter the above table and click OK. In the Define Random Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name to PSD_Z, set the Spectrum Title to PSD for z loads and click OK.
RMS solution: Lets list the rms values of the displacements. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and make sure that the Response Type is set to Random. In the table, make sure that the first row is 1, PSD_Y and in the second row of the table, enter 2, PSD_Z. Then click OK.

Now choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Option to Single Response, set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Displacement:ZDISPLACEMENT), and click Apply. The listing shows that the standard deviation of the ydisplacement at node 11 is 4.74897E-04 m, and that the standard deviation of the z displacement at node 11 is 3.93917E-04 m. Click Close to close the dialog box. Note: the AUI assumes that the loads are uncorrelated (the AUI neglects the cross-spectral densities of the loading combinations). Also note, in this problem, the y displacements depend only on the y loads, and the z displacements depend only on the z loads. However, in general, each computed result depends on all of the applied loads.
Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads

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ADINA Primer

Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and the deformation of a very thin flexible structure within a two-dimensional channel, as shown:
100 30
Periodic normal traction loading Time history of loading:
Normal traction (dynes/cm2)

15

40

40000

All lengths in cm

0.05
Fluid: Structure: -5 g/cm-s Elastic material: m = 1.5 10 3 r = 1.18 g/cm E = 1 1012 dyne/cm2 5 2 n = 0.3 k = 1.4 10 dyne/cm r = 1000 g/cm3

20000

Time (sec)

This problem is very similar to primer problem 18. The differences are: 1) The downstream length is reduced (in order to save computation time) 2) The fluid material model is slightly compressible, with different material properties. 3) The structure material model is different (and not very realistic!) 4) The loading is sinusoidal. 5) The analysis is unsteady (transient). This problem is not intended to demonstrate proper fluid modeling in unsteady analysis. The intent of this problem is to demonstrate particle tracing in unsteady analysis, and also calculation of residence time distributions. Because this problem is so similar to primer problem 18, we have set up the model geometry and the finite element definitions in a batch file (prob28_1.in). If you are interested in understanding the commands in this batch file, refer to the AUI Command Reference Manuals for ADINA and ADINA-F. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Particle tracing of an unsteady flow field. $ Creating a residence time distribution plot. We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 27, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press.

ADINA R&D, Inc.

28-1

Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-FSI. You need to copy the file prob28_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working folder before beginning this analysis.

Preprocessing
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures or ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Reading the model geometry and finite element definitions from a batch file Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob28_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. For processing speed, we have not included any graphics commands in the batch file. to display the After the AUI processes the last batch command, click the Mesh Plot icon geometry and mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob28_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob28_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. ADINA-FSI runs for 60 solution steps. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob28_f. and

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Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

TIME 1.500 Z X Y

Examining the solution

Click the Model Outline icon to display just the outline of the model.

Preparing for unsteady particle tracing: In unsteady particle tracing, the particle time is the actual solution time, and the solution time is taken from the time used in the mesh plot. This means that the mesh plot time must be correctly set before starting the particle tracing. Typically the mesh plot time should be set to the start time. Click the First Solution icon then the Previous Solution icon to set the mesh plot time to time 0.0. ,

Use the mouse to remove the plotted axes and the TIME 0.000 text. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Creating a trace rake and initializing the trace plot: Choose DisplayParticle Trace Plot Create and click the button to the right of the Trace Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Coordinates and click the Auto button. In the Auto Generation dialog box, enter the following information into the table and click OK. X Y 10 10 Z 5 5 35

ADINA R&D, Inc.

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Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

At this point, the table in the Define Trace Rake dialog box should contain 7 rows, in which Z=5, 10, , 35. Click OK twice to close the Define Trace Rake dialog box and the Create Particle Trace Plot dialog box. Use the mouse to move the particle trace legend until the graphics window looks something like this:
PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 0.000 MULTIPLE PARTICLES/EMITTER EMIT INTERVAL = 0.000 START TIME = 0.000

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ADINA Primer

Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Because the trace plot is created on a mesh plot with solution time 0.0, the reference time of the trace plot is also 0.0. Updating the trace plot to solution time 0.1: Click the Next Solution icon four times, until the time is 0.1. Notice that particles are being emitted from the injectors. Each time you change the solution time of the mesh plot, for example, by clicking the Next Solution icon, the AUI automatically updates the particle traces. to enlarge the top left injector and its particles. The graphics window Use the Zoom icon should look something like this:

Particle emitted at time 0.0 Particle emitted at time 0.025 Particle emitted at time 0.05 Particle emitted at time 0.075 Particle emitted at time 0.1

There are 5 particles emitted from this injector. The rightmost particle is emitted at time 0.0, the particle to its left is emitted at time 0.025, etc., and the last particle is emitted at time 0.1 and is currently at the injector. Now we will change the time interval between the emitted particles. Choose Display Particle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Time Interval between Particle Emission to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

ADINA R&D, Inc.

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Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Now there are 11 particles emitted from this injector. Updating the trace plot to solution time 1.5: Click the Unzoom All icon to view the

entire model. Then click the Last Solution icon to display the mesh plot and the trace plot for the last computed solution. After the AUI computes the particle traces, the graphics window should look something like this:
PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.500 MULTIPLE PARTICLES/EMITTER EMIT INTERVAL = 0.01000 START TIME = 0.000

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Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

Use the icons that change the solution time to study in detail how the particle traces evolve during the solution. Notice that the particles flow around the moving structure. When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon Animating the particle traces: Click the Movie Load Step icon particle traces. Then click the Animate icon to display the last solution. to create a movie of the

to show the animation. When you are to clear the animation.

finished viewing the animation, click the Refresh icon

Viewing the streaklines: Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Trace Option to Streakline and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.500 STREAKLINE EMIT INTERVAL = 0.01000 START TIME = 0.000

Residence time distributions: In some applications, it is useful to be able to count the number of particles that are currently in a region of the model. In order to demonstrate this feature, first we modify the trace plot to emit only one particle per injector. Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Trace Option to Single Particle and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Evidently most of the particles have left the flow domain by time 1.5. Click the Movie Load to create a movie showing the particle motions. The particles flow from left to Step icon right, as expected. The lower particles travel more slowly because of the structure.

ADINA R&D, Inc.

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Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel

PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.500 SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER START TIME = 0.000

Now choose GraphParticle Distribution and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like this.
7. Residence time distribution Trace plot TRACEPLOT00001 6.

# of particles in fluid

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

0.0

0.5
PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.500 SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER START TIME = 0.000

1.0 Time

1.5

The graph shows that all of the particles are in the fluid until time 1.0, when 3 particles exit the fluid and 4 particles remain in the fluid. At time 1.175, only one particle remains in the fluid. (Note: You cannot delete the mesh plot before creating the graph, because the graph uses the trace plot information. But you can delete the mesh plot after creating the graph.) Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the shell-shell intersection shown:
0.01 radius Material properties: E = 2.07 1011 N/m2 n = 0.29 0.08 All dimensions in meters

Line load of 1000 N/m

0.0075 radius 0.08 0.04

This end fixed

Shell-shell intersection dimensions and loading

The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate the usage of ADINA-M (the ADINA Modeler) in the analysis of shell structures. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Meshing ADINA-M faces with shell elements $ Plotting bending moments and membrane forces in shells Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem.

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-M. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M and click OK. Defining model geometry Vertical pipe: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.01, the Length to 0.08, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.04), the Axis to Z and click Save. Horizontal pipe: Add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.0075, the Length to 0.08, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.04, 0.04), the Axis to Y and click OK. , make sure that the Operator Type is Merging the pipes: Click the Boolean Operator icon Merge and that the Target Body is 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Wire Frame icon the figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like

Specifying boundary conditions, loads and the material Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the Apply to field to Edges, enter edges 1 and 4 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. , set the Load Type to Distributed Line Load and click Loads: Click the Apply Load icon the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Line Load dialog box, add line load 1, set the Magnitude to -1000 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply To field to Edge, then, in the first row of the table, set the Edge # to 10, the Body # to 1 and the Aux Point to 8. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000
X Z Y

When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 1.000

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 1000.

B B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

Material: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Shell thicknesses: Choose GeometryFacesThickness, set the thickness for faces 1, 4, 5, 7 to 0.0005 and click OK. Meshing , add element group number 1, set Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon the Type to Shell, click the Advanced tab, check the Calculate Midsurface Forces and Moments button and click OK. It is necessary to calculate the midsurface forces and moments so that bending moments can be displayed. Subdivision data: We will specify a uniform element size throughout the ADINA-M geometry. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.003 and click OK. Meshing: First, click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon (we do not want to see dashed

hidden lines in the elements that we generate). Now click the Mesh Faces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 9, enter 1, 4, 5, 7 in the first four rows of the table, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED LINELOAD TIME 1.000 1000.

B B B B B B B B B B BBB B BBBBBBB B B

U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - - - - -

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob29. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob29, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob29. Plotting the bending moments and membrane forces Bending moments: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force: MAX_PRINCIPAL_BENDING_MOMENT) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this. The maximum principal bending moment is about 6.156 (N-m/m). (Your results may be slightly different because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.)
TIME 1.000 X MAX PRINCIPAL BENDING MOMENT RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 Z Y

5.333 4.000 2.667 1.333 0.000 -1.333 -2.667

MAXIMUM 6.156 EG 1, EL 114, IPT 13 (5.214) MINIMUM -3.474 EG 1, EL 257, IPT 11 (-2.249)

Now click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force: MIN_PRINCIPAL_BENDING_MOMENT) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. The minimum principal bending moment is about -6.504 (N-m/m).

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X MIN PRINCIPAL BENDING MOMENT RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 Z Y

1.200 0.000 -1.200 -2.400 -3.600 -4.800 -6.000

MAXIMUM 2.191 EG 1, EL 213, IPT 11 (1.587) MINIMUM -6.504 EG 1, EL 112, IPT 11 (-5.645)

Membrane forces: Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force: MAX_PRINCIPAL_MEMBRANE_FORCE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this. The maximum principal membrane force is about 38165 (N/m).
TIME 1.000 X MAX PRINCIPAL MEMBRANE FORCE RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 Z Y

32000. 24000. 16000. 8000. 0. -8000. -16000.

MAXIMUM 38165. EG 1, EL 142, IPT 11 (35010.) MINIMUM -19159. EG 1, EL 231, IPT 31 (-15950.)

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Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M

Now click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force: MIN_PRINCIPAL_MEMBRANE_FORCE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this. The minimum principal membrane force is about -60095 (N/m).
TIME 1.000 X MIN PRINCIPAL MEMBRANE FORCE RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 1.000 Z Y

5000. -5000. -15000. -25000. -35000. -45000. -55000.

MAXIMUM 13478. EG 1, EL 711, IPT 22 (13382.) MINIMUM -60095. EG 1, EL 907, IPT 31 (-49456.)

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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ADINA Primer

Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the flow and structural response within the following pipe constriction:
1 1 0.05 0.1 Wall thickness=0.005 Inlet: Prescribed mass flux All lengths in meters Wall thickness=0.005 Wall thickness=0.050 Outlet: planar infinite boundary p = 10 6 Pa v = 75 m/s

C L

The fluid material properties are = 1000 kg/m3 , = 2.1 109 Pa , and the solid material

properties are E = 2.07 1011 Pa , = 0.3 , = 7800 kg/m3 .

This problem could of course be solved with ADINA-FSI, but it is more efficient to solve it using the subsonic potential-based fluid formulation of ADINA. First we determine the steady-state flow, then we determine the unsteady flow due to a sinusoidal variation of the prescribed mass flux. For the steady-state flow, it is necessary to prescribe a mass flux at the inlet that is equal to the mass flux at the outlet. The mass flux at the outlet is vA where, using the prescribed pressure at infinity, = 1000.476 kg/m3 at the outlet. Hence the prescribed mass flux per unit area at the inlet for steady state is 18758.929 kg/(s-m2).
Once we determine the steady-state flow, we then determine the unsteady flow and structural motions due to a sinusoidal variation of the prescribed mass flux by 10% with a frequency of 5000 Hz. The time step size used for the unsteady flow is 105 sec , corresponding to 20 time steps per cycle. Note that the wave propagation in the fluid is not greatly affected by the compliance of the pipe walls, because the pipe walls are quite stiff. Therefore the a potential-interface of type infinite boundary elements can be used to model the outlet boundary condition. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems:
$ Defining axisymmetric shell elements. $ Setting the solution start time to be less than zero. $ Using the subsonic potential-based formulation.

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Before you begin

Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. The data for the time function is stored in a separate file prob30_tf.txt. You need to copy the file prob30_tf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 80 M Bytes. The memory allocation is required to perform the animations at the end of this example.
Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction and click OK. Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Dynamics-Implicit. Notice that both the steady-state solution and the transient solution are obtained in the dynamic analysis. Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the X-Translation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. You need to leave the XRotation button checked because the axisymmetric shell elements use the X-Rotation degree of freedom. Equilibrium iteration tolerances: We will change the convergence tolerances used during equilibrium iterations. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Tolerances... button, set the Energy Tolerance to 1E-7 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Solution start time: This run consists of two parts. The first part determines the steady-state response. In the first part, we use one long time step of 99.9999 and then 10 short time steps of 1E-5 to verify that steady-state is reached. In the second part, we use 500 short time steps of 1E-5 in the transient solution.

We set up the problem so that time 0 corresponds to the beginning of the second part of the run. That means that the first part of the run has solution times less than zero. The solution start time is 100.0. Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Solution Start Time to 100.0 and click OK.

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to contain the following data and click OK.

Number of Steps 1 510

Constant Magnitude 99.9999 1E-5

Time function: Choose ControlTime Function, clear the table, import file prob30_tf.txt and click OK. Prob30_tf.txt contains a ramp function to time 0.0001, then a constant function to time 0.0, then a superposed sinusoidal time function with frequency of 5 kHz. Defining model geometry

The following figure shows the key geometry used in defining this model.
z

P2

L1 P1

S1

L4

P5

P4 P3

L5

S3

S2 L8

L10

L7
y

P8 P7 P6

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (remember to leave the X1 column blank), then click OK.

Point # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

X2 0.05 0 0.1 0.05 0 0.1 0.05 0

X3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 to display the point numbers. and enter the following surfaces, then click OK. Point 1 1 3 4 Point 2 2 4 5 Point 3 5 7 8 Point 4 4 6 7

Click the Point Labels icon

Surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon

Surface number 1 2 3

Type Vertex Vertex Vertex

Axisymmetric shell thicknesses: Choose GeometryLinesThickness, set the thickness for lines 4 and 8 to 0.005, the thickness for line 5 to 0.050 and click OK. Specifying boundary conditions, loads and the material Fixity for pipe: Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add fixity name ZT, check the Z-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Points. Enter 6, ZT in the first row of the table and click OK. Infinite boundary condition: Choose ModelBoundary ConditionsPotential Interface, add potential interface number 1, set the Type to Fluid Infinite Region, verify that the Boundary Type is Planar, set the Pressure at Infinity to 1E6 and set the Velocity at Infinity to 75. In the table, enter 1 in the first row of the table, then click OK. Mass-flux loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Fluid Potential Flux, and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Fluid Potential Flux dialog box, add number 1, set the Magnitude to 18758.929 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply To field

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

is set to Line, then, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 7 and 10. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. When you click the Boundary Plot icon should look something like this:
TIME 0.005000 P2 P1

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics window

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PHIFLUX TIME 0.005000 18759.

P5 P3 P4

P8 P6 BP7

U U 2 3 -

Materials: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Potential-based Fluid button. In the Define Potential-based Fluid Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Bulk Modulus to 2.1E9, the Density to 1000 and click OK. Now click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 2, set the Young=s Modulus to 2.07E11, the Poisson=s ratio to 0.3, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. Meshing Element groups: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add element group number 1, set the Type to 2-D Fluid, set the Formulation to Subsonic Potential-Based Element and click Save. Now add element group number 2, set the Type to Isobeam, set the Element Sub-Type to Axisymmetric Shell, set the Default Material to 2 and click OK. Subdivision data: Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , select surface number 1, set the Number of Subdivisions in the u- and v-directions to 2 and 100 respectively, enter 2 and 3 in the first two rows of the table and click OK.

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Meshing: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Fluid, set the Nodes per Element to 4, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. Now click the

, click the Nodal Options tab, in the Nodal Coincidence Checking box, Mesh Lines icon set the Check field to All Generated Nodes, click the Basic tab, enter 4, 5, 8 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.005000 Z

P2 P1

PRESCRIBED PHIFLUX TIME 0.005000 18759.

P5 P3 P4

B P8 P6 BP7

U U 2 3 -

FD

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob30. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob30, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and icon click Save. Notice that the AUI writes Model completion information for potential-based elements into the Log Window. This is because the AUI completes the potential-based model when it generates the ADINA data file. In this case the AUI generates 202 fluid-structure-interface elements. The AUI also notes that there are 204 uncovered element sides in element group 1. These sides correspond to the inlet line and symmetry line. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob30. and

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Plotting the steady-state solution

Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is set to DEFAULT, set the Solution Time to 0 and click OK. Then click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon

. To set the view, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the View button, set the Angle of Rotation to 90 and click OK. To suppress the thick lines used to draw the fluid interface elements, click the Element Depiction button, click the Contact, etc. tab, set the Contact Surface Line Width to 0.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Move the mesh plot to the center of the graphics window with the mouse. Click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon so that successive mesh plots are displayed with the rotated view.

. The displacements of the axisymmetric shell Now click the Scale Displacements icon elements are plotted. Since there are no displacements of the nodes within the fluid elements, these nodes remain at their original positions. To obtain a nicer picture, we need to plot the two groups separately. Click the Clear icon , click the Display Zone icon , set the Zone Name to EG1 and click Apply. Then set the Zone Name to EG2 and click OK. Use the mouse to separate the two mesh plots. There are also two TIME texts and two sets of axes that have the same locations. Use the mouse to separate them. Then highlight the mesh plot of the axisymmetric shell elements and and the Show Original Mesh icon . Use the click the Scale Displacements icon mouse to rearrange the plots and delete extra text and axes until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. To display velocity vectors in the fluid, highlight the fluid mesh and click the Model Outline . Then click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Mesh Plot Name to icon MESHPLOT00001 and click OK. (Note: MESHPLOT00001 is the fluid mesh plot and MESHPLOT00002 is the axisymmetric shell mesh plot, because we created the fluid mesh plot before the axisymmetric shell mesh plot.) Use the mouse to rearrange the plots until the graphics window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

TIME -3.320E-15

DISP MAG 5107. X Y Z

TIME -3.320E-15

DISP MAG 5107. X Y Z

VELOCITY TIME -3.320E-15 92.96

84.00 72.00 60.00 48.00 36.00 24.00 12.00

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

Make sure that the fluid mesh is highlighted. Then click the Previous Solution icon a few times to verify that the vector plot is unchanged for times less than 0.0. Then click the Next Solution icon a few times icon until the solution time is 0.0 again. Click the Clear Vector Plot

to remove the velocity vectors.

To display pressures in the fluid, highlight the fluid mesh and click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: FE_PRESSURE) and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the plots until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME -3.320E-15 DISP MAG 5107. X Y FE_PRESSURE RST CALC TIME -3.320E-15 3600000. 2800000. 2000000. 1200000. 400000. -400000. -1200000. MAXIMUM 3810285. EG 1, EL 201, IPT 12 (3806739.) MINIMUM -1548813. EG 1, EL 199, IPT 21 (-691257.) Z

The pressure is higher at the inlet because the velocity is lower. In fact, the inlet and outlet p v2 p v2 . pressures and velocities satisfy the Bernoulli equation + = + 2 inlet 2 outlet
Animating the transient solution

Lets look at the last computed solution. Highlight the fluid mesh and click the Last Solution , then highlight the axisymmetric shell mesh and click the Last Solution icon . icon To reduce the magnification factor for the axisymmetric shell displacements, click the Modify , click the Model Depiction button, set the Magnification Factor to Mesh Plot icon 1000 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 0.0050000
DISP MAG 1000. X Y Z

FE_PRESSURE RST CALC TIME 0.0050000 3600000. 2800000. 2000000. 1200000. 400000. -400000. -1200000. MAXIMUM 6465352. EG 1, EL 600, IPT 11 (6299968.) MINIMUM -1810419. EG 1, EL 184, IPT 12 (-1768724.)

To animate the solution, choose DisplayMovie ShootLoad Step, set the Start Time to 0.0 and click OK. Pressure waves move from the inlet to the outlet. Eventually a standing wave pattern forms in the wide area of the pipe, because of reflections off of the constriction. However the waves always travel towards the outlet in the narrow area of the pipe, because of to the infinite boundary condition. When the movie is finished, click the Animate icon display the animation. When you are finished viewing the animation, click the Refresh icon to restore the graphics window.

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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ADINA Primer

Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser

Problem description
The step-wall diffuser has become a basic configuration for validation of CFD codes due to its simplicity and large amount of available numerical and experimental data. For a detailed compilation of results, see the following reference: P. T. Williams and A. J. Baker, Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics and the Continuity Constraint Method for the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 29:137-273, 1996. Here we determine the fluid flow in a step-wall diffuser using 4-node FCBI elements:
Inlet, parabolic velocity specified, U = 76923.07 H 0.0101 0.0049 S 0.005 0.155 Fluid: m=1.0, r=1.0 (not drawn to scale) Outlet, zero normal-traction

The flow is isothermal and the properties are chosen such that the Reynolds number is 800. The Reynolds number Re = U (2 H ) / is based on twice the upstream channel height, H, and the average velocity, U. The inlet fully-developed velocity profile is given by

3 u( z) = U 2

z 2 1 , H /2

H / 2 < z < H / 2

No-slip walls are used to model the channel. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topic that has not been presented in previous problems:
$ Specifying a parabolic velocity profile as a boundary condition Before you begin

Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser

Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob31_1.in. You need to copy file prob31_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list.
Defining model control data, model geometry, boundary conditions, material properties, element group definitions and subdivision data

The key geometry used to define this geometry is shown here:

P6 P8 P7 P4 P2 L9 L4

P5 P3 P1 L6 L5 L8 L1 S2 S3 S1

We have placed all of the remaining model control data, time step definitions, geometry definitions, material definitions, boundary conditions, element group definitions and subdivision data in batch file prob31_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob31_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

B P6 P8 L6 L5 L7 S2 B P5 P3 L8 B L1 P1

B L9 S3 L2 S1 B L4

P7 L10 P4 L3 P2

V V B
2

WAL 1

Defining and applying a parabolic velocity profile

Spatial-function: We need to define a spatial-function corresponding to the parabolic velocity. Choose GeometrySpatial FunctionsLine and add Function Number 1. Set the Type to Quadratic and set u = 0 to 0.0, u=0.5 to 1.5 and u=1 to 0.0. Click OK to close the dialog box. Velocity profile: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Velocity and click the Define button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity dialog box, add velocity 1, set the Y velocity to 76923.07, set the Z velocity to 0.0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line, then, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 5 and the Spatial Function to 1. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Meshing

Click the Mesh Surfaces icon

, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click , the graphics window should look something

OK. When you click the Load Plot icon like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser

TIME 1.000
Z X Y

PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 1.000 114702.

BBB B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BB P7 B L9 BBB L6 BBP6 P8 B S2 L5 L10 B L7 S3 B B P5 L2 BB L8 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B P4 B P3 B L1 L3 S1 P1 P2 B L4

V V B
2

WAL 1

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob31. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob31, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob31.
Plotting the solution

and

Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Quick Vector Plot icon window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

. The graphics

We are interested in the length of the recirculation region to the right of the step. Click the Node Symbols icon and use the Zoom icon to enlarge the region near the end of the recirculation region. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 114702.

105000. 90000. 75000. 60000. 45000. 30000. 15000.

Node 122

The recirculation region appears to end at the indicated node. Click the Query icon click on the node. The AUI writes the following message to the message window: Node 122, curr=( 0.00000E+00, 5.18750E-02, 4.45455E-04)

and

So the recirculation region has length (0.0519 0.005) = 0.0469, which is comparable with the experimental result of 14S = 0.0686, where S is the step height (see the reference given at the beginning of this problem description for the experimental result). Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the motion of water within a basin. Initially, the basin contains a dam, and the water is confined by the dam as shown. At the start of the analysis, the dam is removed and the water flows into the rest of the basin.
Dam removed at start of analysis

0.3796

0.292

Water

Air

g = 9.8

0.146 0.584 SI units used. Water: -3 m = 10 , r = 1000 Air: -5 m = 10 , r = 1

Slip walls are used to model the basin. We use the VOF (volume of fluid) method to solve this problem. During the analysis, the water is represented by fluid for which the value of the VOF species is greater than . In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining fluids with VOF species. $ Defining and applying initial conditions to geometry. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob32_1.in and prob32_2.in. You need to copy files prob32_1.in and prob32_2.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

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Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Transient. VOF control parameters: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, check the Use VOF Method field and click the VOF Control button. Set the Max. Number of Iterations Allowed to 50 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Defining time steps, model geometry, boundary conditions and material properties The following figure shows the key geometry used in defining this model.
z P7 L10 P4 L4 S3 P5 S1 S2 P8 S4 P9 L11 P6 L6 P3 y

P1 L1 P2

L5

We have placed all of the time step definitions, geometry definitions, material definitions and boundary conditions in batch file prob32_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob32_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice that a wall boundary condition is used to model the basin. This is a slip-wall boundary condition. Also notice that the velocities are fixed at points 1 and 3. If we had not fixed the velocities at these points, there would have been slip at these points, corresponding to the averaged normals from the adjacent lines.

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Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method

TIME 0.3200 Z X Y

P7 B L10 P4

L9 S3 L3

P8 L8 P5

L12 S4 L7

P9 B L11 P6

B L4

S1

L2

S2

B L6

V V C P1 B L1 P2 B L5 C P3 B C
2

WAL B 1 C -

Also notice that the dam itself is not modeled. The presence of the dam is included in the model only through the choice of initial conditions. Defining and applying initial conditions Initially, water occupies geometry surface 1 and air occupies the other surfaces. Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add name INIT, and, in the first row of the table, set the Variable to VOF-SPECIES1 and the Value to 1.0. Click OK to close the dialog box. Now choose ModelInitial ConditionsApply, set the Apply to field to Surfaces, and, in the first row of the table, set the Surface # to 1 and the Initial Condition to INIT. Click OK to close the dialog box. Defining the element group and VOF material and add group 1. Set the Element Sub-Type to Click the Define Element Groups icon Planar and the Default Material to 2. Click the Advanced tab, make sure that the Associated VOF Material is 1 and click the button to the right of that field. In the VOF Material dialog box, add VOF Material Number 1, make sure that, in the First Species dialog box, the Material Number is 1 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method

Meshing We have placed the subdivision and meshing commands in batch file prob32_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, select the file prob32_2.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.3200 Z X B B B B B B B B B L4 B B B B D B B B B C P1 B L1 B B B P2 B B B B B B B B L5 B B B B B S1 L2 B B B B B B B B B L6 B B B B D C P3 V V B C D
2 3

P7

L9 S3 L3

P8 L8 P5

L12 S4 L7

P9

B L10 B P4

B L11 B P6

S2

B C D

WAL 1 1

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob32. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob32, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The ADINA-CFD run finishes in 180 time steps. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Plotting the solution Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot and the and open porthole file prob32.

Variable to (Fluid Variable: VOF_SPECIES_1) and click OK. Use the Pick icon

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Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method

mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like this:
TIME 0.3200
Z X Y

VOF_SPECIES_1 TIME 0.3200 0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

MAXIMUM 1.000 NODE 24

MINIMUM -1.455E-06 NODE 155

In this plot, the water appears as red and the air appears as dark blue. Other colors correspond to a mixture of water and air. For presentation purposes, we assume that any region for which the VOF species is greater and click the Band than corresponds to water. Click the Modify Band Plot icon Table button. In the Define Band Table Depiction dialog box, set the Number of Colors to 2, set the Color for Minimum to BLACK, the Color for Maximum to WHITE and click OK. Now click the Band Rendering button, set the Extreme Values to Do not Plot and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Now click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The water flows out of its confined region into the rest of the basin. When the movie is finished, click the Animate icon to display the animation. When you are finished viewing the animation, click the Refresh icon to restore the graphics window.

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method

TIME 0.3200 Z X Y

VOF_SPECIES_1 TIME 0.3200 0.5000

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Problem description
The figure shows a metal blank being formed by a punch, blank holder and die.
All lengths in mm Rolling direction for blank:
R5

50

55

Punch
R5
52

Blank holder
R5

Die

This problem is the same as the problem B3. 2-D Draw Bending, described in the following reference: Makinouchi, Nakamachi, Onate, Wagoner, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference NUMISHEET 93, .1993. The objective of the problem is to determine the shape of the formed blank, including springback. We analyze the case in which the blank holding force is 19.6 kN, and the blank material is high tensile strength steel with a thickness of 0.74 mm. During the forming, we move the punch at a constant punch speed of 100 mm/sec. The punch stroke is 70 mm. We include friction with a friction coefficient of 0.129. We will solve the problem using two separate analyses: a static-implicit analysis and a dynamic-explicit analysis. The blank is modeled using 3D-shell elements. A large strain/large displacement formulation is used for the shell elements (ULJ formulation). The plastic-orthotropic material model is used with the following material properties:

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Ea = Eb = Ec = 2.06 1011 Pa vab = ac = bc = 0.3

Gab = Gac = Gbc = Ea = 7.923 1010 Pa 2(1 ab )
0.2186

= 7800 kg/m3 = 6.7716 108 ( 0.01129 + p )

(plastic stress-strain curve) (Lankford coefficients) r0 = 1.73 , r45 = 1.34 , r90 = 2.24

The material a direction is the material rolling direction. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems:
Using the 3D-shell elements Using the rigid-target contact algorithm Using displacement loads with force unloading Using displacement loads with arrival time Using explicit time integration Before you begin

Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob33_1.in and prob33_1.plo. You need to copy files prob33_1.in and prob33_1.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Static-implicit analysis
First we will solve the model using a static-implicit analysis. Notice that the Analysis Type is set to Statics, so by default, the analysis is a static analysis. Static analyses are always implicit.
Overview of model definition

The following figure shows the key geometry used in defining this model. In this sketch, we are viewing the model from the side, so that surfaces are viewed as lines. Only of the actual problem is modeled, using symmetry boundary conditions.
Prescribed displacement / prescribed force Rigid link P106 S103 Prescribed displacement / prescribed force P303 S301 Blank holder, contact surface 4 S1 Blank, contact surface 1 S202 S201 S203 Die, contact surface 3 P2 Zero prescribed force / frozen displacement

S101

S102

Punch, contact surface 2 P1

Zero prescribed displacement / zero prescribed force

The model is solved in 10 operations, each operation taking one or more solution steps:

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

1) Move blank holder until contact is established between blank and blank holder (1 solution step, to time 1.0)

Prescribed displacement

Zero prescribed displacement

2) Switch prescribed displacement on blank to zero prescribed force (1 solution step, to time 2.0)

Prescribed displacement

Zero prescribed force

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

3) Move blank holder until contact is established between blank and die (1 solution step, to time 3.0)

Prescribed displacement

4) Switch to prescribed force on blank holder (1 solution step, to time 4.0)

Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

5) Move punch to level of blank (1 solution step, to time 4.0126). In this operation, the punch speed is 0.1 m/sec, the motion of the punch is 0.00126 m (downwards), so the time step size is 0.0126 sec. The punch does not contact the blank at the end of this operation.
Prescribed displacement

Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

6) Move punch until contact is established between blank and punch (2 solution steps, to time 4.0146). In this operation, the punch speed is 0.1 m/sec, the motion of the punch is 0.0002 m, so the time step size is 0.001 sec.
Prescribed displacement

Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

7) Move punch to full stroke (200 solution steps, to time 4.7126). In this operation, the punch speed is 0.1 m/sec, the motion of the punch is 0.0698 m (downwards), so 199 steps with time step size 0.0035 sec and 1 step with time step size 0.0015 sec are used. The total motion of the punch in operations 4 6 is 0.07126 m
Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force Prescribed displacement

8) Switch punch loading from prescribed displacement to prescribed force (1 solution step, step size 0.2874, to time 5.0).
Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force Prescribed force

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

9) Gradually reduce punch prescribed force (10 solution steps, to time 15.0)
Prescribed force Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

10) Freeze displacement at point on blank, remove prescribed force on blank holder, remove contact group (1 solution step, to time 16.0). The frozen displacement is equal to the displacement at the previous solution time (time 15.0).

Frozen displacement

The most difficult operations are operations 1, 3 and 6. In each of these operations, contact is established between the blank and blank holder, die and punch, respectively. Many equilibrium iterations are required for each of these operations, and ATS cutbacks do not help in obtaining the solution. So the maximum number of iterations is set to a large number. After operation 6, contact is fully established, so fewer equilibrium iterations are required and ATS cutbacks can help in obtaining the solution. So we reduce the maximum number of iterations after operation 6, using a restart analysis.
Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions, rigid links, displacement loads, materials and element groups

We have prepared a batch file (prob33_1.in) which performs the following operations: Sets the heading Selects the automatic-time-stepping method.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Chooses a large displacement/large strain analysis. Activates line searches and sets the maximum number of iterations to 999 Sets iteration tolerances. Saves updated shell element director vectors Defines fixities Defines points, lines, surfaces and rigid links for the blank, punch, die and blank holder. Defines boundary conditions. Subdivides the surfaces. Defines the material Defines a shell element group. 3D-shell elements are requested, and 3 point trapezoidal rule integration in the shell t direction is requested. Defines a spring element group and two soft spring elements. Each spring is placed at the master node of the rigid links, so that the AUI does not delete the degrees of freedom of the master nodes of the rigid links. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob33_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure at the top of the next page. We will check the material a direction (rolling direction). Press the F8 key, uncheck the Display field for the spring element group and click OK. Now click the Show Material Axes icon . When you zoom into the mesh plot, the graphics window should look something like the figure at the bottom of the next page. The rectangle in the material axis triad shows the material a direction.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Material a direction

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Defining contact conditions

Contact group: Click the Define Contact Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to 3-D Contact and set the Algorithm to Rigid Target. Set the Default Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.129 and the Contact Surface Offset to Shell Thickness. Click the Advanced tab and set the Death Time to 15.5. Click the Rigid Target Algorithm tab, set the Normal Contact Stiffness to 1E7 and the Maximum Sliding Velocity for Sticking Contact to 1E-6. Click OK to close the dialog box. Contact surface for blank: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon and add contact surface 1. In the first row of the table, set the Surface # to 1, then click Save. (Do not close the Define Contact Surface dialog box yet.) Contact surface for punch: Add contact surface 2, and, in the first three rows of the table, set the Surface # to 101, 102, 103 respectively, then click Save. (Do not close the Define Contact Surface dialog box yet.) Contact surface for die: Add contact surface 3, then set the Orientation Determined field to from Table Input. In the first three rows of the table, set the Surface # to 201, 202, 203, and also set the Orientation to Opposite to Geometry for all three rows. Click Save (do not close the Define Contact Surface dialog box yet.) Contact surface for blank holder: Add contact surface 4, and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Surface # to 301, 302, then click OK. Meshing the contact surfaces for the punch, die and blank holder: Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface icon , set the Contact Surface to 2 and click Apply. Repeat for contact surfaces 3 and 4, then click OK. Defining contact pairs: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon contact pairs and click OK: Contact Pair Number 1 2 3 Target Surface 2 3 4 Contactor Surface 1 1 1 , the graphics window should , then define the following

When you click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Defining the loads

Blank stabilizer The blank stabilizer displacement/force uses two time functions: time function 1 controls the prescribed displacement, time function 2 controls the prescribed force. Choose ControlTime Function, verify that the time function 1 has constant unit value, then add time function 2, define the time function as follows and click OK. Time 0 16 Value 0 0

Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the Define button. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement 1, set the Z Prescribed Value of Translation to 0.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, fill in the table on the next page as follows and click OK.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Point # 1

Relative To Original (leave blank) Deformed

Time Function 1

Arrival Time 0.0 (leave blank) 15.5

Unloading Type Time

Unloading Time 0.5

Unloading Force 0.0

Unloading Time Function 2

(leave blank)

The load on point 1 is a prescribed displacement during the solution at time 1.0. After the solution at time 1.0 is obtained, the load on point 1 switches to a prescribed force (because time 1.0 is later than the unloading time of 0.5). The magnitude of the prescribed force is 0 because time function 2 is equal to 0. The load on point 2 is inactive until the solution at time 16.0 (because time 16.0 is the first solution time later than the arrival time of 15.5). For the solution at time 16.0, the load on point 2 is a prescribed displacement with value 0 (because the z prescribed value of translation is 0). The prescribed displacement is measured relative to the deformations of the model at time 15.0. The effect is to freeze the motion of point 2 at time 16.0. Blank holder force The blank holder displacement/force uses two time functions: time function 3 controls the prescribed displacement, time function 4 controls the prescribed force. Choose ControlTime Function, add time function 3, define it as Time 0 1 2 3 16 Value 0 0.00065 0.00065 0.00127 0.00127

and click Save. Then add time function 4, define it as Time 0 15 16 and click OK. Value 1.0 1.0 0.0

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the Define button. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement 2, set the Z Prescribed Value of Translation to -1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Load Number to 2, fill in row 1 of the table as follows and click OK. Point # 303 Relative To Original (leave blank) Time Function 3 Arrival Time 0.0 (leave blank) Unloading Type Time Unloading Time 2.5 Unloading Force -4900 Unloading Time Function 4

The load on point 303 is a prescribed displacement controlled by time function 3 up to and including solution time 3.0. After the solution at time 3.0 is obtained, the load on point 303 switches to a prescribed force (because time 3.0 is later than the unloading time of 2.5). The magnitude of the prescribed force is 4900 multiplied by time function 4, so this prescribed force remains 4900 until solution time 15, and then becomes zero at solution time 16. Punch displacement The punch displacement/force uses two time functions: time function 5 controls the prescribed displacement, time function 6 controls the prescribed force. Choose ControlTime Function, add time function 5, define it as Time 0 1 4 4.7126 16 Value 0 0 0 0.07126 0.07126

and click Save. Then add time function 6, define it as Time 0 4.7126 5 15 16 and click OK. Value 0 0 1 0.1 0

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and set the Load Number to 2, fill in row 2 of the table as follows and click OK. Point # 106 Relative To Original (leave blank) Time Function 5 Arrival Time 0.0 (leave blank) Unloading Type Time Unloading Time 4.9 Unloading Force 0 Unloading Time Function 6

The load on point 106 is a prescribed displacement controlled by time function 5 up to and including solution time 5.0. After the solution at time 5.0 is obtained, the load on point 106 switches to a prescribed force (because time 5.0 is later than the unloading time of 4.9). The magnitude of the prescribed force is equal to the reaction force at this point at solution time 5.0, multiplied by time function 6.
Defining the time steps

In this run, we will solve operations 1 to 6, up to solution time 4.0146. Choose ControlTime Step, fill in the table as follows and click OK. Number of steps 4 1 2 Constant magnitude 1 0.0126 0.001

Generating the data file, running ADINA

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob33. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob33_ima, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. As ADINA runs, it may write messages such as Model may be unstable to the log window. You can ignore these messages. The ADINA run finishes in 7 steps. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Restart analysis

We will continue the analysis using the restart feature. Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "Restart Run" and click OK. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 100 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Number of steps 199 1 1 10 1 Constant magnitude 0.0035 0.0015 0.2874 1 1

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file

Click the Save icon to save the database. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob33_imb, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob33_ima and click Copy. As ADINA runs, it may write messages such as Model may be unstable to the log window. You can ignore these messages. The ADINA run finishes in 212 steps. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob33_imb. and

The graphics window shows the solution for the last time step. In this step, the contact group is dead, and the blank holder force pushes the rigid links of the blank holder downwards. Click the Previous Solution icon once and click the Refit icon window should look something like the figure on the next page. . The graphics

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

TIME 15.00 X

Z Y

Post-processing

Force-deflection curve: We have put all of the postprocessing instructions into file prob33_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob33_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The graphics window shows the force-deflection curve. In this plot, we have multiplied the force by 4 to account for symmetry. The green curve shows the loading, and the loading is determined from the reaction force on the punch displacement. The red curve shows the unloading, and the unloading is determined from the prescribed punch force.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Force-deflection curve Loading Unloading 8.

10.

6.

Force (N)

*10
4. 2. 0. 0.

10.

20.

30.

40.

50.

60.

70.

80.

Displacement (mm)

Final blank shape: Click the Batch Continue icon something like this:
TIME 16.00

. The graphics window should look

Z X Y

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

The graphics window shows the side view of the blank, after springback. Click the Previous Solution icon to show the blank before springback. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 15.00 Z X Y

During the springback process, the node on the right of the blank does not move vertically. This is because we froze the displacement of this node during springback. Residual stresses: Click the Batch Continue icon something like the top figure on the next page. . The graphics window should look

The graphics window shows the residual stresses in the rolling direction. The blank is plotted with the true shell thicknesses. The residual stresses are plotted without interpolation from the integration points. Use the Zoom icon to enlarge the blank near the top bend. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

TIME 16.00 MAXIMUM 3.822E+08 EG 1, EL 77, IPT 223 MINIMUM -3.491E+08 EG 1, EL 130, IPT 221 STRESS-RR INT PT CALC X TIME 16.00

Z Y

3.000E+08 2.000E+08 1.000E+08 0.000E+00 -1.000E+08 -2.000E+08 -3.000E+08

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

You can clearly see that the residual stress at each integration point through the thickness is different (3 integration points through the thickness are used). Thinning: Click the Batch Continue icon . The graphics window should look something like this. The maximum thinning is about 0.5%.
TIME 16.00 MAXIMUM 0.005194 EG 1, EL 124, LN 1 X Z Y

THINNING TIME 16.00 0.004500 0.003000 0.001500 0.000000 -0.001500 -0.003000 -0.004500

Dynamic-explicit analysis
Now lets solve the model using an explicit analysis. We present this solution for illustrative purposes only. In order to keep the number of explicit time steps reasonable, we use a very large mass scaling factor. This causes the solution to be inaccurate, as compared to the static solution.
Overview of model definition

The model is solved in 9 operations, each operation taking one or more solution steps:

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

1) to 4) Static analysis. Same as for the static-implicit analysis (to solution time 4.0126). These operations provide a solution that is an initial condition for the explicit analysis.
Prescribed displacement

Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

5) Restart to explicit analysis. Move punch to full stroke (200 steps requested, requested step size 0.0035, to solution time 4.7126). In this operation, the punch speed is 0.1 m/sec. ADINA automatically calculates the time step actually used. In order to increase the critical time step size, and therefore reduce the number of time steps required, we use a mass scaling factor of 105.
Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force Prescribed displacement

6) Restart to dynamic-implicit analysis (1 solution step, step size 0.0035, to time 4.7161).

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

7) Switch punch loading from prescribed displacement to prescribed force (1 solution step, step size 0.2839, to time 5.0)
Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force Prescribed force

8) Gradually reduce punch prescribed force (10 solution steps, to time 15.0)
Prescribed force Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

9) Freeze displacement at point on blank, remove prescribed force on blank holder, remove contact group (1 solution step, to time 16.0). The frozen displacement is equal to the displacement at the previous solution time (time 15.0).

Frozen displacement

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

In operations 7 to 10, large dynamic time steps are used, to simulate static conditions. Hence, at the end of operation 10, we obtain the static springback shape. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose file prob33.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Static-implicit analysis to obtain initial conditions for the explicit analysis

Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "New Run" and click OK. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 999 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Number of steps 4 1 Constant magnitude 1 0.0126

Click the Save icon to save the database. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob33_exa, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. As ADINA runs, it may write messages such as Model may be unstable to the log window. You can ignore these messages. The ADINA run finishes in 5 steps. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes.
Restart to explicit analysis

Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "Restart Run" and click OK. Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Explicit and click the Analysis Options icon Global Mass Scaling Factor to 1E5 and click OK to close the dialog box. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Number of steps 200 Constant magnitude 0.0035 . Set the

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob33. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob33_exb, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob33_exa and click Copy. ADINA automatically computes the time step size. About 13000 time steps are required to solve this model. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes.
Restart to dynamic-implicit analysis

Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Implicit. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Number of steps 1 1 10 1 Constant magnitude 0.0035 0.2839 1 1

Click the Save icon to save the database. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob33_exc, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the second analysis. Enter restart file prob33_exb and click Copy. The ADINA run finishes in about 13 steps.
Post-processing

When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes and choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Now choose File Open Porthole, click on file prob33_exc.por, hold down the Ctrl key and click on file prob33_exb.por. The File name field should display both porthole files, with the b porthole before the c porthole. Click Open. We will post-process this model using the same file as we used for the static analysis. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob33_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. Click the Batch Continue icon to show all of the plots.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Force-deflection curve:
10. Force-deflection curve Loading Unloading 8.

6.

Force (N)

*10
4. 2. 0. 0.

10.

20.

30.

40.

50.

60.

70.

80.

Displacement (mm)

Notice that the loading force oscillates, but approaches the same steady-state value as in the static analysis. Final blank shape:
TIME 16.00 Z X Y

The springback is much less in the explicit analysis.

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

Residual stresses:
TIME 16.00 MAXIMUM 3.971E+08 EG 1, EL 79, IPT 223 MINIMUM -2.651E+08 EG 1, EL 83, IPT 211 X Z Y

STRESS-RR INT PT CALC TIME 16.00 3.500E+08 2.500E+08 1.500E+08 5.000E+07 -5.000E+07 -1.500E+08 -2.500E+08

Thinning:
TIME 16.00 X Z Y

THINNING TIME 16.00 0.04000 0.03333 0.02667 0.02000 0.01333 0.00667 0.00000

MAXIMUM 0.04711 EG 1, EL 128, LN 2

There are thin bands of relatively large thinning. These bands form early in the explicit analysis, probably because the inertia forces are very large. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis

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ADINA Primer

Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of a disc braking system

Problem description
The figure shows a disc braking system.
Applied pressure

Piston Brake pad Brake disc

Fixed plate

Initially, the brake disc is rotating at 900 rpm and the temperature in the braking system is 25o C. At the time of solution start, a pressure of 2 MPa is applied to the piston and held constant thereafter. During the first 5 seconds of the analysis, the brake disk slows down to 0 rpm. The analysis is fully coupled as follows: 1) Heat is generated as a result of the contact between the brake pad, piston and fixed plate, and this heat causes deformation of these components. 2) The deformation of these components causes additional contact and therefore additional heating. Two finite element models are employed in the single thermo-mechanical analysis. The analysis is a 2D axisymmetric analysis. All of the input data is given in SI units. (This model can also be solved using the ADINA TMC feature of ADINA Structures, but we do not demonstrate this solution here.) Structural (ADINA) model: The structural model is shown in the following figure: Both the applied pressure and the disk rotational speed are prescribed in the analysis. The disk rotation is applied to the model using contact-slip loads. The friction coefficient between the contact surfaces is 0.2. Static conditions are assumed (that is, inertial effects are neglected).

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system

Pressure Piston, brake disk and fixed plate separated in this figure for clarity. Contact surface 1 (target) Contact surface 2 (contactor) Contact surface 3 (contactor) Contact surface 4 (target) Contact pair 1

Contact pair 2

Fixed

Thermal (ADINA Thermal) model: The thermal model is shown in the following figure. Convection elements are placed where shown in the figure.
Convection element group 11 Convection element group 12 Convection element group 13 Heat transfer between contact surfaces

Heat transfer between contact surfaces

Contact heat transfer coefficient = 30000.0 Fraction of heat going to contactor = 0.2 Fraction of heat going to target = 0.8

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Setting up a thermo-mechanical-coupling (TMC) analysis $ Specifying frictional contact $ Specifying contact-slip loads $ Copying a structural model to a thermal model $ Postprocessing the TMC finite element models simultaneously

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ADINA Primer

Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of a disc braking system

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version does not contain ADINA-TMC. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob34_1.in, prob34_2.in and prob34_3.in. You need to copy files prob34_1.in, prob34_2.in, prob34_3.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Structural (ADINA) model

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions, rigid links, displacement loads, material definitions and element groups We have prepared a batch file (prob34_1.in) which performs the following operations: Specifies that the ATS method be used. Specifies the initial temperature. Defines points, lines and surfaces. Subdivides the surfaces. Defines materials (thermo-isotropic) Defines element groups (axisymmetric 2-D solid elements) Generates elements. Defines boundary conditions. Defines time functions. Defines pressure loads. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob34_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TIME 1.000 L6 L1 L7 L2 L103 L101 L104 L121 L102 L123 L201 L208 L206 L113 L126 L202 L209 L207 L9 L125 L112 L4 L10 L122 L111 L124 L204 L3 L8 L5 Z X Y

L203

L205

L210

Defining contact conditions Contact group: Click the Define Contact Groups icon , add group 1 and set the Default Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.2. Click the Node-to-Node, TMC tab, and, in the Default Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Settings box, set the Heat Transfer Coefficient through Contact to 30000.0, the Fraction of Frictional Contact Heat Distributed To Contactor to 0.2, the Fraction of Frictional Contact Heat Distributed To Target to 0.8 and click OK. Contact surfaces, contact pairs: The contact surface and contact pair definitions are defined in batch file prob34_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob34_2.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TIME 1.000 L6 L1 L7 L2 L103 L101 L104 L121 L102 L123 L201 L208 L206 L113 L126 L202 L209 L207 L9 L125 L112 L4 L10 L122 L111 L124 L204 L3 L8 L5 Z X Y

L203

L205

L210

Contact-slip loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Contact Slip and click the Define button to the right of the Load Number field. Add Contact-Slip load 1, set the Angular Velocity to 15.0, the Factor to 6.28318, the End Position of Axis Vector to 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, enter the following information into the table and click OK: Contact Surface # 2 3 Contact Group 1 1 Time Function 2 2

Generating the ADINA data file Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob34_a, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save. (We do not want to run the ADINA model by itself.)

Thermal (ADINA Thermal) model

Set the Program Module to ADINA Thermal (do not create a new database file). We use the same element layout in the ADINA Thermal model as in the ADINA model. Choose MeshingCopy F.E. Model, set the fields so that the sentence reads From ADINA Structures Model to ADINA Thermal Model and click OK. The Log Window should display the messages

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TWODSOLID TWODSOLID TWODSOLID 3 element

element group 1 is copied to element group 2 is copied to element group 3 is copied to groups are copied from ADINA

TWODCONDUCTION 1 TWODCONDUCTION 2 TWODCONDUCTION 3 to ADINA-T

Close the log window. At this point, both the ADINA and ADINA Thermal models are displayed. To display just the ADINA Thermal model, in the Model Tree, click the + next to the "Zone" text, right-click on the "2. ADINA-T" text and choose Display. Defining model control data, material definitions and convection elements We have prepared a batch file (prob34_3.in) which performs the following operations: Defines a heading for the thermal model. Specifies the initial temperature. Defines thermal materials. Sets the material numbers for each of the thermal element groups. Defines convection materials. Defines convection element groups. Generates convection elements. Defines a constant time function Defines convection loads. Specifies 200 time steps of size 0.05. (The time step information is specified in the ADINA Thermal model) Specifies a transient analysis. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob34_3.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Specifying TMC iterations We would like to perform TMC iterations during this analysis. Choose Control Solution Process, set the TMC Iterations field to Yes and click OK. (If you do not set the TMC Iterations field to Yes, the analysis is still a TMC analysis, but TMC iterations are not performed. Therefore convergence in displacements and temperatures may not be reached.)

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TIME 10.00 Z X Y

Generating the ADINA Thermal data file, saving the database Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob34_t, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file prob34.

Running ADINA-TMC
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-TMC, click the Start button, select file prob34_a, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob34_t. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Click Start. The ADINA-TMC run finishes in 200 steps. When ADINA-TMC finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Open icon and open porthole file prob34_t. Then click the

and open porthole file prob34_a.

The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Notice that the convection elements are shown (as thick lines) and the contact segments are shown (as thick lines).

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TIME 10.00 Z X Y

Examining the solution

Because we have loaded both the ADINA and the ADINA Thermal porthole files, we can display results from both models simultaneously. We do not want to show the convection elements and the contact segments. In the Model Tree, click the + next to the "Zone" text, right-click on the "1. ADINA" text and choose Display. Click the Group Outline icon . Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction button, click the Contact, etc tab, set the Contact Surface Line Width to 0.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon to set the defaults for the successive mesh plots.

Solution time: Before we plot the solution, we set the default solution time to 3.0. We do this because we anticipate that the maximum range of the solution variables will occur around this time. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is set to DEFAULT, set the Solution Time to 3.0 and click OK.

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TIME 10.00 Z X Y

Temperatures: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Use the Pick icon and the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and to move it to the upper-left-hand corner of the , set the Band Plot Variable to graphics window. Click the Create Band Plot icon (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window, as shown in the figure on the next page. Heat fluxes: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and to move it to the upper-right-hand corner of the graphics window. Click the Create Vector Plot , make sure that the Vector Quantity is set to HEAT_FLUX and click OK. Use the icon mouse to rearrange the graphics window, as shown in the figure on the next page. Contact pressures: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and to move it to the lower-left-hand corner of the graphics window. Choose DisplayReaction PlotCreate, set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window, as shown in the figure on the next page. . Use the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and Effective stresses: Click the Mesh Plot icon to move it to the lower-right-hand corner of the graphics window. Click the Quick Band Plot , then use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like icon the figure on the next page.

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Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system

TIME 3.000
Z
TEMPERATURE TIME 3.000 280.0 240.0 200.0 160.0 120.0 80.0 40.0
MAXIMUM 299.2 NODE 368 MINIMUM 7.991 NODE 362

X
HEAT FLUX RST CALC TIME 3.000 2412399.

2275000. 1925000. 1575000. 1225000. 875000. 525000. 175000.

DISTRIBUTED CONTACT TRACTION TIME 3.000 1.088E+07

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 3.000 3.467E+08 2.933E+08 2.400E+08 1.867E+08 1.333E+08 8.000E+07 2.667E+07

9.750E+06 8.250E+06 6.750E+06 5.250E+06 3.750E+06 2.250E+06 7.500E+05

MAXIMUM 3.689E+08 EG 2, EL 54, IPT 12 (3.523E+08) MINIMUM 4570. EG 3, EL 2, IPT 12 (30310.)

Animating the solution: Click the Movie Load Step icon then click the Animate icon to play back the animation.

to create a movie of the solution,

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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ADINA Primer

Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Problem description
A foam O-ring is pressed between two frictionless plates as shown:
Prescribed displacement

C L
12 mm

48.65 mm

This problem is in many ways similar to problem 22, and if you have not yet worked problem 22, you should work problem 22 first. The geometry of the problem is the same as in problem 22. But we use mm for the length unit, so that we are not working with very small numbers. The stress-strain-transverse strain characteristics for the material are as follows, when the material is subjected to uniaxial tension/compression: Engineering strain (mm/mm) -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 Engineering transverse strain (mm/mm) -0.1294 -0.0436 -0.0209 0.0 0.0192 0.0539 0.0845 Engineering stress (N/mm2) -0.15 -0.09 -0.04 0.0 0.03 0.05 0.06

Notice that the transverse strain increases as the strain increases. This material is auxetic; that is, it has negative Poissons ratio.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

We will perform three analyses: 1) Analysis assuming no viscoelastic effects. The material is modeled as a hyper-foam material. 2) Analysis assuming viscoelastic effects, no temperature effects. The Holzafel finite strain viscoelasticity model is used, with a single viscoelastic chain. The material constants for the chain are = 2.5 , = 0.5 , and the usage flag is set to combined (that is, the viscoelasticity is based on the total strain energy density). 3) Analysis assuming temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects. We will assume that the material is thermorheologically simple (such a material is called a TRS material). In a TRS material, all material properties are temperature-independent, however, the viscoelasticity follows the time-temperature superposition principle. We use the shift function

log10 aT ( ) =
t

C1 ( t ref

C2 + t ref

in which aT ( t ) gives the relationship between the actual time t and the reduced time

through

d 1 = . We will assume C1 = 10.86 , C2 = 104.8 , measured at the reference dt aT ( t )

temperature ref = 25 degrees C. As in problem 22, we will use an axisymmetric analysis. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems:
$ Defining a hyper-foam material $ Controlling the ATS method $ Adding viscoelastic effects to a hyper-foam material $ Specifying TRS temperature dependence for a hyper-foam material Before you begin

Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version does not contain ADINA-M.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob35_1.in, prob35_2.in, prob35_1.plo and prob35_2.plo. You need to copy file prob35_1.in, prob35_2.in, prob35_1.plo, prob35_2.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Analysis without viscoelastic effects

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.
Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions, constraint equations and displacement loads

We have prepared a batch file (prob35_1.in) which performs the following operations: Specifies that the ATS method be used. Specifies that stiffness matrix stabilization should be used. Defines points, lines and surfaces. Subdivides the surfaces. Defines boundary conditions. Defines a constraint equation set Defines a displacement load and applies it to the model. Plots the model Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob35_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

C PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 1.000

B B C

U U 2 3 - - C

Defining the hyper-foam material

and click the Hyper-Foam button. Add material 1 and Click the Manage Materials icon click the button to the right of the Fitting Curve field. In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, add fitting curve 1 and click the button to the right of the Simple Tension Curve field. In the Define Stress-Strain2 Curve dialog box, add curve 1, define it as Strain -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 Stress -0.15 -0.09 -0.04 0.0 0.03 0.05 0.06 Strain2 -0.1294 -0.0436 -0.0209 0.0 0.0192 0.0539 0.0845

and click OK. Notice that Strain2 is the transverse strain. In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, set the Approximation Order to 1, set the Simple Tension Curve to 1 and click OK. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1 and click Save. Notice that the value of MU(1) is set to 0.17907898 (N/mm2), the value of ALPHA(1) is set to 1.31045440 and the value of BETA(1) is set to 0.1370987. More information about the curve fit is displayed in the Message Window.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Click the Graph button to display the curve fit. The AUI should display a new graphics window that looks something like this:
Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data Material 1, (Test) 0.1 Material 1, hyper-foam

0.2

Engineering stress

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 Stretch

2.0

2.5

3.0

Close the new graphics window. Click OK to close the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Defining the element group, meshing the geometry, defining the contact surfaces

We have prepared a batch file (prob35_2.in) which performs the following operations: Defines the element group Meshes the geometry (using 9-node elements generated using free-form meshing) Defines the contact group Defines contact surfaces Defines contact pairs Regenerates the graphics Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob35_2.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

D D

B PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 1.000 1.000

C C B C D

C U U 2

Defining the load steps

In the first run, we want to move the top plate 4 mm downwards in 10 equal steps. Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 10 in the first row of the table and click OK. Choose ControlTime Function, define time function 1 to be Time 0.0 10.0 and click OK. When you click the Redraw icon figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like the Value 0.0 4.0

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates
TIME 10.00 Z X Y

D D

B PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 10.00 4.000

C C B C D

C U U 2

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob35. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob35, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and icon click Save. You will notice that the times at which ADINA obtains the solutions, and the step sizes, are as shown in the table on the next page. The step sizes are different than the step sizes that we requested because the ATS method is in use. We would like to use the ATS method, but not have the ATS method use larger steps than the steps that we requested. , click the button to the Close all open dialog boxes. Click the Analysis Options icon right of the Use Automatic Time Stepping (ATS) field, set the For Next Time Step field to Return to Original Time Step Specified and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. , click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob35, Click the Save icon make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. Now the ATS method cuts back the time step for solution step 6. But the solution is obtained for all of our original time steps.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Step number 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9

Step size 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.25 3.0 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.375 0.375

Time 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.5 6.75 9.75 8.25 9.25 10.0 9.625 10.0

When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob35.
Postprocessing

and

and use the Pick icon and the mouse to resize Click the Show Original Mesh icon the graphics. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Notice that the deformed mesh moves to the left (that is, towards the centerline). This is because of the negative Poissons ratio; compression in the vertical (z) direction causes contraction of the material fibers in the tangential (x) and horizontal (y) directions. We want to plot the force-deflection curve. We have put the necessary commands in a batch file (prob35_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob35_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates
TIME 10.00 Z X Y

160.

140.

120.

100.

Force (N)

80.

60.

40.

20.

0.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Displacement (mm)

In this plot, we have multiplied the force by 2, and reversed the direction of the force and displacement so that downwards forces and displacements are positive. We have also requested gridlines in the plot.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the list. The value of ZF for ZD=4.0000E+00 is 1.56010E+02 (N) (you might need to use the horizontal scrollbar to see this value).

Analysis with viscoelastic effects

Now we will rerun the model including viscoelastic effects. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob35.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. In the Model Tree, click the + next to the Material text, right-click on the 1. Hyper-Foam text and choose Modify. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, click the button to the right of the Viscoelastic field. In the Define Viscoelastic Effect for Rubber Material dialog box, add viscoelastic effect 1, and in the first row of the table, set Beta to 2.5, Tau to 0.5, Usage to Combined, then click OK. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Viscoelastic field to 1, then click OK.
Time stepping

Since the model is viscoelastic, the solution response is time dependent. Therefore we must choose the time step sizes with reference to the material time dependence. Since Tau = 0.5, the material time constant is 0.5 (seconds); therefore if we load to 4 mm in 0.1 seconds, the material will not have time to relax during the loading. After the initial loading, we want to hold the displacement of the top plate constant, then partially unload the O-ring, as shown:
4

Displacement (mm)

0 0 0.1 5.1 5.2 Time (sec) 20.2

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Choose ControlTime Function, edit time function 1 to be Time 0.0 0.1 5.1 5.2 20.2 Value 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.5 0.5

and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to be Number of Steps 10 20 10 60 and click OK.
Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file

Constant Magnitude 0.01 0.25 0.01 0.25

. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob35b, Click the Save icon make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob35b.
Postprocessing

and

icon, then the Animate icon . Notice that the when the Click the Movie Load Step top plate moves upwards, the O-ring loses contact with the top plate. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation, then click the First Solution icon and

click the Next Solution icon

9 times, until the solution time is 0.1. Now click the Model

, click the Quick Band Plot icon , choose DisplayReaction Outline icon PlotCreate, set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 0.1000 Z X Y

DISTRIBUTED CONTACT TRACTION TIME 0.1000 0.3690 EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 0.1000 0.3250 0.2750 0.2250 0.1750 0.1250 0.0750 0.0250

0.4200 0.3600 0.3000 0.2400 0.1800 0.1200 0.0600

MAXIMUM 0.4403 EG 1, EL 115, IPT 33 (0.4276) MINIMUM 0.01392 EG 1, EL 96, IPT 12 (0.02222)

icon, then the Animate icon . As the top plate Now click the Movie Load Step moves downwards, the stresses and contact forces increase. Then, when the top plate remains stationary, the stresses and contact forces decrease and eventually reach a relaxed state. When the top plate moves upwards, the stresses and contact forces drop to zero, and when the material relaxes and recontacts the top plate, the stresses and contact forces increase. However, since the deformation at the end of the solution is much less than the deformation corresponding to the stress and contact force scaling, there is no visual indication of the stresses and contact forces at the end of the solution. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.

Now lets plot the force-deflection curve. We can use the same batch file that we previously used. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob35_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

6.

5.

4.

Force (N)

*10

3.

2.

1.

0.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Displacement (mm)

Use GraphList to look at the numerical values in the graph. During initial loading, the force reaches 5.20366E+02, then when the top plate is held constant, the force decreases to 1.56029E+02 N (nearly the same value as was obtained in the analysis without viscoelastic effects). When the top plate is moved upwards, the force drops to zero, then after recontact, the force increases to 8.91460E+00 N. Lets plot the force time history. We have set up the necessary plotting commands in file prob35_2.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob35_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The relaxation process is clearly visible between 0.1 and 5 seconds.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

6.

5.

4.

Force (N)

*10

3.

2.

1.

0.

0.

2.

4.

6.

8.

10.

12.

14.

16.

18.

20.

22.

Time (sec)

Analysis with temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects

Now we will rerun the model including temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob35.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. In this analysis, we will set the temperature of the material to 15.0 degrees C. Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsDefault Temperature Settings, set the Initial Temperature to 15.0, set the Prescribed Temperature to 15.0 and click OK. In the Model Tree, click the + next to the Material text, right-click on the 1. Hyper-Foam text and choose Modify. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Temperature Dependence to TRS, set the Reference Temperature to 25.0 and click the button in the Temperature Dependence box. In the Define Temperature-Dependent Rubber Material Properties dialog box, add Rubber Table 1, set the Type to TRS, edit the table to be Temperature Thermal Expansion Coef 0.0 0.0

0.0 100.0

and click OK. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Table to 1 and click Save (we do not want to close the dialog box yet). Now click the button to the right of the

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ADINA Primer

Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

Viscoelastic field, set 'Use Shift Function' to 'WLF (Williams-Landel-Ferry)', set Constant C1 to 10.86, set Constant C2 to 104.8 and click OK to close both dialog boxes.
Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file

. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob35c, Click the Save icon make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob35c.
Postprocessing

and

Click the Movie Load Step

icon, then the Animate icon

. Notice that the material

relaxes much more slowly compared with the previous analysis. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. You can plot the stresses and contact forces just as in the previous analysis. You can also plot the force-deflection curve and time history curve. The plots should look something like the figures on the next page.
Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates

6.

5.

4.

Force (N)

*10

3.

2.

1.

0.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Displacement (mm)

6.

5.

4.
Force (N)

*10

3.

2.

1.

0.

0.

2.

4.

6.

8.

10.

12.

14.

16.

18.

20.

22.

Time (sec)

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ADINA Primer

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method

Problem description
An air bubble rises in a column of oil as shown:
g=9.8 m/s2 Oil: m=0.01 Pa-s r=950 kg/m3 Air: m=2E-5 Pa-s r=1.8 kg/m3 Surface tension coefficient between oil and air = 0.08 N/m. 3 3 Air

Oil 40

3 3 10 All lengths in mm

Both the air and the oil are modeled as incompressible Newtonian fluids. The oil is considered to be the primary fluid and the air is considered to be VOF species 1. The model is planar and two-dimensional. Eventually the bubble hits the top of the column. We control the interface angle between the bubble and the wall at the top of the column by setting the VOF wall angle to 0.0. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a boundary condition of type VOF wall angle Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

36-1

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method

Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob36_1.in, prob36_2.in, prob36_1.plo and prob36_2.plo. You need to copy file prob36_1.in, prob36_2.in, prob36_1.plo, prob36_2.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions and materials We have prepared a batch file (prob36_1.in) which performs the following operations: Specifies a transient analysis. Sets the Courant number and other parameters used in automatic time-stepping. Defines points, lines and surfaces. Subdivides the surfaces. Defines a wall boundary condition and fixes the pressure at one point. Defines the oil and air materials (materials 1 and 2 respectively) Plots the model Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob36_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Defining the VOF analysis Choose ModelFlow Assumptions and check the Use VOF Method button. Click the VOF Control button, set the Max. Number of Iterations Allowed to 150 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. and add group 1, set the Element Sub-Type to Click the Define Element Groups icon Planar, click the Advanced tab and click the button to the right of the Associated VOF Material field. In the VOF Material dialog box, add VOF material 1, set the First Species Material Number to 2, set the Surface Tension Coefficient between Primary and First Species to 0.08 and click OK. Click OK to close the Define Element Group dialog box.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method
TIME 0.07500
Z

V V B C
2

P
-

B B C B B B

B B

WAL B 1 C -

Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition 2 and set the Type to VOF Wall Angle. Set the Wall Angle between Primary Fluid and First Species to 0.0, and enter the following line numbers in the table: 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24 (these are the same lines as are used in the wall boundary condition). Click OK to close the dialog box. When you click the Redraw icon top figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like the

Initial conditions: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add initial condition BUBBLE, and, in the first row of the table, set the Variable to VOF-SPECIES1 and the Value to 1.0, then click OK. Choose ModelInitial ConditionsApply, set the Apply to field to Surfaces, set the Initial Condition for surface 5 to BUBBLE and click OK. Meshing We have prepared a batch file (prob36_2.in) which performs the following operations: Meshes the geometry (using 4-node FCBI elements) Regenerates the graphics Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob36_2.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method
TIME 0.07500 B B B Z X Y

V V B C B B C B B B B B
2

P -

WAL VOF B 1 2 C -

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 0.07500 BBBBBBBBBBB B B B BBBB B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BBBBBBBBBBB B B B BBBB D C B B B Z X Y

V V B C D
2

P -

B C D

WAL VOF 1 2 1 2

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ADINA Primer

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob36. Click the Data File/

Solution icon , set the file name to prob36, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. ADINA-CFD runs for 150 solution steps. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob36. Postprocessing Visualizing the bubble motion: For presentation purposes, we assume that any region for which the VOF species is greater than corresponds to air. We have put the necessary commands in a batch file (prob36_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob36_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.07500 Z X Y

ADINA R & D, Inc.

36-5

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method

Click the Movie Load Step icon

, then the Animate icon

. The bubble immediately

becomes rounded and starts to rise, oscillating slightly as it rises. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. Visualizing the oil motion: We can use the particle tracing feature to visualize the motion of the oil. We have put the necessary commands in a batch file (prob36_2.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob36_2.plo and the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the and click Open. Use the Pick icon graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 0.002500 Z X Y

PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 0.002500 SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER START TIME = 0.000

At this point, the particle traces near the beginning of the solution are displayed. to compute the particle traces. The graphics window Now click the Last Solution icon should look something like the figure on the next page. Click the Movie Load Step icon, then the Animate icon . The particles are seen to to clear the animation.

move out of the way of the rising bubble. Click the Refresh icon

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ADINA Primer

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method
TIME 0.07500 Z X Y

PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 0.07500 SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER START TIME = 0.000

Solution with more steps

In the preceding, we only ran the solution for 150 steps so that the analysis would not take too long. However, it is of interest to run the solution for more steps, if your computer is fast enough. Choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), and choose database file prob36.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 720 in the first row of the table and click OK. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob36b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. ADINA-CFD runs for 720 solution steps. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob36b. Postprocess the model exactly as for the previous analysis. You should see the following plots.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

36-7

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method

Visualization of bubble motion:

TIME 0.3600 Z X Y

Visualization of oil motion:

TIME 0.3600 Z X Y

PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 0.3600 SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER START TIME = 0.000

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

36-8

ADINA Primer

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

Problem description
A simplified turbine is immersed in a fluid as shown:

Inlet

Structure

Structure rotates freely about center pin

Outlet

At the beginning of the analysis, the turbine is at rest. A normal traction is suddenly imposed at the turbine inlet. The fluid flows through the turbine housing, causing the turbine to rotate. The model is planar and two-dimensional. Because the turbine can rotate an arbitrary amount, it is convenient to model fluid surrounding the turbine with elements that rotate with the turbine. These elements slide past the elements that are near the turbine housing, as shown:

Mesh in this region rotates with structure Sliding boundary Mesh in this region is stationary

Fluid is allowed to flow through the sliding mesh boundary.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

37-1

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a boundary condition of type sliding-mesh Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA system does not contain ADINA-FSI. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. In addition you should be able to allocate as much memory as possible to the AUI, at least 400 MB. This memory is needed to perform the particle tracing at the end of this problem description. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob37_1.in, prob37_2.in, prob37_3.in and prob37_1.plo. You need to copy file prob37_1.in, prob37_2.in, prob37_3.in, prob37_1.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 400 MB).

ADINA-CFD model
Defining model control data, geometry, wall boundary condition We have prepared a batch file (prob37_1.in) which performs the following operations: Specifies a transient FSI analysis. Specifies the time stepping Defines points, lines and surfaces. Defines a sheet body Defines a wall boundary condition Plots the model Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob37_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

37-2

ADINA Primer

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

TIME 24.00 B Z X Y

B B

B V V B B B
2 3

WAL 1

Defining the sliding-mesh boundary conditions The following figure shows the lines and edges on the sliding-mesh boundaries:

L10 L11

L9

E12

L12

L16

E11

Figure includes gap between regions for clarity.

L13 L14 L15

Regions overlap slightly in actual model.

Although the figure shows a slight gap between the two meshes, actually the two meshes overlap slightly.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

37-3

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition number 2 and set the Type to Sliding Mesh. Set the Apply to field to Edges, then enter 12, 11 in the first two rows of the table and click Save. Add condition number 3 and make sure that the Type is Sliding Mesh. Set the Apply to field to Lines, enter line numbers 9 to 16 in the table, then click Save (do not close the dialog box). We also need to create a boundary condition pair to link the two boundary conditions of type sliding-mesh. Click the Boundary Condition Pair button, and, in the first row of the table, set B.C. #1 to 2 and B.C. #2 to 3, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. When you click the Redraw icon
TIME 24.00 D C D D D

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

B C

C B

V V B C D
2

C D D

B C D

WAL SLI 2 3 1 -

Finishing the ADINA-CFD model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob37_2.in) which performs the following operations: Defines remaining special boundary conditions Defines leader-follower relationships Defines the material Defines the normal-traction loading Defines the element groups Subdivides the geometry Meshes the geometry Creates the prob37_f.dat file Regenerates the graphics

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ADINA Primer

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob37_2.in and click Open. Close the Log Window dialog box (which is displayed when the AUI creates the data file). The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 24.00 Z

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEE E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EE E E E X Y EE E EEE B CB B B B BC B E EE BC CCB C B B EE CBBB B B BBCBBC CB BBB EE E B E EE CBBC B EE CBBB BB EEEE C C C B EEEE BC E E EE BBBB DDDD BC EE EE BB EE EE EE BBB C BB EE C B DDD C E EEE BB E EEE EE BB BB E EE CB C E EE D D EE E BB BB E E BB EE C E B E E C E E B B E D D E EB EE C E E EEEE E BC B E B CBC E EE E BBC B E EE E B D D B E EE E CC EE B E E B B B C E D D E E B E B D D E B B E C C E E B B E B B EE D D E B B E C C E E B B E C B E D DDD DDD E B B E B C DD E B B E DD DD D E C B E D D D D C E B B E B D D D D E B B E D D E B D D B E C C E D D E B B PRESCRIBED D E C B E D D DD D D E B B B C DD D E B NORMAL_TRACTION D D E C DDDDDDDD B E D DDDDDDDD B E D C E B B E B E C D E B D B E C E B E B TIME 24.00 B E E C D D D B B E B D B E C E C DDDDDDDD B E E B D C D DDDDDDDD B E B E E B D D E B D D C E B E E C D D D D D D B B E E B 10000. D D B E B D D C B E D D E C D D B E E B D D D D B B E E B C E DD D DD D B E E C D B B E E B DD C C E D D DD DD DDD D B E B D B E B B E B C B E E C D D B E E B B E E B C C E B E E B D D B E E B C E B B E E BB B B E V V P E CC B D D E B C B 2 3 E B B E E B B E C E E C D D B E E BB B E BB C E D D E CB BB EE E C BB EE D D C C E EE C BB EE BB BB E C C E BB CE E D D B EE BB B C C E EE BB D CB BB BB EE DDDD EE CBB BB EEE EE B C B BC BB E EE CBBC B D BBCBBC EEE B EE BCBBBCCB B C B BB EEE B B CC B C EE EE EEE B CB B B B B B E EE E E EE E EE E E EE C E E WAL FSI SLI E E E E E E E E E E B 2 E E E E E E C 3 D 4 E 1 -

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob37_f.

ADINA model
Click the New icon to begin a new model.

We have prepared a batch file (prob37_3.in) that creates the entire ADINA model. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob37_3.in and click Open. Close the Log Window dialog box (which is displayed when the AUI creates the data file). The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

37-5

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

B B

U U 2 3 - -

Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob37_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob37_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. The ADINA-FSI solution takes 120 steps. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and

open porthole file prob37_f. Then click the Open icon and open porthole file prob37_a. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. (Your results may be slightly different than ours because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.)

37-6

ADINA Primer

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

TIME 24.00 Z X Y

Postprocessing Visualizing the mesh motion: Click the Movie Load Step icon , then the Animate icon

. Notice that the mesh surrounding the turbine rotates along with the turbine, and slides relative to the mesh close to the turbine housing. Click the Refresh icon animation. Velocity vectors: Click the Model Outline icon to clear the

, then click the Quick Vector Plot icon

. To clear the stress vector plot in the structure, click the Modify Vector Plot icon , make sure that the Vector Quantity is STRESS, click the Delete button, click Yes to confirm, then click OK to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Click the Movie Load Step icon vectors. , then the Animate icon to animate the velocity

Notice that the velocity vectors cross the sliding-mesh boundary. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

37-7

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

TIME 24.00 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 24.00 3.619

3.250 2.750 2.250 1.750 1.250 0.750 0.250

Particle tracing: We can use the particle tracing feature to visualize the fluid motion. First click the Clear Vector Plot icon to remove the velocity vectors.

We have put the necessary commands for the particle tracing in a batch file (prob37_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob37_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. At this point, the particle tracing has only been computed for the first time step. Now click to compute the particle traces for the entire solution. (This the Movie Load Step icon calculation may take a long time. Increasing the memory available to the AUI should speed up the calculation.) When the movie is complete, click the Animate icon window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. . The graphics

37-8

ADINA Primer

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

TIME 0.2000

Z X Y

PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 0.2000 MULTIPLE PARTICLES/EMITTER EMIT INTERVAL = 0.02000 START TIME = 0.000

TIME 24.00

Z X Y

PARTICLE TRACE UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 24.00 MULTIPLE PARTICLES/EMITTER EMIT INTERVAL = 0.02000 START TIME = 0.000

Notice how the particles cross over the sliding mesh boundaries.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

37-9

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh

Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. You can also use the icons that change the solution time to view the particle traces at different solution times. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes). Notes If there is a slight gap between the two meshes, the sliding-mesh feature will still work. However, during particle tracing, if a particle enters the gap, it is lost and never reenters the model. The two meshes must be incompatible (that is, they cannot share nodes). One convenient way to generate incompatible meshes is to use separate element groups for the two meshes, then set the Coincidence Checking to Group during meshing of the second element group. Unsteady particle tracing is very memory-intensive. The memory allocated to the AUI should ideally be set to the amount of RAM (physical memory) on your computer.

37-10

ADINA Primer

Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

Problem description
Air flows around a pipe containing hot steam, as shown:
z x y Air 293 K Fan: DP = 1.0 10-2 - 10-4 Q 2

Steel

Steam (ASME) 101 KPa 430 K

The air inlet boundary condition is given as a function of pressure drop vs flow rate. The steel is modeled as a solid element group within ADINA-CFD. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a material using ASME steam tables $ Defining a fan boundary condition $ Using the multigrid solver $ Checking the mesh for incompatibilities $ Defining face-links between bodies $ Controlling the meshing across thin sections $ Changing the colors of element groups $ Obtaining the average temperature over a boundary defined by an element face-set Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. In addition, you need to be able to allocate at least 150 MB to ADINA-CFD. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are too many nodes in the model.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

38-1

Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob38_1.in, prob38_2.in and prob38_3.in. You need to copy file prob38_1.in, prob38_2.in, prob38_3.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions and materials We have prepared a batch file (prob38_1.in) which performs the following operations: Defines the geometry bodies. Defines analysis control parameters, such as the automatic time-stepping Defines the material properties for the air and steel. Plots the model Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob38_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 X Y Z

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ADINA Primer

Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

Selecting the multigrid solver Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Equation Solver to Multigrid and click OK. Defining the material for the steam Click the Manage Materials icon and click the ASME Steam button. In the Define ASME Steam Material dialog box, add material 3, set the Reference Temperature to 400.0, verify that the Constant Pressure is 101300.0, set the Constant Temperature to 0.0 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Materials dialog box. Defining boundary conditions We have prepared a batch file (prob38_2.in) which performs the following operations: Defines a wall boundary condition Defines temperature loads and applies them to the air and steam inlet Defines a normal-traction load and applies it to the steam inlet Replots the model Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob38_2.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 X Y Z

B B BB B

B B

BB B B

PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 3.000 430.0

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 3.000 2.500E-06

V V V B
1 2

WAL 1

ADINA R & D, Inc.

38-3

Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

We still need to add the fan boundary condition. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition number 2 and set the Type to Fan. Set C0 to 1.0E-2, C2 to -1.0E-4 and M2 to 2.0 (note, you do not need to change C1 and M1). Set the Type of Fan to Intake and set the Time Function # to 4. Now set the Apply to field to Faces and the Body # to 3. Set the Face # to 9 in the first row of the table, then click OK. When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 X Y B C C C C C C Z

C C

C C C C

PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 3.000 430.0

PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 3.000 2.500E-06

V V V B C
1 2

B C

WAL FAN 2 1 -

Defining element groups, subdivision data, meshing We have prepared a batch file (prob38_3.in) which performs the following operations: Defines the element groups Subdivides the geometry Meshes the geometry Regenerates the graphics Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob38_3.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

CCCC C Z C CC C CC C C C C C CCC C X C C C CC C C C C C CC C C C C C CC C C CC CC C Y CC C C CC C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCC C CCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCC D DB D C CC PRESCRIBED C CCC C CC D CC C C C C C C C CC C C C C C D B B D NORMAL_TRACTION D C C C D B BB C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCCCCC CC C C BB B D C D TIME 3.000 C C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C CC C D B DC CC C C C C C C C D D CC CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCC C C C C C C C CC CC C CC C C C C C C C C C C CCC C CC C C CC C C 2.500E-06 CC C C C C C CC C C C C C CC CCC C C CC C CC C C C C C C CCC C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C CC CC C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CC C CC C C C CC CC C C CC CC C C C C C C C C CC CC C CC C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCC C C CC C CC C CC C CCC C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C CC C C C C C C CC C C CC CC C C C C C C C C C CCC CCC C C C C CC C CC C CC C C C C C C CC C C C CC C C C C C CCC C C CC CC CC C CC C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCCCC CC C C C C C C C C C C C CC C C CC C C CCC C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCCCC CC C C CCC C C CC CC CC C C CC C CCC CC C C C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C CC C C C C C C CC C CC CC CC C C C C CC C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C CCC CC C C C C CC C C C CC C C CC C C C C CC CC C C C C C CC CCC CC CCC CC C C C C CCC CC C C C CC C C C C C CC C CC C C C C C C C C C C C CC C CC C C CC C C CC CC CCC C C C C C CC C C C CCCCCC CCC C CCC C C C C CC C C C C CC C CC C CCC C CC C C C C C CC C CC C CC CC CCCC V V V P C C C CC C CC C C C CC C C 1 2 3 C CCC C CC C CC C CCCC CCCCC CC C C CC C C C C C C C C CC CC C CCC C CCC C C C C CCC C CCC C C C C C C C C CC C C C C CC C C CCC C CC C PRESCRIBED C CC C C C C C CC C C C C CC C C CC C CC C CC C C CC C C C C C C CC C C TEMPERATURE C C C CCC CC C C C CC C C CC C C C CC C C C C C CCCCC C TIME 3.000 WAL FAN CC CCCC C 2 430.0 1 1 2 TIME 3.000

B C D

B C D

Checking the meshing for incompatibilities: Before we continue, we want to check the meshing for incompatibilities. Click the Clear icon Geometry icon , the Mesh Plot icon , the Show

(to hide the geometry), the Shading icon

and the No Mesh Lines icon

. The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 3.000 X Y Z

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

Now click the Cull Front Faces icon . This icon removes all of the front faces from the plot. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 X Y Z

Incompatibilities here

You are actually looking through the model. There are some interior surfaces in the model. These interior surfaces result from incompatibilities in the model. The incompatibilities are present because we forgot to facelink the bodies of the geometry model (we forgot to do this deliberately so that we can demonstrate how to check the mesh for incompatibilities). and the mouse to rotate the graphics out-of-plane, to observe the Use the Pick icon interior surfaces from different angles. The model is invalid, so we have to delete the mesh and remesh. Deleting the mesh: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Click the Delete

Mesh icon , set the Delete Mesh from field to Body, set the Element Group to 1 and, in the table, set the Body Number to 3, then click Apply. Repeat for element group 2 on body 2, and element group 3 on body 1, then click OK to close the dialog box. Creating face-links: Choose GeometryFacesFace Link, add face link 1, set the Type to Create for All Faces/Surfaces and click OK. The AUI displays the warning message Face 2 of body 1 and face 3 of body 2 cannot be linked. Face 3 of body 1 and face 4 of body 2

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

cannot be linked. This message is OK since the indicated faces are not adjacent to each other. Click OK to clear the warning message. , make sure that the Element Group is 3, set the Remeshing: Click the Mesh Bodies icon Body # to 1 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Element Group to 2, set the Body # to 2 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Element Group to 1, set the Boundary Meshing to Delaunay, click the Advanced tab, set the Min. # of Elements Across Thin Sections to 5, set the Body # to 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. Click OK to clear the sliver tetrahedra warning message, if necessary. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 X Y Z

Number of elements across thickness increased using Min # of elements across thin sections.

Note that we used the Min. # of Elements Across Thin Sections field to increase the number of elements through the thickness of body 3, as indicated in the plot. Checking the meshing for incompatibilities: Lets check the new mesh for incompatibilities. Click the Show Geometry icon (to hide the geometry), the Shading icon , the No

Mesh Lines icon and the Cull Front Faces icon something like the figure on the next page.

. The graphics window should look

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

TIME 3.000 X Y Z

Now there are no interior surfaces in the plot. This shows that there are no incompatibilities between the elements. and the mouse to rotate the graphics out-of-plane. The Pick icon seems Use the Pick icon to work in reverse. This is an illusion caused by the fact that you are looking at the back faces on the model. Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob38. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob38, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, make sure that the Max Memory for Solution is set to at least 150 Mbytes and click Save. The Log Window displays the messages
WARNING: In In In In BCD BCD BCD BCD 1 1 1 1 the the the the face face face face 1 1 4 6 of of of of body body body body 1 3 1 3 is is is is not not not not at at at at model model model model boundary boundary boundary boundary

These messages state that, in special boundary condition 1, some of the faces in the model are not on the model boundary. This is correct: we have placed wall boundary conditions on the faces of the air that are adjacent to the steel, and wall boundary conditions on the faces of the steam that are adjacent to the steel. These wall boundary conditions enforce no-slip on these

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

faces. ADINA-CFD runs for 3 solution steps. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Postprocessing Plotting the element groups in different colors: Click the Color Element Groups icon . The air is plotted in green, the steel is plotted in red and the steam is plotted in magenta (between red and blue). The red and magenta are hard to tell apart. Click the Zone Colors , change the Color for zone EG3, for example to cyan, then click OK. Now the icon steam is plotted in cyan. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000
X Z Y

and open porthole file prob38.

Plotting the velocities: Click the Shading icon Quick Vector Plot icon

, the No Mesh Lines icon

and the

. Only the velocity vectors on the outside of the model are

plotted. Click the Cull Front Faces icon . Now you can see the velocity vectors within the model. But it is difficult to see the vectors because they have the same colors as the element groups. Click the Color Element Groups icon the same color, then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon to make all of the element groups , click the Element Depiction

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

button, and, in the Define Element Depiction dialog box, set the Appearance for Deformed Mesh color to GRAY , then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

Use the Pick icon and the mouse to examine the model from different viewpoints. Your solution may be slightly different than ours because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms. Temperatures: Click the Clear icon Surface icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Now click the Cut

, set the Type to Cutting Plane, set the Defined by field to Y-Plane and

click OK. Now click the Model Outline icon , click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Lets just plot the temperatures in the air. Press the F8 key, uncheck the display of element groups 2 and 3 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

Only the temperatures on the cutting surface intersection are plotted. Click the Cut Surface icon , set the Mesh Display Below the Cutplane to Display as Usual and click OK. Now the temperatures are plotted on the mesh below the cutting surface intersection. Notice that the plot still shows some unsightly extra lines on the mesh below the cutting surface , click the intersection. To remove these lines, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon Rendering button, set the Element Face Angle to 50 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

Average outlet temperature: Click the Clear icon

and the Mesh Plot icon

We need to select just the element faces on the outlet. Rotate the model until the outlet is visible, then choose DefinitionsElement/Node SetElement Face Set, add Element Face Set Number 1, set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face {p} column of the table, then select one or more of the faces on the outlet, then press the Esc key. Click Save to create the face-set. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot. The element faces on the outlet should be highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box. To plot the face-set by itself, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , set the Element Face Set

to 1 and click OK. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

TIME 3.000

X Z

TEMPERATURE TIME 3.000 392.4 392.2 391.9 391.7 391.4 391.2 391.0

MAXIMUM 392.4 NODE 3870 MINIMUM 390.8 NODE 4073

Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Integration, add point name OUTLET, set the Integration Type to Averaged and click OK. Now choose ListValue List Model Point, set Variable 1 to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click Apply. The temperature at time 3.0 is 3.91584E+02 (degrees K). (Your result may be slightly different because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.) Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes). Notes The air velocity in this problem is relatively low. This means that the air particles remain in the heat exchanger for a relatively long time, and also means that the air heats up significantly. The multigrid solver is much more efficient than the sparse solver for this problem.

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Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger

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ADINA Primer

Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Problem description
An enclosure is bounded by rigid walls and a flexible hemispherical dome, as shown:
Z X Y

0.05 m

Air: m=2.010-5 N-s/m2 r=1.2 kg/m3 cp=1006 J/kg-oC k=0.025 W/m-oC g=-9.8 m/s 2 o -1 b=0.0033 C

0.1 m

Walls marked with A: zero temperature, no slip Other walls, top and base: insulated, no slip

Hemispherical dome: shell with thermo-isotropic material E=6.91010 N/m2 n=0.33 a=210-5 oC -1 t=0.0005 m radius=0.025 m k=204 W/m-oC Q=1000 W/m2
The enclosure contains air, which flows due to natural convection caused by the heating of the air near the dome. For analysis purposes, we analyze one quarter of the domain, with symmetric boundary conditions, as shown in the figure on the next page.

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Z X Y

Face 6, no-slip Face 7, no flow in y direction

Face 3, no flow in x direction

Face 4, FSI and shell-thermal boundary conditions Face 5, no-slip Face 1, no-slip, zero temperature Face 2, no-slip

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining a shell thermal boundary condition $ Using a layer table to control meshing $ Plotting a boundary of the model along with the velocities within the model. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the model contains too many nodes. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob39_1.in, prob39_2.in and prob39_3.in. You need to copy files prob39_1.in, prob39_2.in and prob39_3.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list.

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

ADINA-CFD model
Defining model control data, geometry, material and boundary conditions We have prepared a batch file (prob39_1.in) which performs the following operations: Defines the geometry bodies Defines most of the analysis control parameters Defines the material properties for the air Defines the zero velocity boundary conditions Defines the temperature boundary condition Defines a time function Defines time stepping information Plots the model Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob39_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

D B

PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 C 0.000

D B C D E V V V P 1 2 3 - - - - - -

Selecting thermal FSI analysis Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, then, in the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) box, set "Thermal Coupling" to "Whole Solid Domain" and click OK.

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Defining the FSI and shell-thermal boundary conditions FSI boundary condition: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition number 1 and set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface. Set the Apply to field to Faces, set the Face # to 4 in the first row of the table and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet). Shell-thermal boundary condition: Add condition number 2, set the Type to Shell Thermal, set the Sub-Type to Heat Flux, the Thickness of Boundary to 0.0005 and the Heat Conductivity Value to 204.0. In the Heat Flux box, set the Value to 1000.0 and the Time Function # to 2. Set the Associated Fluid-Structure Interface Boundary Condition # to 1. Set the Apply to field to Faces, make sure that the Body # is 2, and, in the table, set the Face # to 4 in the first row. Click OK. When you click the Redraw icon
TIME 1.000 X

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z Y

E C

PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 D 0.000

B F V V V E E B C D E F
1 2 3

FSI 1 -

B C D E F

TSH 2 -

Defining the element group, creating the mesh We have prepared a batch file (prob39_2.in) which performs the following operations: Defines an element group Subdivides the geometry Generates elements Replots the model

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob39_2.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 I I I I I I I I I I I I I X I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Z I I I I I I Y PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 0.000 I I I I I I I I I I I

I I

I I

I I I

I I I

I I I I

I I I I

I I I

I I

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I

I I

I I I I

I I

I I I

I I I I I I

I I I I

I I

I I I I

I I I

I B C D E F G H I J K

I I I

I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I I

I I I I I I I I I KI I I I I K I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I

V V V
1 2

FSI 1 1 1 1 1 -

B C D E F G H I J K

TSH 2 2 2 2 2 -

This mesh is not suitable for the present analysis, because we anticipate large velocity gradients near the walls. We would prefer to have layers of small elements near geometry faces 1, 2, 4, 6, as shown in the following figure:
Face 6, no-slip, fluid flows radially outwards, fine mesh required Face 7, no flow in y direction, fluid slips along face, coarse mesh is OK
Z X Y

Face 3, no flow in x direction, fluid slips along face, coarse mesh is OK Face 4, FSI and shell-thermal boundary conditions, fluid rises near this face, fine mesh required

Face 5, no-slip, very little anticipated flow, coarse mesh is OK

Face 1, no-slip, zero temperature, fluid falls near this face, fine mesh required Face 2, no-slip, fluid flows radially inwards, fine mesh required

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Boundary layers: To obtain layers of small elements, choose MeshingCreate Mesh Boundary Layer, fill in the table as follows and click OK: Face # 1 2 4 6 Edge # (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) Body # 2 2 2 2 # of Layers 3 3 3 3 1st Layer Thickness 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 Total Thickness 0.0025 0.0025 0.0018 0.0025 Progression Type (blank) (blank) (blank) (blank)

The graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 1.000
Z
PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 0.000

I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

I I I I

I I I I

I I I

I I I

I I I

I I I I I I

I I I

I I I

I I I

I I I I

I I

I I I I

I I

I I I I

I I

I I I I

I I I

I I I I

I I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I I

I I

I I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I

I I I

I I

I
B C D E F G H I J K

I I I

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I

I I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I IIIK I I K I I III I I I I III I I I I III I I I I III I I I I III I I I I III I I I III I I I I III I I I I I I I I I III I I II I II

I I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I

I I

I I I I I

V V V
1 2

I I I I I I I

FSI 1 1 1 1 1 -

B C D E F G H I J K

TSH 2 2 2 2 2 -

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, saving the ADINA-IN database Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob39_f.dat, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file prob39_f.idb.

ADINA model
Click the New icon to begin a new model.

We have prepared a batch file (prob39_3.in) that creates the entire ADINA model. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob39_3.in and click Open. Close the Log Window dialog box (which is displayed when the AUI creates the

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

data file). The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 B B B B B B B B B B D Z C C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C E E E E E B C D E U U U 1 2 3 1 2 - - - - - - 3

B B B B B B E

E E

To display the mesh without the white FSI boundary lines, click the Clear icon , choose DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, set the Frontier Depiction to OFF and click OK. Then click the Boundary Plot icon like this:
TIME 1.000 B B B B B B B B B B D

. The graphics window should look something

Z C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C X Y

B B B B B B E E

E E

E B C D E U U U 1 2 3 1 2 - - - - - - 3

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob39_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob39_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Set the Maximum Memory for Solution to at least 40 MB. Then click Start. The ADINA-FSI solution takes 2 steps. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob39_f. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

and

Postprocessing
Plotting the velocities: Click the Shading icon , the No Mesh Lines icon and the

Quick Vector Plot icon . You dont see any velocity vectors because we are only looking at the vectors on the outside of the model, and the visible elements all have no-slip boundary and the mouse to rotate the model until the graphics conditions. Use the Pick icon window looks something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

TIME 1.000 Y Z X

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.1868

0.1625 0.1375 0.1125 0.0875 0.0625 0.0375 0.0125

This plot shows that there is slip on the symmetric faces of the model. and rotate the model with the mouse until the Now click the Cull Front Faces icon graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.1868

0.1625 0.1375 0.1125 0.0875 0.0625 0.0375 0.0125

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Evidently the fluid rises near the shell dome, and falls near the zero temperature boundary condition, as expected. (Your solution may be slightly different than ours, because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.) We can also plot just the dome boundary as an element face-set. First, click the Cull Front Faces icon and rotate the model until the dome boundary is visible. Now choose DefinitionsElement/Node SetElement Face Set and add Element Face Set Number 1, set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces and set the Face Angle to 10. Now double-click in the Face {p} column of the table, select one or more of the faces on the dome boundary, then press the Esc key. Click Save to create the face-set. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot and notice that the element faces on the outlet are highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box. , set the Element Face Set to 1 and click OK. The Now click the Modify Mesh Plot icon dome boundary is plotted, but no velocities are plotted. This is because the velocities at the dome boundary are zero (no-slip). To see the velocities within the fluid domain, click the Modify Vector Plot icon , click the Grid button, set the Vector Location to Within 3D Elements and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Rotate the mesh plot with the mouse until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.1751

0.1625 0.1375 0.1125 0.0875 0.0625 0.0375 0.0125

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

Plotting the temperatures: Click the Clear icon

, the Mesh Plot icon

, then click the

Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphic window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 208.0 176.0 144.0 112.0 80.0 48.0 16.0

MAXIMUM 223.0 NODE 1 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 97

Now we use a cutting plane to visualize the temperatures within the model. Click the Cut Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting Plane, set the Defined by field to Origin and Normal, set the Outwards Normal to (1.0, -1.0, 0.0) and click OK. Then click the Model Outline icon to remove the plotted lines on the cutting plane intersection. Use the Pick

icon and the mouse to rotate the mesh until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. We can also plot the temperatures at the dome boundary. Click the Cut Surface icon , set

the Type to None and click OK. Then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , set the Element Face Set to 1 and click OK. Use the mouse to scale and rotate the mesh until the graphics window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 208.0 176.0 144.0 112.0 80.0 48.0 16.0

MAXIMUM 223.0 NODE 1 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 76

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 216.0 192.0 168.0 144.0 120.0 96.0 72.0

MAXIMUM 223.0 NODE 1 MINIMUM 69.03 NODE 4

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the shaft and ring shown in the following figure:
Outer surface fixed

2 N/mm2

1 2

4 E = 2.07 105 N/mm2 n = 0.29

All lengths in mm

The shaft is glued into the ring. This problem could be modeled using one geometry body. However, in this problem, we use two geometry bodies, one for the shaft and the other for the ring. We use the gluemesh feature to glue the shaft to the ring. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Running an unstable model in static analysis. $ Applying a traction load that acts in a specified direction. $ Using the gluemesh feature. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are too many nodes in the model. Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob40_1.in. You need to copy files prob40_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining the model We have prepared a batch file (prob40_1.in) which contains the entire model definition, with the exception of the load and gluemesh definitions. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob40_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000
X Z Y

Traction load definition , set the Load Type to Pressure and click the Define... button Click the Apply Load icon to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Pressure dialog box, add pressure 1, set the Magnitude to 2 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set Apply to to Face, and, in the first row of the table, set the Face to 2, the Body to 1 and the Load Direction to Global Y-Dir. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.

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Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M

When you click the Load Plot icon

TIME 1.000

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 2.000

Generating the data file, running ADINA We now demonstrate the effect of not gluing the parts together. Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob40. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob40, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and icon click Save. Since the two parts are not connected, the shaft has rigid body modes, so the model is unstable in static analysis. Depending upon round-off, ADINA either stops with the message *** Stiffness matrix not positive definite *** (which indicates that the model is unstable), or ADINA runs to completion. In the latter case, you will find that the shaft undergoes very large displacements.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M

Using the gluemesh feature We need to glue the parts together. The following figure shows how the faces of the model line up.
Face 6 of body 2 Face 1 of body 1

Face 4 of body 1 Face 1 of body 2 Section through model, parts separated for clarity

We also note that the faces on body 1 should be masters, because each node on a slave should find an element face on the master. Choose MeshingGlue Mesh, add Glue Mesh Set 1, enter the following information into the table and click OK. Type Face Face Face Face Label # 1 6 1 4 Body # 2 2 1 1 Side Slave Slave Master Master

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file to save the database file. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set Click the Save icon the file name to prob40, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob40. and

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Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M

Plotting the deformed mesh Click the Color Element Groups icon Plot icon
TIME 1.000

, the Scale Displacements icon

and the Load

. The graphics window should look something like this:

DISP MAG 758.7 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 2.000

The shaft appears to be glued to the ring. Total reaction force Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Reaction: X-REACTION_SUM), Variable 2 to (Reaction: Y-REACTION_SUM) and Variable 3 to (Reaction: ZREACTION_SUM), then click Apply. The X and Z reaction sums should be very close to zero, and the Y reaction sum should be close to -6.07437 (N). Notice that the total applied force is a traction of 2 N/mm2 applied over a circular area of radius 1 mm, resulting in a total applied force of 6.28318 N. The difference between the computed value of 6.07437 and the theoretical value of 6.28318 is due to the discretization of the shaft; the circular area is approximated by straight-sided quadrilateral element faces. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M

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ADINA Primer

Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the screwdriver shown in the following figure:

The geometry of the screwdriver is given in a Parasolid file. The purpose of the analysis is to show how to modify the geometry using the discrete boundary representation feature (discrete BREP feature). In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Importing the Parasolid geometry. $ Using the discrete boundary representation feature. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-M. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob41.x_t and prob41_1.in. You need to copy files prob41.x_t and prob41_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Importing the Parasolid geometry File prob41.x_t is a Parasolid file containing the geometry. Click the Import Parasolid Model , choose file prob41.x_t and click Open. The graphics window should look icon something like this:
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

Defining the subdivision data, material, boundary conditions, loading and elements We have prepared a batch file (prob41_1.in) which contains the rest of the model definition. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob41_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1000000.

Region with very small elements

B BB BBBB B B B BB B B B B BB B B B BB B B B B B B BBB BBB BB B B B B BBBB BB BBB B B BB BB B B BB B BB B B B B B BB B BB B U U U 1 2 3 B - - -

Zoom into the indicated region of the mesh. You will notice some very small elements. These elements are present because the geometry contains very narrow faces in this region of the model. We would like to remesh, using a geometry without the narrow faces. Click the Delete Mesh icon , set Delete Mesh from to Body, enter 1 in the table and click OK.

Creating a discrete boundary representation Choose MeshingFeature RemovalDiscrete BREP, set the Body Number to 1 and click Create. Click Close to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. The orange lines are the boundaries of the discrete BREP triangles. Click the Show Discrete BREP icon Show Discrete BREP icon to return to the original geometry plot, then click the

again to show the discrete BREP. Click the Shading icon

. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1000000.

B B U U U 1 2 3 - - -

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1000000.

B B U U U 1 2 3 - - -

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

Defeaturing the body Click MeshingFeature RemovalBody Defeature, set the Body Number to 1, set Remove Surface Triangles with Size below to 0.001, set the Angle (in degrees) used in Coarsening to 60 and click Preview. The graphics window should look something like this. The faces and edges that will be removed by the defeaturing are drawn in yellow.
TIME 1.000 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1000000.

B B U U U 1 2 3 - - -

To defeature the body, click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. When you zoom into the indicated region, there are no narrow faces in the discrete BREP. Remeshing Click the Mesh Bodies icon , set the Boundary Meshing to Delaunay, set the Nodes per Element to 4, enter 1 in the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. Notice that the element faces on the surface match the discrete BREP of the body.

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1000000.

Region with narrow faces originally

B B U U U 1 2 3 - - -

TIME 1.000 X

Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1000000.

B BB BBBB B B B BB B B B B B B B B BB BB BBB B B B BB B B BBBBB B B B BBBB B BBB BBB BB B B BB B B B BBB B BB B B U U U 1 2 3 B - - -

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

Generating the data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob41. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob41, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and icon click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob41. Plotting the effective stresses Click the Quick Band Plot icon
TIME 1.000 X

. The graphics window should look something like this:

Z Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000 9.750E+07 8.250E+07 6.750E+07 5.250E+07 3.750E+07 2.250E+07 7.500E+06

MAXIMUM 1.032E+08 EG 1, EL 2759, IPT 1 MINIMUM 245171. EG 1, EL 3458, IPT 1

Since 4-node tet elements are used in the meshing, the stresses are constant within the elements. Click the Smooth Plots icon like the figure on the next page. . The graphics window should look something

Although the results look better, they are not more accurate. A refined model should be used to verify the results. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M

TIME 1.000 X Z Y

SMOOTHED EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000 6.500E+07 5.500E+07 4.500E+07 3.500E+07 2.500E+07 1.500E+07 5.000E+06 MAXIMUM 7.090E+07 NODE 455 MINIMUM 118888. NODE 655

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ADINA Primer

Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

Problem description
It is desired to analyze the flow in the strongly curved channel shown.
z x 120 R H
o

Inlet

Prescribed velocity V

2H
R

Outlet

Numerical data for this model is H = 0.127 , R = 3H , V = 3 . Laminar fluid material VH constants are = 1000 , = 1.27 103 , giving a Reynolds number of Re = = 3 105 .

This problem is also considered in the following references: Brunn, H.H., An Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Losses in Bends with Rectangular Cross Sections, CUED/A-Turbo/TR 95, Cambridge University. Khalil, I.M and Weber, H.G., Modeling of Three-Dimensional Flow in Turning Channels, Transactions of the ASME - Journal of Engineering for Power, paper 84-GT49, 1984 In our numerical model, we use the k- turbulence model. Turbulence variables k and are specified at the inlet according to the following formulas:

kinlet

(k ) 3 = (i Vinlet ) 2 , inlet = inlet 0.3D 2

3/ 2

where i is the turbulence intensity, here set to 0.025 and D is the hydraulic diameter, here equal to H.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems:
$ Turbulence material modeling $ Turbulence boundary conditions and initial conditions $ Using the FCBI-C elements $ Restart to second order FCBI-C elements $ Mass flux calculation using element face variables Before you begin

Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the model contains 13041 nodes. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob42_1.in, prob42_2.in, prob42_1.plo, prob42_2.plo. You need to copy files prob42_1.in, prob42_2.in, prob42_1.plo, prob42_1.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program

Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list.
Defining model control data

Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button, set the Flow Model to Turbulent K-Epsilon and click OK. Element type: Choose ControlSolution Process and set the Flow-Condition-Based Interpolation Elements to FCBI-C. (Do not close the dialog box yet.) Outer iteration settings: Click the Outer Iteration button. Now click the Advanced Settings button, set the Equation Residual to Use All, the Equation Residual Tolerance to 1E-5, the Variable Residual Tolerance to 1E-4, the Interpolation Scheme for Pressure to Linear, check the Use Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) Scheme button, then click OK three times to close all dialog boxes.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

Defining the geometry and special boundary conditions

We have prepared a batch file (prob42_1.in) which contains the model geometry and special boundary conditions. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob42_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 B EC D B ED C Z X Y

V V V B C D E
1 2

P k

D C

B C D E

WAL 1 2 3 4

Only half of the flow domain is modeled. Special boundary condition 4 (marked with an E on the plot) is a slip-wall boundary condition. This boundary condition is chosen to model symmetry.
Defining the turbulence data

Turbulence material: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the K-Epsilon Standard/RNG Model button. In the Define Turbulent K-Epsilon Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Laminar Viscosity to 1.27e-3 and set the Density to 1000. We will not change the defaults for the Turbulent Model Flow Constants (in the Advanced tab). Click OK, then click Close, to close both dialog boxes. Turbulence inlet boundary conditions: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Turbulence and click the Define button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Turbulence dialog box, add turbulence number 1, set the Load Values field to "Computed", set the "Mean Velocity at Boundary" to 3, the "Dissipation Length Scale" to

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

0.127 and click Save. Note that the Prescribed Value for Kinetic-Energy is reset to 0.0084375 and the Prescribed Value for Rate of Energy Dissipation is reset to 0.020342. Click OK to close the dialog box. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Apply to field to Surface, set the Surface # to 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Load Plot icon
TIME 1.000 B E C D B

, the graphics window should look something like this:

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE_K TIME 1.000 0.008438 Y Z X

ED C

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE EPSILON TIME 1.000 0.02034

V V V D B EC B C D E
1 2

P k

WAL B C D E 1 2 3 4

Turbulence initial conditions: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add Condition Name I1, edit the table to read

Variable K-ENERGY E-DISSIPATION

Value 0.0084375 0.020342

and click Save (these values are same values as are applied at the inlet). Now click the Apply button, set the Apply to field to Volumes, set the Volume # to 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows in the table, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

Defining the rest of the model

We have prepared a batch file (prob42_2.in) which contains the rest of the model definitions: Prescribed velocity boundary condition at inlet Subdivision data Element group data Meshing Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob42_2.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 BEEEEE BBEEEEE E E EEBBBBB BBBBBEEBBBBBBB EE EBBBBBBBB EEEBEEEEEE BC BBBBBBEEEEEEEB BBEEEEEEEEEEEE B EBE EEEEEEEE B EEE EEE EEEE BEBEEE BEBEEE EEEEEEEE C BEEEE EEEEEEEEEE C BEEEE EEEEEE BEEE EEE BEEE EE E BEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE BEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE BEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE C EE EE EEEEEEEEE BE BEE BEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEE E E EEEEEEEEEEEE BEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEE C EEEE EE E E EE EEEEEEEEE C EEEEEEE EEEEEEEE BE E EEEEEEEEEEEEE BE BBEE EE E D DDD BEEE E EEEEEE DEDDCDDDCC EE E EEEEDDDDDEDDDD DEDDDDDD EDECDDDD DDD BEEE E EEEEDEEDEEDDCCDD DED CDCCCC BEEE E EEEEEEEDDCDDCDDDC DE DDCDDDDD E DEDDDCCCCCC BEEE E EEEEEEEDDCDCDDDCD D BE E E EEEEECDDDCDCCC E E DD C C D D BE E E EEEDDDDCC E EDDCCC EE BE E E EEEDDDCC EE E EEEE DD C BE E E EEEEDCCC EE EDDDD BEEEEEEEEDDD EE E EEEDDDC EDC BEEEEEEEEDDCC EEDD EEE EEEDDDDC EDDDC BEEEEEEEEDDC EDD EEEEEEEEDDDC D DC E B ED C E E EEEDC BE E EDDD ED BE E EEEEDC EDDDC E D BEE E EEDDDC E EDDC EDD EEDD BEE E EEEEDC EDD E EDC BEE E EEEDDD EE DCC BEE E EEEDDC E E EEEDD DDC BEE E EEEDD E EDD DC DC BEE EEEDD E EDD DC BEE EEEEDD E BEE EEEEDD EE DD D BEEE EEEDC EE D DC D BEEE EEEDD EDC D D E BE DD ED E ED D BE E EED E DC EDD BEEE EED D E BEEE EEDD E DC BEEE EEDD E E EDD D DD D BEEE EEDC D E D BEEE EEDD E D BEEE EEDD E D D BEEE EEEDC EE D DC BEEE EEED E E E EDD DD D BEEE EEED E E EEDC E DC DD D D B E EDC E BE E EDD E DD D BE E EED EE ED D C DD E BE E E EDC EE ED E E E EED BE E EEDD D D E EE BE E E EDC D EE BE E E EDC D ED EE BE E EEDD DD D EE BE E EED C DD E E E ED BE E EED E E E ED BE E EEED DD D E E E ED BEEE EED D DC EE BEEE EEED D D EE D BEEE EEED DC D E BEEE EDC DC D EDD E D BEE E EEED D E BEE EEEC E D BEE E EDD D C EDD E BEE E EEDD D DC E ED BEE EEED DC E E E EDD D C BEE EDD E DD BEE E EEED D E BE EED E E E EEED DD BE EDC E DC BEE E EEED D EED E BEE EEDC D EE BEE E EEED DC E B EE E EED E DC B E EEED D EED EE D DC BE E EEDC D EE DD BE E E EEED D DC EED BE E E EEDC D D DD BE E E EEED E DC BE E E EEED E D EDC D BE E E EEED E E EEED D DD BE E EEDC E D BE E E EEED E E EEED D D EDC DC BE E EEDC E D D BE E E EEED D D BE E E EEED E E EED DC EDC EE BE E EEED E D EDC D D BE E E EEED D D EED DC BE E E EEDC E D DC BE E E EEED E D D D BE E E EEED E E EED DC BE E EEED E D EDC D BE E E EDED E E EEDC D DC EED BE E EEDD E D D DC BE E E EEED E D D BE E E EEED D E E EED BE E EEED E D EDC DC BE E E EEED E EE EEDC D EED DD BE E EEED E D D DC BE E E EEDC E D D D BE E E EEED E D BE E E EEED E D EDC BE E E EEED E E EEED D D EDC DD BE E EEDC E D DC BE E E EEED E D D EDC D BE E E EEED E DC BE E E EEED E D EDC D BE E E EEED E E EEED DD DD BE E EEDC E D BE E E EEDC E E EEDC D D BE E EDC E BE E E CD E BE E C C E BE C BB C E EB BBC BB C PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 1.000 3.000 Z Y X

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE_K TIME 1.000 0.008438 V V V B C D E

1 2 3

P k

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE EPSILON TIME 1.000 0.02034

B C D E

WAL 1 2 3 4

Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob42. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob42, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, icon make sure that Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 30 MB and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the , set Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon the File type field to ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), open database file prob42, click the Open icon and open porthole file prob42.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

Please notice that we first opened the ADINA-IN database file, then loaded the porthole file.
Postprocessing

Pressure distribution: Click the Clear icon

, the Model Outline icon

, the Show . The graphics

(to hide the geometry), and the Quick Band Plot icon Geometry icon window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1750. 1250. 750. 250. -250. -750. -1250.

MAXIMUM 2030. NODE 2827 MINIMUM -1417. NODE 8182

The pressure is highest at the outer radius and lowest at the inner radius.
Turbulence distribution: Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Variable to (Fluid Variable: TURBULENCE_K) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

and the mouse to rotate the mesh plot until the graphics window looks Use the Pick icon something like the bottom figure on the next page. Notice that the turbulence is highest on the no-slip walls, as expected.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

TIME 1.000 Z X

TURBULENCE_K TIME 1.000 0.08400 0.07200 0.06000 0.04800 0.03600 0.02400 0.01200

MAXIMUM 0.08554 NODE 2353 MINIMUM 0.007817 NODE 1576

TIME 1.000

Y X Z

TURBULENCE_K TIME 1.000 0.08400 0.07200 0.06000 0.04800 0.03600 0.02400 0.01200

MAXIMUM 0.08554 NODE 2353 MINIMUM 0.007817 NODE 1576

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

Static pressure coefficient graph

We would like to plot the static pressure coefficient as a function of the angular position around the channel, along the line of symmetry for both the outer radius and inner radius. The p p0 where V is the inlet velocity and p0 is a static pressure coefficient is defined as C p = 1 2 2 V reference pressure, chosen so that C p = 1 at the inlet. Since it is more convenient to work with the inlet pressure as the reference pressure, we write C p =

p pinlet 1 . 2 1 2 V

From Khalil and Weber, Figure 6, the static pressure coefficient at the outlet is about 1.12. First we need to determine the inlet pressure. We will use the average of the two pressures at the inlet sampled at the outer radius and at the inner radius (both samples at the line of symmetry). Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Combination)General, add point INLET_AVERAGED, set the Type to Average, enter POINT 2 POINT 3 in the first two rows of the table, then click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, make sure that the Model Point Name is INLET_AVERAGED, set the Variable to (Stress: NODAL_PRESSURE) and click Apply. The result is 9.76329E+02. Click Close to close the dialog box. Now we create the static pressure coefficent graph. We have prepared the commands for creating the static pressure coefficient graph in file prob42_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob42_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. (Note, part of the command file input is the inlet pressure. To save time, we have already set the inlet pressure in the command file to 9.76329E+02). Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The static pressure coefficient for the last point is 1.21696. Click Close to close the dialog box.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

LINE GRAPH Outer radius Inner radius -0.8

-0.6

STATIC_PRESSURE_COEFFICIENT

-1.0

-1.2

-1.4

-1.6

-20.

0.

20.

40.

60.

80.

100.

120.

140.

160.

ANGULAR_POSITION_OUTER

Restart to second order FCBI-C elements

By default, the FCBI-C elements are first order in space. We can improve the solution by using second order FCBI-C elements. Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes) and choose file prob42.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Choose ControlSolution Process and click the Restart Analysis button. Now click the Outer Iteration button, click the Advanced Settings button, set the Space Discretization Accuracy Order to Second and click OK three times to close all three dialog boxes.
Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file

to save the database file. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set Click the Save icon the file name to prob42b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, make sure that Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 30 MB and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you can specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob42 and click Copy. Notice that ADINA-CFD takes less time to run. This is because the initial conditions (from the first order solution) are close to the second order solution.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the File type field to ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), open database file prob42, click the Open icon
Postprocessing

and open porthole file prob42b.

Static pressure coefficient graph

We have prepared the commands for creating the static pressure coefficient graph in file prob42_2.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob42_2.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like this:
-0.6 LINE GRAPH Outer radius Inner radius -0.8

STATIC_PRESSURE_COEFFICIENT

-1.0

-1.2

-1.4

-1.6

-20.

0.

20.

40.

60.

80.

100.

120.

140.

160.

ANGULAR_POSITION_OUTER

Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The static pressure coefficient for the last point is 1.17948, which is quite comparable to the value from Khalil and Weber. Click Close to close the dialog box.

Mass flux calculations: We would like to calculate the mass flux into and out of the channel. To do this, we need element face-sets corresponding to the channel inlet and outlet.
Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon .

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

ADINA-CFD provides an element face-set for the channel inlet. Choose Definitions Element/Node SetElement Face Set and select face-set 5. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot and notice that the channel inlet is highlighted. Click Cancel to close the dialog box. Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement Face Set, add name INLET, set the Element Face Set # to 5 and click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set Variable 1 to (Flux: MASS_FLUX_ELFACE) and click Apply. The mass flux should be 4.83870E+01. This mass flux is the same as the value obtained from VA where A = H 2 . Click Close to close the dialog box. Now lets determine the mass flux at the channel outlet. ADINA-CFD does not provide an element face-set for the channel outlet because there is no boundary condition defined at the outlet. Choose DefinitionsElement/Node Set Element Face Set and add face-set 10, set the Method to From Geometry Surface/Face, set the Surface/Face # to 16 in the first row of the table and click Save. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot and notice that the channel outlet is highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box. Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement Face Set, add name OUTLET, set the Element Face Set # to 10 and click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Model Point Name to Outlet, set Variable 1 to (Flux: MASS_FLUX_ELFACE) and click Apply. The mass flux should be -4.83870E+01. It is seen that the sum of the mass fluxes is zero, so that mass is conserved.

Plotting the dimensionless wall distance: We would like to plot the dimensionless wall
distance. Click the Clear icon and the Model Outline icon , then click the Show

Geometry icon (to hide the geometry). Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Fluid Variable: WALL_Y+_ELFACE) and click OK. Use the mouse to rotate the mesh so that the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel

TIME 2.000 X Y Z

WALL_Y+_ELFACE TIME 2.000 432.0 408.0 384.0 360.0 336.0 312.0 288.0

MAXIMUM 439.6 EG 1, EL 1796 MINIMUM 271.3 EG 1, EL 8131

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ADINA Primer

Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method

Problem description
A block is pushed onto a rigid cylinder as shown:
Prescribed5 force = 10 N

0.1

All lengths in meters

0.1

Block: Ogden material model: m1 = 106 N/m2, a1=0.5 m2 = 10 4 N/m2 , a2=5.5 Plane strain conditions

0.01
0.05 Rigid cylinder, coefficient of friction = 0.2

We would like to determine the displacements and contact tractions for the given load application. However, we do not want to explicitly specify time steps or time functions. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Using the TLA and-TLA-S methods $ Plotting contact tractions as bands Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are 1077 nodes in the model. Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob43_1.in. You need to copy file prob43_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

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Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob43_1.in) which contains all of the model definition except for the specification of the TLA method. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob43_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 C C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 100000.

U U B C
2

If you look at the commands in prob43_1.in, you will notice that there is no specification of the time function or the number of time steps. The time function used is the default time function, and the number of time steps is automatically set by the TLA method. Choosing the TLA method to the right of the Analysis Type drop-down menu, set Click the Analysis Options icon the Automatic Time Stepping Scheme to Use Total Load Application (TLA) and click OK.

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Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, examining the output file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob43. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob43, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. Depending upon round-off, ADINA either runs, or stops with the message *** Program stopped abnormally ***. Click the View Output button in the ADINA Structures window and find the text STEP NUMBER = 1

You will notice that the minimum abs diag element of the factorized matrix is very small. This is because the model has a rigid body mode in the z translational direction. This rigid body mode is present because we specified a prescribed force on the block, and when the block is not in contact with the cylinder, there is nothing to restrain the motion of the block. Close the text editor window and the ADINA Structures window, and all other windows. One way to obtain a solution is to prescribe the displacement of the block. However then it is difficult to determine the exact amount of displacement needed to obtain the specified prescribed force. So instead we add stabilization to the model using the TLA-S method. Choosing the TLA-S method Click the Analysis Options icon to the right of the Analysis Type drop-down menu, set the Automatic Time Stepping Scheme to Use TLA with Stabilization (TLA-S) and click OK. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, examining the output file, loading the porthole file to save the database file. Now click the Data File/Solution icon , Click the Save icon set the file name to prob43, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. You can replace the existing prob43.dat file. ADINA solves the model using 7 solution steps. Click the View Output button in the ADINA Structures window, scroll to the end of the file, then scroll backwards until you find the table with heading SOLUTION ACCURACY INDICATORS

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Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method

In this table, notice that EXTERNAL FORCES = 1.134E+02 DAMPING FORCES = 3.665E-01 INERTIA FORCES = 0.000E+00 CONTACT DAMP. FORCES = 4.802E-03 STIFFNESS STABIL = 3.942E-09 These numbers are force indicators (not forces) and have units of energy (force units times displacement units). For this problem, the stabilization comes from low-speed dynamics damping, contact damping and stiffness stabilization. Low-speed dynamics inertia is not used because we did not specify the density of the material in the model definition. Since the damping force indicator, the contact damping force indicator and the stiffness stabilization indicator are much smaller than the external force indicator, we conclude that the stabilization does not affect the solution significantly. Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10.00

and open porthole file prob43. The

Z X Y

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ADINA Primer

Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method

Post-processing Although ADINA solves the model in 7 solution steps, ADINA only saves the solution for the last time step. So you cannot examine the solution at different load levels, create animations or create a force-deflection curve. You can examine the solution for the given prescribed force in detail. Here we demonstrate how to show the contact tractions as bands. , set the Band Plot Variable to (Traction: Click the Create Band Plot icon NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION) and click OK. It is difficult to see the traction bands because the thick contact segment lines obscure the traction bands. Click the Modify Mesh , click the Element Depiction button, click the Contact, etc tab, set the Plot icon Contact Surface Line Width to 0 and click OK to close both dialog boxes. It is easier to see the traction bands, but it would be better to thicken them some more. Click the Modify Band , click the Band Rendering button, set the Line Width Value to 6 and click Plot icon OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 10.00 Z X Y

NODAL NORMAL TRACTION TIME 10.00 1440000. 1200000. 960000. 720000. 480000. 240000. 0.

MAXIMUM 1563021. NODE 627 (1555786.) MINIMUM -28690. NODE 533 (0.000)

Since there is friction in the model, we can also plot the tangential tractions. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Traction: NODAL_TANGENTIAL_TRACTION) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method
TIME 10.00 Z X Y

NODAL TANGENTIAL TRACTION TIME 10.00 160000. 133333. 106667. 80000. 53333. 26667. 0.

MAXIMUM 175485. NODE 608 MINIMUM -9811. NODE 533 (0.000)

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes. Note The TLA-S method uses four stabilization factors: the stiffness matrix stabilization factor, the damping factor, the inertia factor and the contact damping factor. Since there is no density assigned to the model, the model has no mass and the inertia factor has no effect. If you assign a density to the model, you should turn off the stiffness matrix stabilization factor. Otherwise the convergence will be slow while the model is not in contact.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

Problem description
A bracket assemblage is shown below in an exploded view:

Bolt

Upper bracket

Lower bracket

Nut

The two parts of the bracket are bolted together. After the parts are bolted together, the tension in the bolt is 2000 N and the assemblage appears as shown on the next page.

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

Bolt tension = 2000 N

Finally a pressure load of 1 MPa is applied to the top of the upper bracket as shown:

Pressure load = 1 MPa

In this model, the bolt / nut combination is modeled using a 3D-bolt element group. The bolt element group and bracket element groups are allowed to come into contact, and contact surfaces are used to model the contact.

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

Contact group 2, contact surface 3 Contact group 2, contact surface 5

Bolt modeled with 3D-bolt element group, element group 3

Element group 1

Contact group 1, contact surface 1 Contact group 1, contact surface 2 Element group 2 Contact group 2, contact surface 6 Contact group 2, contact surface 4

The bolt pretension is directly specified and is applied to the model in a bolt loading step. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Using 3D-bolt elements $ Displaying the contact gap in a band plot Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-M. Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob44_1.in. You need to copy file prob44_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob44_1.in) which contains all of the model definition except for the bolt element definition. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob44_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1.000

C B C B

B B B B

B B

B C D

U U U 1 2 3 - - - -

Defining the 3D-bolt element group Element group 3 will be the 3D-bolt element group. In the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right-click on 12. EG3 and choose Display. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. It is seen that element group 3 contains both the bolt and nut. , make sure that the Group Bolt element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Number is 3 and set the Element Option to Bolt. In the Bolt box, set the Bolt # to 1, the Load to 1.0 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

U U U
1 2

No boundary conditions assigned

Bolt loading: Choose ModelBoltBolt Options, set the Bolt Loading Sequence Table to Yes and click the Bolt Table ... button. Add bolt table 1, enter (1, 1, 2000, Yes) in the first row of the table and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob44. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob44, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. In the Log Window, note the following text: 3D bolt group 3, bolt number = 1 Automatic bolt-plane calculation using inertial properties Volume = 4.70343E+03 Min inertia = 1.63059E+05 Bolt direction = ( 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, 1.00000E+00) Bolt plane point = (-1.00000E+01, 1.53553E-15, 1.26638E+01) Bolt length, cross-sectional area = 4.75000E+01, 4.30204E+01 (Your numbers might be slightly different than these numbers because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.)

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

This text can be used to verify that the bolt is defined correctly. For example, the bolt direction for bolt number 1 is (0,0,1), which corresponds to the bolt axis. See the ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide for more details. In the ADINA dialog box, in the Message window, notice that there is a line Bolt iterations: step number = before the line Step number = 1 step size = 1.0000000E+00 time = 1.0000000E+00 1 bolt force factor = 2.0000000E+03

We see that, although there is only one solution step specified in the input, ADINA performs bolt iterations before that solution step, in order to obtain the solution corresponding to the bolt tension of 2000 N, without additional loads. Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Post-processing Bolt pretension: Click the Previous Solution icon to display the solution for the bolt sequence step. Since no load other than the bolt pretension is applied in this step, this solution shows the effect of the bolt pretension. and use the mouse to rotate and scale the mesh plot Click the Scale Displacements icon until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. and open porthole file prob44.

The bolt pretension is seen to pull the two parts of the bracket assemblage together, and the two parts of the bracket assemblage are in contact. However, the displacements are magnified so much that the elements in the bolt group appear to move into each other. Click the Modify , click the Model Depiction button, set the Magnification Factor to 50 and Mesh Plot icon click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

TIME 0.000: Bolt seq 1

DISP MAG 245.2 X

Z Y

TIME 0.000: Bolt seq 1

DISP MAG 50.00 X

Z Y

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

Bolt pretension and applied pressure: Click the Next Solution icon

and the Load Plot

icon to display the solution for time 1.0. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 50.00 X Z Y

PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TIME 1.000 1.000

The model displacements have increased due to the applied pressure. Bolt results: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Force: BOLT-FORCE), Variable 2 to (Displacement: BOLT-SHORTENING) and click Apply. The results for "Bolt Sequence 1" are 2.00000E+03 (N), 4.17532E-02 (mm), and the results for "Time 1.00000" are 1.36728E+03, 4.17532E-02. We see that the specified pretension is applied to the bolt for "Bolt Sequence 1", and that the bolt length is shortened by 4.17532E-2 mm in order to achieve this bolt pretension. For "Time 1.00000", the applied pressure load reduces the bolt tension, and the bolt shortening is unchanged. Let's look at the stresses in element group 3. Click the Clear icon , and, in the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right click on 13. EG3 and choose Display. When you click the Quick Vector Plot icon the next page. , the graphics window should look something like the figure on

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ADINA Primer

Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000

+ -

73.03

63.00 45.00 27.00 9.00 -9.00 -27.00 -45.00

Now we calculate the axial force in the bolt from the stresses. Click the Cut Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting Plane, set "Defined by" to Z-Plane, set the Coordinate Value to 12 and click OK. The cutting surface corresponds to the bolt cross-section. Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special)Mesh Integration, add point BOLT, make sure that the Integration Type is Integral and click OK. Choose ListValue ListModel Point, make sure that the Model Point Name is BOLT, set Variable 1 to (Stress: STRESS-ZZ) and click Apply. The value of STRESS-ZZ is first 2.00035E+03, then becomes 1.36764E+03. Since model point BOLT represents the integral of the listed variable, these values correspond to axial forces, and these values are very close to the bolt forces obtained earlier. Displaying the contact gap in a band plot Now we look at the contact between the upper and lower brackets. Click the Clear icon , and, in the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right click on 11. EG1 and choose Display. , set the Band Plot Variable to (Miscellaneous: Then click the Create Band Plot icon NODAL_CONTACT_GAP) and click OK. Use the mouse to rotate the mesh plot until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt

TIME 1.000 X

Y Z

NODAL CONTACT GAP TIME 1.000

0.02167 0.01833 0.01500 0.01167 0.00833 0.00500 0.00167

MAXIMUM 0.02425 NODE 217 MINIMUM -9.474E-10 NODE 111

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

Problem description
An initially flat plate is bent by an applied moment:

z x uy, uz fixed qx fixed y

E=2.1105 N/mm2 n=0.3 Thickness = 0.1 mm 5 mm 1 mm

Applied moment = 4 N-mm

The moment is large enough to require a large displacement analysis. The purpose of this problem is to demonstrate some of the consequences of using 6 degree of freedom nodes in large displacement shell elements. You might want to reread Section 2.7.3 of the ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide to review the use of 5 degree of freedom and 6 degree of freedom nodes in shell analysis. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Specification of the shell nodes drilling stiffness $ Use of beam elements to control the shell nodes drilling stiffness Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob45_1.in and prob45_2.in. You need to copy files prob45_1.in and prob45_2.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob45_1.in) which contains all of the model definition. Shell elements are used to model the plate. The moment is applied in 20 time steps. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob45_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 20.00 X Z C C B B Y

PRESCRIBED MOMENT TIME 20.00 2.000

U U U B C
1

Notice that the y and z displacement, and the x rotation, are fixed on the clamped end. In addition, the x displacement is fixed at one point on the clamped end to remove the rigid-body translation in the x direction. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob45. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob45, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The model does not converge in the 8th time step.

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 7.000 X

and open porthole file prob45. The

Z Y

The model deformations look fine. So the plot does not give us any clues about why the model did not converge. Examining the ADINA output file To figure out what happened, we need to examine the ADINA output file. If you didnt close the ADINA window, click the View Output button. If you already closed the ADINA window, then use a text editor, such as vi or Notepad, to open file prob45.out. Dont close the AUI. In the output file, look for the text STEP NUMBER = 8

and examine the NORM OF INCREMENTAL ROTN. column for the equilibrium iterations of step 8. These values should be similar to those shown in the following table.

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

Iteration 0 1 2 3

NORM OF INCREMENTAL ROTN 5.93E-01 7.82E+00 5.91E-01 1.32E+01

NODE-DOF 2-Z 12-Z 2-Z 12-Z

MAX VALUE -2.88E-01 4.87E+00 -3.98E-01 1.06E+01

From this table, we see that the norm (square root of the sum of the squares) of all of the incremental rotations in the model for iteration 0 is 5.93E-01 and the maximum incremental rotation in iteration 0 is 2.88E-01 at node 2. Since the rotations are measured in radians, the incremental rotations at nodes 2 and 12 appear to be very large. Evidently the nodes at the clamped end and the nodes with the applied moment are assigned 6 degrees of freedom. At all of the nodes with 6 degrees of freedom, there is nothing in the model to provide stiffness to the drilling degrees of freedom (the drilling degrees of freedom are the rotations in the direction of the shell normals). So we need to provide stiffness for those degrees of freedom. In this model, the AUI assigns 6 degrees of freedom to the nodes on the clamped end because there are both free rotations (the y- and z-rotations) and fixed rotations (the x rotations) on the clamped end. The AUI assigns 6 degrees of freedom to the nodes with applied moment, because of the applied moment. Pre-processing: clamped nodes For the clamped nodes, there is no reason to leave the z rotation free. Lets see what happens if we fix the z rotation for the clamped nodes. Invoking the pre-processor: Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose prob45.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. and notice that fixities P1 and P2 are applied to geometry Click the Apply Fixity icon points 1 and 2. Click the Define button, set the Fixity Name to P1, check the Z-Rotation button, set the Fixity Name to P2, check the Z-Rotation button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

When you click the Redraw icon

TIME 20.00

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z

C C B B

PRESCRIBED MOMENT TIME 20.00 2.000

U U U B C
1

Notice that the Z rotation is fixed at the nodes on the clamped end. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, examining the output file Click the Save icon . Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob45, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. You can replace the existing prob45.dat file. This time, the model does not converge in the 7th time step. We need to look at the ADINA output file again. Click the View Output button in the ADINA window, look for the text STEP NUMBER = 7

and examine the NORM OF INCREMENTAL ROTN. column. These values should be similar to those shown in the following table. Iteration 0 1 2 3 NORM OF INCREMENTAL ROTN 3.11E-01 2.81E-01 3.08E-01 6.08E-01 NODE-DOF 12-Z 12-Z 11-Z 11-Z MAX VALUE 1.92E-01 1.77E-01 -2.08E-01 3.90E-01

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

Nodes 11 and 12 appear to have large incremental rotations. At nodes 11 and 12, we cannot fix the z rotations because the drilling stiffness direction will change as the model deforms, and the drilling stiffness direction will no longer coincide with the z direction. Pre-processing: drilling stiffness Returning to the pre-processor: Close all open windows and dialog boxes. By default, ADINA assigns a small amount of drilling stiffness to nodes without drilling stiffness. Lets increase the amount of drilling stiffness. Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, and, in the Shell Options box, set the Stiffness Factor to 0.001 and click OK. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, examining the output file . Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob45, Click the Save icon make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. You can replace the existing prob45.dat file. This time, ADINA runs for 20 steps. Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob45. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 20.00 X Z Y

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

Post-processing Rotations and moment reactions: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement: X-ROTATION), Variable 2 to (Reaction: X-MOMENT_REACTION) and click Apply. Scroll down to display the results at time 20. The X moment reaction at node 1 is 1.99761 and the X moment reaction at node 2 is 1.99760. The X rotation at nodes 11 and 12 is 1.19041 (radians). Click OK to close the dialog box. The moment reactions nearly balance the applied moment of 4.0. A comparison analytical solution is

ML = 1.14 (radians) EI

For many purposes, the solution is good enough. But we can obtain a better solution by introducing a soft beam element to eliminate the drilling stiffness. Pre-processing: soft beam element Invoking the pre-processor: Choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose prob45.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. We have prepared a batch file (prob45_2.in) which contains the beam element definition. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob45_2.in and click Open. We cant see the beam element because it lies on one of the shell element lines. Click the No Mesh Lines icon to show just the beam element. Click

the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction button, click the Display Local System Triad button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The beam element triad shows that the beam element s direction lies in the plane of the shells, and the beam element t direction is perpendicular to the plane of the shells. . Notice that the only non-zero moment of inertia is the t Click the Cross Sections icon moment of inertia, and that the cross-sectional area is very small. So the beam only has bending stiffness for rotations perpendicular to the plane of the shells (in other words, for rotations in the shell normal direction), and the beam has no axial stiffness.

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

TIME 20.00 X

C C B B

PRESCRIBED MOMENT TIME 20.00 2.000

U U U B C
1

Since the beam now provides stiffness in the drilling stiffness direction, we dont need any shell drilling stiffness. Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, uncheck the Assign Stiffness to Nodes with Zero Stiffness button and click OK. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, post-processing Click the Save icon . Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob45, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. You can replace the existing prob45.dat file. Again, ADINA runs for 20 steps. Close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob45. Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement: X-ROTATION), Variable 2 to (Reaction: X-MOMENT_REACTION) and click Apply. Scroll down to display the results at time 20. The X moment reaction at nodes 1 and 2 is 1.99999, and the X rotation at nodes 11 and 12 is 1.16536 (radians). Click OK to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes. Notes 1) If we had turned off the drilling stiffness feature before running the original model, the solution would have stopped immediately with a zero pivot message.

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

2) It is safe to leave the y rotation of the clamped nodes free, because the y rotation direction lies in the plane of the shell, and hence has stiffness. 3) In the comparison analytical solution, the plate constant D =

Et 3 is not used, 12(1 2 )

because the y rotations are free and the plate can undergo anticlastic bending. The plate responds as if it were a beam. 4) The drilling stiffness feature affects the solution slightly, because a small amount of the applied moment acts in the direction of the drilling stiffness (this is because the anticlastic effect bends the shell normals so that they have components in the x direction). Because the drilling stiffness is implemented using grounded rotational spring elements, a small amount of the applied moment is taken by the drilling stiffness springs. On the other hand, when the beam element is used, all of the applied moment goes into the finite element model, so the reactions at the clamped nodes are in equilibrium with the applied moment.

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Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment

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ADINA Primer

Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

Problem description
A cylinder is subjected to heat flux loadings as shown:
C L

0.1 m

Thermal properties: k = 0.5 W/m-oC h = 5 W/m2-oC e = 0.2 s = 5.669 5 10-8 W/m2-oK4

Environmental temperature = 20 oC

0.1 m

Convection and radiation takes place on boundaries marked with a thick line
Structural properties: E = 6.9 5 1010 N/m2 n = 0.30 a = 4.5 5 10-6 m/m

q = 500 W/m2

This is the same problem as was considered in primer problem 9. However, in this analysis, we will analyze the cylinder entirely within ADINA Structures, using the TMC model feature. (Note, do not confuse the TMC model feature within ADINA Structures with the ADINATMC solution capability.) In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Using the TMC model feature within ADINA Structures Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model and click OK. Heat transfer solution: Click the Coupling Options icon TMC One-Way Coupling and click OK. Defining model geometry Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
z
P2

, set the Type of Solution to

L1

P1

L2

S1

L4

P3

L3

P4

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (you can leave the X1 column blank) and click OK. Point # 1 2 3 4 X2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 X3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 , define the following surface and click

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon OK. Surface Number 1 Type Vertex Point 1 1 Point 2 2 Point 3 3

Point 4 4

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

Defining and applying boundary conditions We need a boundary condition corresponding to rollers on the left line of the square. Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Fixity dialog box, add fixity name YT, check the Y-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Lines, enter line 2, fixity YT in the first row of the table and click Save. We also need to fix one point in the model. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the Apply to field to Points, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. Defining and applying loads , set the Load Type to Distributed Heat Flux and click the Click the Apply Load icon Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Heat Flux dialog box, add heat flux number 1, set the Magnitude to 500 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Apply to field is set to Line, and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 3. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. Defining the convection and radiation boundary conditions We will impose convection and radiation boundary conditions onto lines 1 and 4 of the model. , set the Load Type to Convection and click the Convection: Click the Apply Load icon Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection dialog box, add convection 1, and click the button to the right of the Convection Property field. In the Define Convection Property dialog box, add Property 1, make sure that the Type is set to CONSTANT, set the Convection Coefficient to 5 and click OK. In the Define Convection Load dialog box, set the Environment Temperature to 20, set the Convection Property to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1 and 4 respectively. Click Apply in the Apply Load dialog box (do not close the dialog box yet). Radiation: Set the Load Type to Radiation and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Radiation dialog box, add radiation 1, and click the button to the right of the Radiation Property field. In the Define Radiation Property dialog box, add Property 1, make sure that the Type is set to CONSTANT, set the Temperature Unit to Centigrade, set the Emissivity Coefficient to 0.2, set the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant to 5.669E-08 and click OK. In the Define Radiation Load dialog box, set the Environment Temperature to 20, set the Radiation Property to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Apply to field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

and 4 respectively. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box. When you click the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot icon should look something like the figure on the next page.
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED HEATFLUX TIME 1.000 500.0 Z X Y

, the graphics window

PRESCRIBED CONVECTION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00 B PRESCRIBED RADIATION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00

U U U B C
1

Defining the element group and materials Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the Type to 2-D Solid and make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric. Click the button to the right of the Default Material field and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Youngs Modulus to 6.9E10, the Poissons ratio to 0.3, the Coef of Thermal Expansion to 4.5E-6, then click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. In the Define Element Group dialog box, click the button to the right of the Thermal Material field and click the k isotropic, c constant button. In the Define Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.5 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box, and click OK to close the Define Element Groups dialog box. Defining the elements Subdivision data: We will use a uniform mesh for the solution. Choose Meshing Mesh DensityComplete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.02 and click OK.

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Solid, enter 1 in the Surface # table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 B B B B B B B B B B B C C PRESCRIBED RADIATION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00 PRESCRIBED CONVECTION TEMPERATURE TIME 1.000 20.00 PRESCRIBED HEATFLUX TIME 1.000 500.0 Z X Y

U U U B C
1

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob46. To generate the ADINA

data file and run ADINA, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob46, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon prob46. Examining the solution , set the Band Plot Variable to Temperatures: Click the Create Band Plot icon (Temperature: ELEMENT_TEMPERATURE). The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. and open porthole file

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

TIME 1.000 Z X ELEMENT TEMPERATURE RST CALC TIME 1.000 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 Y

MAXIMUM 104.4 EG 1, EL 25, IPT 11 (102.2) MINIMUM 34.16 EG 1, EL 1, IPT 33 (34.99)

Heat fluxes: Click the Clear Band Plot icon , click the Create Vector Plot icon and set the Vector Quantity to HEAT_FLUX. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

HEAT FLUX RST CALC TIME 1.000 536.9

510.0 450.0 390.0 330.0 270.0 210.0 150.0

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

Maximum principal stresses: Click the Clear Vector Plot icon icon

, click the Create Band Plot

, choose variable (Stress:SIGMA-P1) and click OK to display the maximum

principal stress. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Rendering... button, set the Extreme Values field to Plot the Maximum and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

SIGMA-P1 RST CALC TIME 1.000 3900000. 3300000. 2700000. 2100000. 1500000. 900000. 300000.

MAXIMUM 4163084. EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (3845673.)

The temperature and stress solutions are almost exactly the same as were obtained in primer problem 9. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder ADINA TMC model

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Problem description
Two desirable features in a material model are: 1) the ability to reproduce experimental data in an analysis that corresponds to the experiment and 2) that the material model be stable (positive incremental stiffness). We explore these features for some of the rubber-like material models in ADINA. For rubber and rubber-like materials, one experiment that can be used to determine material constants is the uniaxial stretching of a sheet experiment schematically shown here.
Prescribed force

Transverse direction

Unit thickness, plane stress

Prescribed displacement

1 Longitudinal direction

The initial dimensions of the sheet are chosen for numerical convenience. With this choice of initial dimensions, the prescribed displacement can be interpreted directly as a prescribed engineering strain, and the prescribed force can be interpreted directly as a prescribed engineering stress. Also note that we will subject the sheet to uniaxial compression, and of course an actual sheet would buckle, but our numerical model will not buckle. In practice, uniaxial compression data can be obtained from biaxial tension data. For the purpose of this primer problem, we assume that the experiments have yielded the stress-strain data shown in the figure on the next page.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

20.

0. Engineering stress -20.

-40.

-60. 0 1.0 Engineering strain 2.0

This is constructed material data, and does not represent any actual rubber or rubber-like material. We have not assigned units to the model or to the data. We have included the engineering stress-engineering strain data points for the material description in the file prob47_mat.txt. We will use three rubber models to describe this material data: Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden and Sussman-Bathe. In our numerical experiments, we will subject the sheet to uniaxial compression and tension, first without any transverse force, then with a transverse force. The uniaxial compression / tension analysis will demonstrate how well the numerical model reproduces the experimental data, and the transverse force analysis will demonstrate the stability of the numerical model in biaxial tension. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Changing the curve-fitting parameters $ Using the Sussman-Bathe material model Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob47_1.in, prob47_mat.txt, prob47_1.plo, prob47_2.plo and prob47_3.plo. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob47_1.in) which contains all of the model definition except for the material definition. The loading for the model is as follows. From time 0 to time 40, the y displacement is prescribed and there is no z prescribed force (uniaxial tension/compression conditions). From time 0 to time 7, the y displacement is ramped from 0 to 0.7 (compression), from time 7 to time 14, the y displacement is ramped from 0.7 to 0, from time 14 to time 36, the y displacement is ramped from 0 to 2.2, from time 36 to time 40, the y displacement is ramped from 2.2 to 1.8. The engineering strain is equal to the prescribed displacement. From time 40 to time 50, the y displacement is held constant at 1.8 and the z prescribed force is increased from 0 to 100. Notice that constraint equations are used so that the y prescribed displacement is applied at node 1 and the z prescribed force is also applied at node 1. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Material definition Mooney-Rivlin model , click the Mooney-Rivlin button and add material 1. Click the Manage Materials icon Click the button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, add Fitting Curve 1, and click the button to the right of the Simple Tension Curve field and add Curve number 1. Click the Import button, choose file prob47_mat.txt and click OK. In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, set the Simple Tension Curve to 1 and click OK. In the Define Mooney-Rivlin Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1 and click Save. Click the Graph button. The new graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

TIME 50.00 C 2 C 1

Z X PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 50.00 100.0 Y

PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 50.00 1.800

B 4 B

D 3 D

B C D

U 2 C

U 3 C -

Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data 20. 10. 0. -10.
Engineering stress

-20. -30. -40. -50. -60. -70. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5

Material 1, (Test) Material 1, Mooney-Rivlin

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Engineering strain

The curve fit does not match the data very well. Close the new graphics window.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Notice that the Generalized Mooney-Rivlin Constants C1 to C9 are all positive. Perhaps we can obtain a closer fit by changing the curve-fitting parameters. Click the button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, set the Least Squares Solution Method to Gaussian Elimination and click OK. In the Define Mooney-Rivlin Material dialog box, clear the Bulk Modulus field and click Save. When you click the Graph button, the new graphics window should look something like this:
Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data

20.

10.

0. Material 1, (Test) Material 1, Mooney-Rivlin

Engineering stress

-10.

-20.

-30.

-40.

-50.

-60. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

Now some of the Generalized Mooney-Rivlin Constants are negative, but the curve fit is much better. Close the new graphics window, click OK to close the Define Mooney-Rivlin Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Descriptions dialog box. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob47. Click the Data

File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob47, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob47.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Examining the solution Uniaxial stress-strain curve: We have put the commands for plotting the uniaxial stress-strain curve in file prob47_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
Solution with transverse tension

Longitudinal stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 20.

0.

Engineering stress

-20. ADINA Experimental data -40.

-60.

-80. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

The ADINA solution matches the experimental data closely. The green vertical line shows the solution when we impose a transverse tension. Transverse stress-strain curve: Lets examine the transverse stress-strain curve more closely. We have put the commands for plotting the transverse stress-strain curve in file prob47_2.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Transverse stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 100. ADINA

80.

Transverse engineering stress

60.

40.

20.

0. -412. -411. -410. -409. -408. -407. *10

-3

-406.

-405.

-404.

-403.

-402.

Transverse engineering strain

This curve shows that the transverse (z) strain decreases when the transverse stress increases, in other words, that the incremental stiffness in the transverse direction is negative. Lets see if we can show this effect in the mesh. Click the Clear icon and click the Load Plot icon
TIME 50.00

, click the Mesh Plot icon

. The graphics window should look something like this:

Z X PRESCRIBED DISPLACEMENT TIME 50.00 1.800 PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 50.00 100.0 Y

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

This plot shows the mesh at the last solution time, when the transverse stress is 100. Click the Fast Rewind icon to display the mesh at solution time 40, when there is no transverse

stress, then click the Last Solution icon to display the mesh at the last solution time. Notice that the mesh shrinks in the transverse (vertical) direction when you click the Last Solution icon .

This response prediction is non-physical. The Mooney-Rivlin fit used here is unstable (negative incremental stiffness). So, although the Mooney-Rivlin fit shown here fits the uniaxial data very well, this fit cannot describe any real material. We might have predicted that the fit is unstable, when we noticed that some of the MooneyRivlin constants were negative. We can also observe that the fit is unstable by carefully examining the output file prob47.out. Use a text editor to open this file, and search for the first occurrence of the string DIAG ELEMENT (WITH MAX ABS VALUE) OF THE FACTORIZED MATRIX = (for this problem, there is only one unknown, so there is only one diagonal element of the factorized matrix). For step 1, the diagonal element of the factorized matrix is 0.76581E+00. Since this is positive, the model is initially stable. (Also note, the printout shows the matrix conditioning at the beginning of the step.) But at step 3, the diagonal element of the factorized matrix is -0.19822E+01, so the model is unstable for the deformations corresponding to step 2. And at step 41, the diagonal element of the factorized matrix is 0.10605E+05, so the model is unstable for the deformations corresponding to step 40. And this explains why, when we apply a positive transverse stress, we obtain a negative incremental transverse strain. Changing the material definition Ogden models Lets try the Ogden material model. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and open database file prob47.idb. , click on row 1 in the table, click the Delete button and Click the Manage Materials icon click Yes to delete material 1. Now click the Ogden button and add material 1. Click the button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, set the Least Squares Solution Method to Singular Value Decomposition and click OK. In the Define Ogden Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1 and click Save. Click the Graph button. The new graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data

20.

10.

0. Material 1, (Test)

Engineering stress

-10.

Material 1, Ogden

-20.

-30.

-40.

-50.

-60. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

The curve fit does not match the data very well. Close the new graphics window. Perhaps we can obtain a closer fit by changing the curve-fitting parameters. Click the button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, set the Approximation Order to 9 and click OK. In the Define Ogden Material dialog box, clear the Bulk Modulus field and click Save. When you click the Graph button, the new graphics window should look something like this:
Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data

20.

10.

0. Material 1, (Test) Material 1, Ogden -20.

Engineering stress

-10.

-30.

-40.

-50.

-60. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

This fit is even worse. Perhaps we can improve the fit by using different Alpha constants. Set the Alpha constants as shown in the following table, clear the Bulk Modulus field and click Save. Term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alpha 0.5 -1.0 1.0 -2.0 2.0 -3.0 3.0 -4.0 4.0

When you click the Graph button, the new graphics window should look something like this:
Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data

20.

10.

0. Material 1, (Test) Material 1, Ogden -20.

Engineering stress

-10.

-30.

-40.

-50.

-60. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

The fit is quite good. Evidently some negative alphas are required for a good fit in this case (the default alphas are 1, 2, 3, , 9). Notice that the product of mu i and alpha i is not always positive in this fit, for example the product of mu 2 and alpha 2. When the product of mu i and alpha i is positive for each term, then the material is most likely stable, but this is a sufficient condition, not a necessary one. For this fit, notice that the product of mu 8 and alpha 8 is positive, and the product of mu

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

9 and alpha 9 is positive. Since alpha 8 and alpha 9 are the alphas with maximum absolute value, the material will be dominated by these terms when the strains are large. Close the new graphics window, click OK to close the Define Ogden Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Descriptions dialog box. Examining the solution Save the database, run ADINA, and open the porthole file as described above. Uniaxial stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
Longitudinal stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 20.

0.

Engineering stress

-20.

ADINA Experimental data

-40.

-60.

-80. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

The ADINA solution matches the experimental data closely. Transverse stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Transverse stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 100. ADINA 80.

Transverse engineering stress

60.

40.

20.

0. -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Transverse engineering strain

This curve shows that the transverse (z) strain increases when the transverse stress increases. So this material description is stable with respect to transverse stresses. Detail of uniaxial stress-strain curve: For many purposes, the Ogden fit given here is acceptable. But in practical analysis, at a given solution time, there might be parts of the model with very little strain along with parts of the model with large strains. Lets see how this Ogden fit models the data for small strains. We have put the commands for plotting the uniaxial stress-strain curve for small strains in file prob47_3.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_3.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. This Ogden fit does not fit the small strain data very well.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Longitudinal stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 0.3 ADINA 0.2 Experimental data

0.1

Engineering stress

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 Engineering strain 0.1 0.2 0.3

Changing the material definition Sussman-Bathe model Lets try the Sussman-Bathe material model. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and open database file prob47.idb. Click the Manage Materials icon , click on row 1 in the table, click the Delete button and click Yes to delete material 1. Now click the Sussman-Bathe button and add material 1. In the Stress-Strain Curve box, click the Reference ID button and set the reference ID to 1. Click the Graph button. The new graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. The fit is extremely good. Close the new graphics window, click OK to close the Define Sussman-Bathe Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Descriptions dialog box.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Uniaxial stress-strain curves from material property data

20.

0. Material 1, (Test)
Engineering stress

-20.

Material 1, Sussman-Bathe

-40.

-60.

-80. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

Examining the solution Save the database, run ADINA, and open the porthole file as described above. Uniaxial stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
Longitudinal stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 20.

0.

Engineering stress

-20.

ADINA Experimental data

-40.

-60.

-80. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Engineering strain

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

The ADINA solution matches the experimental data closely. Transverse stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
Transverse stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 100. ADINA

80.
Transverse engineering stress

60.

40.

20.

0. -10. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. Transverse engineering strain

This curve shows that the transverse strain increases when the transverse stress increases. So this material description is stable with respect to transverse stresses. But the transverse stressstrain curve is quite different than that from the Ogden fit for large transverse stresses. (For smaller transverse strains, the Sussman-Bathe and Ogden materials give about the same response prediction, but we do not demonstrate this here.) Detail of uniaxial stress-strain curve: Lets see how the Sussman-Bathe model fits the data for small strains. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob47_3.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

Longitudinal stress-strain curves from force-deflection data 0.3 ADINA 0.2 Experimental data

0.1
Engineering stress

0.0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 Engineering strain 0.1 0.2 0.3

The fit is extremely good for both small strains and large strains. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes. Additional notes Both the Ogden and Sussman-Bathe models are based on the same basic assumption of the separability of the strain energy density

WD = w(e1 ) + w(e2 ) + w(e3 ) see Section 3.8.1.5 of the ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide for details. With this assumption, the material response for all (three-dimensional) strain states can be predicted from the material response for uniaxial tension and compression. One fundamental difference between the Ogden and Sussman-Bathe models is how the strain energy density term w(e) is modeled. In the Ogden model, the strain energy density term is modeled using functions with global support (in non-mathematical language, each function spans the entire strain range). In the Sussman-Bathe model, the strain energy term is modeled using functions with local support (each spline segment only spans part of the strain range.) The splines can be adjusted to fit the underlying w(e) function (obtained from the uniaxial stress-strain data) very well.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

In this problem, we use input data in the true (logarithmic) strain range of (-1.14 to 1.14). Hence the input data only defines the w(e) function only in this strain range. The following graph shows the w(e) functions of the Ogden and Sussman-Bathe models.
80. Ogden Sussman-Bathe

60.

40.

w(e)

20.

0.

-20.

Range of strains in input data

-40. -1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0 0.5 Logarithmic strain e

1.0

1.5

Inside of the strain range of (-1.14 to 1.14), the w(e) functions of the two models are similar, but outside of this range, the w(e) functions are different. This explains why both models reproduce the uniaxial stress-strain data, and also why the transverse stress-strain curves from the two models are different. For small transverse strain, all of the strains are in the strain range, so the two models give similar transverse stress/strain curves. But for large transverse strain, the true strain through the thickness becomes smaller than 1.14, so the two models give different transverse stress/strain curves.

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Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models

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ADINA Primer

Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Problem description
Consider the following fluid flow problem:
Normal-traction prescribed on inlet Slip wall No-slip on cylinder walls

Outlet

Slip wall

Steady-state laminar flow conditions are assumed. It is desired to calculate the inlet mass flux and total fluid force acting on the cylinders using ADINA-CFD. We will use the steered adaptive meshing (SAM) features in order to obtain a refined fluid mesh. We will solve the problem twice, once using the manual mode features of SAM, and the second time using the automatic mode features of SAM. Recall that a CFD/FSI computation with SAM may have one or more restart runs. Each restart run is referred to as a new model since it has a new mesh for the fluid, and the fluid material properties, loads, initial conditions and boundary conditions can be changed during restarts. The model at the initial time is referred to as the first model, the model at the first restart time is referred to as the second model, and so on. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Using the SAM features in manual mode. $ Using the SAM features in automatic mode. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there are too many nodes in the model.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob48m_0.in, prob48m1.plo prob48a_0.in, prob48a1.plo You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Solution using manual mode

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program This problem is created using the OpenCascade geometry modeler. The Parasolid geometry modeler can also be used, but only if the input is modified. Invoke the AUI in OCC mode (for example, using aui8.8 -occ on Linux platforms) and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob48m_0.in) that contains all of the model definition except for the selection of the adaptive CFD feature. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48m_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 1.000 30.00 Z X Y

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB C CC CCC B C C C C CC CC C CC C C CC C C CC C C CC CCC C C C C CC C C C CCC C C CCCC C CCC C C C C C C C C CC C C CCC C C C CC C C C C C C CC C C CC CC C C C C C C CCCC C C CCC BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B V V B C
2 3

WAL B C 1 2

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

You can view the file prob48m_0.in to see the definitions of the geometry, material, boundary conditions, etc. Selecting steered adaptive meshing in manual mode Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual and click OK. (Note, since this is the first model, the fields "Restart File from CFD Solution" and "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" are left blank.) Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob48m_0. Click the Data

File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob48m_0, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA CFD is finished, examine the Log Window. The message Adaptive mesh file .adp successfully created. is written. As you will see, this file is used during adaptive meshing. Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the File Type field to

ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), open database file probm48_0, click the Open icon and open porthole file prob48m_0. We first opened the ADINA-IN database, then loaded the porthole file. We did this so that we can use the geometry during the flux and force calculations. Examining the solution We have put the commands for calculating the inlet mass flux and force on cylinders into file prob48m1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48m1.plo and click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window: Listing for point INLET_ELEDGESET TIME FLUX 1.00000E+00 1.96960E+00

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Listing for point CYLINDERS TIME FLUID_FORCE 1.00000E+00 1.07615E+02

(you might need to use the scrollbar to see these listings). Your results might be slightly different from ours because free-form meshing is used. You can look at the prob48m1.plo file to see the techniques used to obtain these values. The flux is calculated by integrating the y velocity along the element edges at the inlet (the density is 1.0 in this problem). The element edges at the inlet are selected using the ELEDGESET command using option LINE-EDGE (this option requires the geometry). The fluid force is calculated by summing the reaction forces on all of the nodes on the cylinders. The cylinder nodes are selected using the GNCOMBINATION command with EDGE selections (again, this option requires the geometry). First mesh refinement Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open file prob48m_0.idb. Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive Mesh Control and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to 1. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob48m_0.res as follows: click ... to the right of the "Restart File from CFD Solution" field, choose file prob48m_0 and click OK. Set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to to show the prob48m_0.adp in a similar way. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. This is the same mesh as was already used, except that the solution time is 2.0 instead of 1.0.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

TIME 2.000

Z X Y

Adaptive meshing criteria: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Set the Type to Element Size, the Minimum Element Size to 3 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.8. Add criterion 2, set the Type to Variable Gradient, make sure that the Variable Name is PRESSURE, set the Minimum Element Size to 0 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.5. Click the Copy button, copy to criterion 3, and set the Variable Name to VORTICITY. Add criterion 4, set the Type to Combination, and the Number of Smoothing to 2. Then edit the table as follows and click OK. Criterion # 1 2 3 Action Append Elements Use Smaller Elements Use Smaller Elements

(see notes at the end of this problem for an explanation of these criteria). Remesh: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 4, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

TIME 2.000

Z X Y

Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step, add a row to the table so that the table appears as follows, then click OK. Number of Steps 1 1 Constant Magnitude 1.0 1.0

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob48m_1. Click the Data

File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob48m_1, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, make sure that the Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 40 M Bytes and click Save. When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the , set Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon the File Type field to ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), open database file prob48m_1, click the Open icon and open porthole file prob48m_1.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Examining the solution We can use the same .plo file as we used earlier to examine the results. Choose File Open Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48m1.plo and click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window: Listing for point INLET_ELEDGESET TIME FLUX 2.00000E+00 Listing for point CYLINDERS TIME FLUID_FORCE 2.00000E+00 1.19732E+02 2.79971E+00

Both the flux and the fluid force have significantly increased. Second mesh refinement Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open file prob48m_1.idb. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA-AUI memory is at least 200 M Bytes. Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive Mesh Control and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to 2. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob48m_1.res, set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to prob48m_1.adp and click , the graphics window should look like the OK. When you click the Mesh Plot icon previous figure, except that the solution time is 4.0 instead of 3.0. Adaptive meshing criteria, remeshing and time stepping: We use the same commands as before. The instructions are repeated here for convenience. Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Set the Type to Element Size, the Minimum Element Size to 3 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.8. Add criterion 2, set the Type to Variable Gradient, make sure that the Variable Name is PRESSURE, set the Minimum Element Size to 0 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.5. Click the Copy button, copy to criterion 3 and set the Variable Name to VORTICITY. Add criterion 4, set the Type to Combination, and the Number of Smoothing to 2. Then edit the table as follows and click OK.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Criterion # 1 2 3

Action Append Elements Use Smaller Elements Use Smaller Elements

Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 4, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

Choose ControlTime Step, add a row to the table so that the table appears as follows, then click OK. Number of Steps 1 1 1 Constant Magnitude 1.0 1.0 1.0

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob48m_2. Click the Data

File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob48m_2, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, make sure that the Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 250 M Bytes and click Save.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the File Type field to ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb), open database file prob48m_2, click the Open icon Examining the solution We can use the same .plo file as we used earlier to examine the results. Choose File Open Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48m1.plo and click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window: Listing for point INLET_ELEDGESET TIME FLUX 3.00000E+00 Listing for point CYLINDERS TIME FLUID_FORCE 3.00000E+00 1.19973E+02 2.84893E+00 and open porthole file prob48m_2.

Both the flux and the fluid force have increased, but not as much as between the initial mesh and first mesh refinement. Comparison of the meshes and solutions We can load all three porthole files together, so that we can compare the meshes and (you can discard all changes), then choose File solutions. Click the New icon Open Porthole, select file prob48m_0.por, hold down the Shift key and select prob48m_2.por (all three porthole files should appear in the File Name field) and click Open. The mesh for solution time 3.0 is displayed. Use the Previous Solution icon and the other solution icons to examine the other meshes. Now click the Last Solution icon , the Create Band Plot icon , Next Solution icon

to display the last mesh. Click the Model Outline icon , set the Band Plot variable to (Velocity: Y-VELOCITY)

and click OK. Click the Previous Solution icon twice to display the solution for time 1 (first mesh). The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Now click the Next Solution icon twice to display the other solutions. These solutions should look like the next two figures:

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

Solution using automatic mode

The setup of the first model in SAM automatic mode is the same as for SAM manual mode except for the setup of SAM itself. Recall that the file name format in SAM automatic mode is *_#.in. The "*" represents the problem name and the # represents the model number, with 0 for the first model, 1 for the second model, and so on. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI in OCC mode (for example, using aui8.8 -occ on Linux platforms) and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob48a_0.in) that contains all of the model definition except for the selection of the adaptive CFD feature. We see that the filename prob48a_0.in conforms to the SAM automatic mode convention for the first model. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48a_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 1.000 30.00

Z X Y

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB C C CCCCC C CC B C C C C C CC C C CC C C CC C C CC CCC C C C CC C C C C C C C CCCCC C C C CCCCC C C C C CCC C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C C CC C C CC C C C C C C C C CCCCC C CCC BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B V V B C

2 3

B C

WAL 1 2

The batch files prob48m_0.in and prob48a_0.in are identical, except that the adaptive meshing criteria are already added to prob48a_0.in. The adaptive meshing criteria in prob48a_0.in are exactly the same as the criteria used in the manual model analysis. You can view these criteria by choosing MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion. Selecting steered adaptive meshing in automatic mode Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Automatic, set the "Criterion for Automatic Steered Adaptive Mesh" to 4, set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to -1, set "Adaptive Timestep Sequence" to "Appends Original Timestep" and click OK. Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step and add Time Step Name ADAPTIVE. Make sure that the table appears as follows, then click OK. Number of Steps 1 Constant Magnitude 1.0

Click OK to close the warning message "Timestep ADAPTIVE is not set to current."

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob48a_0. Click the Data

File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob48a_0, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. The Log Window displays the messages Adaptive mesh file ... prob48a_0.adp successfully created. Adaptive input file ... prob48a_adp.in successfully created. ADINA-F data input file ... prob48a_0.dat successfully created. Running ADINA-CFD in automatic mode using the Adaptive Meshing Solution Interface Choose SolutionSteered Adaptive and click Start. Set the file name to prob48a_0.dat, set "Maximum Number of Adaptive Steps" to 2, set "Number of Solution Runs to Reach Accuracy" to 2, set "Memory for AUI" to 400 MB, "Max. Memory for Solution" to 250 MB and click Start. ADINA-CFD and the AUI are run consecutively. Eventually the message Finished adaptive run for ... prob48a_0 to ... prob48a_2 is displayed. Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , and open porthole file prob48a_2. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. This is the same mesh that was generated using manual SAM above. Examining the solution With automatic SAM, there is no .idb file corresponding to the refined mesh. Instead the geometry of the refined mesh can be obtained from the .res and .adp files from the refined mesh.

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Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD

We use this procedure for the post-processing of the automatic SAM results. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48a1.plo and click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window: Listing for point INLET_ELEDGESET TIME FLUX 3.00000E+00 Listing for point CYLINDERS TIME FLUID_FORCE 3.00000E+00 1.19973E+02 2.84893E+00

These are exactly the same results as obtained using manual SAM.

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Additional notes
There are many adaptive meshing criteria that can be used in SAM. We use the criteria 1: Element size, minimum element size = 3, preferred ratio = 0.8 2: Variable gradient, variable PRESSURE, minimum element size = 0, preferred ratio=0.5 3: Variable gradient, variable VORTICITY, minimum element size = 0, preferred ratio=0.5 4: Combination: smoothing=2 Criterion # 1 2 3 Action Append Elements Use Smaller Elements Use Smaller Elements

The output of the criterion commands is a list of preferred element sizes. The intent of the first criterion "element size" is to set the preferred element size to PREF times the current element size. The parameter MIN=3 simply ensures that the preferred element size is set for all elements in the model. PREF=0.8 is used to reduce all of the preferred element sizes in the model slightly, so that overall there is a slight mesh refinement (not considering the effects of the other criteria). The intent of the second criterion "variable gradient" is to choose preferred element sizes such that the relative variable gradient of the pressure is the same for all elements. Namely, T average ( he Fe ) hep = where he is the current element size, Fe is the norm of the Fe gradient of the pressure in the element, hep is the preferred element size and T is the scaling factor PREF. Clearly elements with large pressure gradient will have smaller preferred element sizes. The parameter MIN=0 overrides the default value of the minimum allowed element size. Similarly, the intent of the third criterion is to choose preferred element sizes such that the relative variable gradient of the vorticity is the same for all elements. The intent of the fourth criterion "combination" is to combine the above criteria such that the smallest preferred element size from each of the criteria is selected. Smooth = 2 smoothes out the resulting mesh twice. For more information, see the ADINA-F Theory and Modeling Guide.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Problem description
Consider the following FSI problem:
Outlet Slip wall, modeled with fixities
C L

Axisymmetric analysis, this region discretized Slip wall, modeled with fixities Parachute Shroud lines

Velocity and turbulence variables prescribed at inlet

The shroud lines are attached to a fixed point and the air flows upwards around the parachute. This simulates the situation in which the parachute floats downwards through the air at a fixed speed. It is desired to determine the total fluid force applied to the parachute and the final shape of the parachute. Turbulent flow conditions are assumed and the k- turbulence model is used. All input to this problem is given in SI units. The steady-state solution is determined using a transient analysis in which the loads are held constant. An axisymmetric analysis is performed. The shroud lines are modeled in a very approximate manner using a truss element. The parachute is also modeled in a very approximate manner using axisymmetric shell elements. (We also note that we are actually modeling a parasheet instead of a parachute. Additionally, our parachute model cannot wrinkle as points in the parachute move towards the centerline; this causes nonphysical compressive hoop stresses in the parachute as the

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

parachute deforms.) In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Using the SAM features in manual mode to refine a fluid mesh in FSI analysis. $ Using the SAM features in automatic mode to refine a fluid mesh in FSI analysis. $ Plotting an axisymmetric mesh using mirror-imaging. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-FSI. Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob49m_f_0.in, prob49m_a_0.in, prob49m1_f.plo, prob49m1_a.plo prob49a_f_0.in, prob49a_a_0.in, prob49a1_f.plo, prob49a1_a.plo You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Solution using manual mode

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Model definition for fluid model We have prepared a batch file (prob49m_f_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for the fluid model, including the selection of the adaptive CFD feature.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

In this model definition, the following geometry is used:

E1

Sheet 1 E2 E5

Gap enlarged for clarity

E3 E1 E2

E4 E5

Sheet 2 E4 E3

There are several issues regarding the meshing. Because it is anticipated that the meshes near the parachute will be remeshed during the analysis, the meshing needs to be planned to take this remeshing into account. For this model, two sheets are used, so that the remeshing does not create elements that cross the fluid-structure interface boundaries. Also the nodal coincidence parameters in the meshing commands are chosen so that the remeshings can be done in any order (e.g. sheet 2 before sheet 1). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob49m_f_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. You can view the file prob49m_f_0.in to see the definitions of the geometry, material, boundary conditions, etc.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

TIME 1.000 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D CCCC F BBBB ECCCC C B DBBBBC D D B D C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 1.000 10.00

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE_K TIME 1.000 V V 0.3750 B C D E F

2 3

P k

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE EPSILON TIME 1.000 0.2552

FSI 1 2 1 2

B C D E F

Selecting steered adaptive meshing in manual mode: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual and click OK. (Note, since this is the first model, the fields "Restart File from CFD Solution" and "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" are left blank.) Generating the ADINA-CFD data file: First click the Save icon and save the database to

file prob49m_f_0. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_f_0, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Model definition for solid model We have prepared a batch file (prob49m_a_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for the solid model. (you can discard all changes), then choose FileOpen Batch, Click the New icon navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob49m_a_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. You can view the file prob49m_a_0.in to see the definitions of the geometry, material, boundary conditions, etc.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

TIME 1.000 B B

Z X Y

U U C C B C 2

Running ADINA-FSI, loading the porthole file Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click Start, select files prob49m_a_0.dat and prob49m_f_0.dat (you can hold down the Ctrl key to select both files), make sure that the Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 30 M Bytes and click Start. The run ends at time step 23 (time 0.5), with an error code that indicates that an element is overlapped. The last converged step is at time 0.4. Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes) and open file prob49m_f_0.por. Examining the solution Click the Boundary Plot icon and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Evidently the elements near the edge of the parachute (near the node marked with a C) are becoming very deformed.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

D D D D D D D D D D F E C B C B C B D C B C B D C B C B C B D C B D C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

First mesh refinement Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open file prob49m_f_0.idb. Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to 0.4. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_0.res using the ... button, and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to prob49m_f_0.adp in a similar way. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

TIME 1.400 Z X Y

This is the mesh at solution time 0.4, except that the solution time in the plot is 1.4 instead of 0.4. Adaptive meshing criteria: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Make sure that the Type is Element Quality and that the Solution Time is 0.4, then set the Minimum Element Quality to 0.8, the Maximum Element Quality to 1.2 and click OK. (See notes at the end of this problem for an explanation of this criterion.) Remesh: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 1, and click OK. Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK. Number of Steps 16 Constant Magnitude 0.1

Click the Redraw icon and zoom to see the mesh near the parachute. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file: First click the Save icon

and save the database to

file prob49m_f_1. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_f_1, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Modifying the solid model Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), set the Program Module to ADINA and open database file prob49m_a_0.idb.

Structures, click the Open icon

, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual, set Click the Coupling Options icon the "Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 0.4, set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_0.res and click OK. Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First choose FileSave As and save the database , set the file name to to file prob49m_a_1. Click the Data File/Solution icon prob49m_a_1, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.400 B B Z X Y

U U C C B C 2

The plot does not show the deformations of the solid model, but these deformations are accounted for.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Running ADINA-FSI, loading the porthole file Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select files prob49m_a_1.dat and prob49m_f_1.dat, then click Start. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_0.res and click Copy. (Notice that you do not need to specify the restart file for the fluid model.) The run ends at time step 5 (time 0.9), with an error code. The last converged step is at time 0.8. Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes) and open file prob49m_f_1.por. Examining the solution and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics Click the Boundary Plot icon window should look something like this:
D D D D D E F

B C

B C C B

C B C B

D C B

C B

C B D C B D C

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Evidently the elements near the edge of the parachute (near the node marked with a C) are becoming very deformed again. Second mesh refinement Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open file prob49m_f_1.idb. Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to 0.8. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_1.res and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to prob49m_f_1.adp. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the mesh.

Adaptive meshing criteria: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Make sure that the Type is Element Quality and that the Solution Time is 0.8, then set the Minimum Element Quality to 0.8 and the Maximum Element Quality to 1.2 and click OK. Remesh: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 1, and click OK. Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK. Number of Steps 1 12 Constant Magnitude 0.8 0.1

Click the Redraw icon and zoom to see the mesh near the parachute. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Generating the ADINA-CFD data file: First click the Save icon and save the database to

file prob49m_f_2. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_f_2, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Modifying the solid model Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), set the Program Module to ADINA and open database file prob49m_a_1.idb.

Structures, click the Open icon

, make sure that the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode is Click the Coupling Options icon set to Manual, set the "Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 0.8, set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_1.res and click OK. Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob49m_a_2. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

prob49m_a_2, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. The graphics window should look very similar to the window shown for the previous solid models. Running ADINA-FSI, loading the porthole file Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select files prob49m_a_2.dat and prob49m_f_2.dat, then click Start. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_1.res and click Copy. The run ends at time step 12 (time 2.0). Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes) and open file prob49m_f_2.por. Examining the solution and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics Click the Boundary Plot icon window should look something like this:
D

D D D D E F B C B C

C B C B C B C B

D C B D B C

D C

B C

This time the mesh deformations are not excessive, but the mesh quality is not very good, so it is worthwhile to remesh again.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Third mesh refinement Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open file prob49m_f_2.idb. Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to 2.0. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_2.res and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to prob49m_f_2.adp. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the mesh.

Adaptive meshing criteria: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Make sure that the Type is Element Quality and that the Solution Time is 2.0, then set the Minimum Element Quality to 0.8, the Maximum Element Quality to 1.2 and click OK. Remesh: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 1, and click OK. Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK: Number of Steps 1 8 Constant Magnitude 2.0 1.0

Click the Redraw icon and zoom to see the mesh near the parachute. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Generating the ADINA-CFD data file: First click the Save icon and save the database to

file prob49m_f_3. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_f_3, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Modifying the solid model Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), set the Program Module to ADINA and open database file prob49m_a_2.idb.

Structures, click the Open icon

, make sure that the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode is Click the Coupling Options icon set to Manual, set the "Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 2.0, set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_2.res and click OK.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob49m_a_3. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_a_3, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Running ADINA-FSI, loading the porthole file Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select files prob49m_a_3.dat and prob49m_f_3.dat, then click Start. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_2.res and click Copy. The run ends at time step 8 (time 10.0). Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes) and open file prob49m_f_3.por. Examining the solution Click the Boundary Plot icon and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics window should look something like this:
D D D D D F E C B C B

B C B C B C B C

D B C D B C B C C D

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Use the Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon , to look at the mesh for different steps. The mesh does not change very much after the first step. As a check on the model, we will now uniformly refine the mesh and continue the analysis. Fourth mesh refinement Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open file prob49m_f_3.idb. Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time" to 10.0. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_3.res and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to prob49m_f_3.adp. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the mesh.

Adaptive meshing criteria: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Set the Type to Element Size and make sure that the Solution Time is 10.0, then set the Minimum Element Size to 3.0, the Maximum Element Size to 1.0, the Preferred Ratio to 0.5 and click OK. Remesh: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 1, and click OK. Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK: Number of Steps 4 Constant Magnitude 10.0

Click the Redraw icon and zoom to see the mesh near the parachute. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Generating the ADINA-CFD data file: First click the Save icon and save the database to

file prob49m_f_4. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_f_4, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Modifying the solid model Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), set the Program Module to ADINA and open database file prob49m_a_3.idb.

Structures, click the Open icon

, make sure that the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode is Click the Coupling Options icon set to Manual, set the "Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 10.0, set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_3.res and click OK. Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob49m_a_4. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_a_4, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Running ADINA-FSI, loading the porthole file Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select files prob49m_a_4.dat and prob49m_f_4.dat, then click Start. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_3.res and click Copy. The run ends at time step 3 (time 40.0). Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes) and open file prob49m_f_4.por. Examining the solution and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics Click the Boundary Plot icon window should look something like this:
D

E F D D D

B C

B C

B C

B C B C B C B C B C

D B C D D D D B C D D D D D D C

B C B C B C

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Use the Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon , to look at the solution for different steps. Again, the solution does not change very much after the first step. Comparison of fluid solutions We can load all of the fluid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the mesh moves and changes during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file (you can discard all changes), choose File prob49m1_f.plo. Click the New icon Open Batch and open file prob49m1_f.plo. The graphics window should look something like this:
MAXIMUM 81.13 NODE 5694 MINIMUM -128.6 NODE 235 VELOCITY TIME 40.00 12.64

11.70 9.90 8.10 6.30 4.50 2.70 0.90

NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 40.00

60.0 30.0 0.0 -30.0 -60.0 -90.0 -120.0

In this plot, we have plotted the mesh twice, once using mirror-imaging. We have plotted the velocities in the left-hand mesh and the pressure in the right-hand mesh. See the notes at the end of this primer problem for a description of how the mirror-imaging is done. Click on the right-hand mesh using the Pick icon , then click the Previous Solution icon

several times, until the topology of the mesh changes. Only the right-hand mesh and its solution is updated. Click the Last Solution icon to display the last mesh and solution, then click on the left-hand mesh and examine its solutions in the same way. For each of the meshes and its solutions, there is very little change for the last few steps.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Now click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. Choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay to 100 and click Apply. Both meshes and their solutions are animated. Parachute deformed shape and force acting on parachute We can load all of the solid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the parachute moves during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file prob49m1_a.plo. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), choose File Open Batch and open file prob49m1_a.plo. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 40.00

In this plot, we have plotted the mesh twice, once using mirror-imaging. to create an animation, then choose DisplayAnimate, Click the Movie Load Step icon set the Minimum Delay to 100 and click Apply. Both meshes are animated. , then click the Batch Continue icon Now click the Refresh icon window should look something like the figure on the next page. . The graphics

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

5.

4.

3.

Fluid force on parachute

2.

*10
1. 0. -1. -2. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. Solution time 25. 30. 35. 40.

The graph shows the upwards force acting on the parachute for all of the solutions. Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The force at the last solution time is 1.68448E+03. Although the graph shows the transient solution as well as the steady-state solution, the transient solution is most likely inaccurate because it is obtained using remeshings. The purpose of the transient analysis is only to obtain a steady-state solution. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

Solution using automatic mode

Recall that the file name format in SAM automatic mode is *_a_#.in and *_f_#.in. The "*" represents the problem name and the # represents the model number, with 0 for the first model, 1 for the second model, and so on. In this automatic mode analysis, we will start with a run in which the mesh is repaired when mesh overlap occurs. This run proceeds to solution time 2.0. Then we will restart with an automatic run in which the mesh is refined after every solution step. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Model definition for fluid model We have prepared a batch file (prob49a_f_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for the fluid model, including the selection of the adaptive CFD feature. This file is the same as the batch file used for manual mode (prob49m_f_0.in), except that 1) The time stepping for automatic mode is different. We want to run to time 2.0 in the first part of the automatic mode run. 2) There are two criteria already defined in the automatic mode file. The first criterion is the same as used for the manual mode mesh refinements: Element quality, minimum element quality = 0.8, maximum element quality = 1.2, preferred quality = 1.0 (the default) and the second criterion is a criterion for reducing the sizes of elements: Element size, minimum element size = 3, maximum element size = 1, preferred ratio = 0.75 We will use the first criterion for the first run (mesh repair) and the second criterion for the second run (mesh refinement). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob49a_f_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D DBBBBC F CCCC E BBBB C B DCCCC D D B D D C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D PRESCRIBED VELOCITY TIME 2.000 10.00 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE_K TIME 2.000 0.3750 V V B C D E F

2 3

P k

FSI 1 2 1 2

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE EPSILON TIME 2.000 0.2552

B C D E F

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Selecting steered adaptive meshing in automatic mode: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Automatic, set 'Criterion for Automatic Steered Adaptive Mesh' to 1, set 'Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time' to -1, and click OK. Generating the ADINA-CFD data file: First click the Save icon and save the database to

file prob49a_f_0. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49a_f_0, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Model definition for solid model We have prepared a batch file (prob49a_a_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for the solid model. This is the same file as is used in the manual mode analysis. (you can discard all changes), then choose FileOpen Batch, Click the New icon navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob49a_a_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 B B Z X Y

C C

B C

U U 2 3 1 - - -

Selecting steered adaptive meshing in automatic mode: Click the Coupling Options icon , set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Automatic, set 'Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time' to -1 and click OK.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First click the Save icon

and save the

database to file prob49a_a_0. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49a_a_0, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Running ADINA-FSI in automatic mode using the Adaptive Meshing Solution Interface Choose SolutionSteered Adaptive and click the Start button. Select file prob49a_f_0.dat, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob49a_a_0.dat. The File name file should display both files in quotes. Set "Maximum Number of Adaptive Steps" to 5, set "Number of Solution Runs to Reach Accuracy" to 1, set "Memory for AUI" to 50 MB, "Max. Memory for Solution" to 50 MB and click Start. ADINA-CFD and the AUI are run consecutively. Eventually the message Finished adaptive run for ... prob49a_0 to ... prob49a_2 is displayed. Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon prob49a_f_2. , and open porthole file

and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics Click the Boundary Plot icon window should look something like this:
D D D D E F D D D D D D D D B C B C B C B C D D D D B C B C B C B C B C C D D D D D D D D D D D

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Restarting SAM automatic mode Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open any database file. At this point, we would like to continue remeshing, but using a different criterion. Using a text editor, open file prob49a_f_adp.in. You will observe the following text: ADP-CONTROL MESHADAP=MANUAL TSTART= -1.000000000000, FRSFILE=prob49a_f_adp.res, ADAPTIVE=prob49a_f_adp.adp * TIMESTEP DEFAULT @CLEAR 10 0.10000000000000E-02 9 0.10000000000000E-01 19 0.10000000000000E+00 @ * Change the commands to ADP-CONTROL MESHADAP=MANUAL TSTART= -1.000000000000, FRSFILE=prob49a_f_adp.res, ADAPTIVE=prob49a_f_adp.adp, TIMESTEP=APPEND * TIMESTEP DEFAULT 1 10.0 @ * (the changed text is highlighted in blue). Then scroll to the bottom of the file, and change the text ADP-MESH CRITERION= to ADP-MESH CRITERION= Save the file. 2 1

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Choose SolutionSteered Adaptive and click the Start button. Select file prob49a_f_0.dat, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob49a_a_0.dat. The File name file should display both files in quotes. Set " Run Analysis from Adaptive Step" to 3, "Maximum Number of Adaptive Steps" to 3, set "Memory for AUI" to 50 MB, "Max. Memory for Solution" to 50 MB and click Start. ADINA-CFD and the AUI are run consecutively. Eventually the message Finished adaptive run for ... prob49a_3 to ... prob49a_5 is displayed. Now close all open dialog boxes, choose Post-Processing from the Program Module dropdown list (you can discard all changes) and open file prob49a_f_5.por. Examining the solution and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics Click the Boundary Plot icon window should look something like this:
D D D D D F E

C B

C B C B C B

D D

C B C B

D D D D D D C D D D D D D D C B C B

C B

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

Comparison of fluid solutions We can load all of the fluid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the mesh moves and changes during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file prob49a1_f.plo. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), choose File Open Batch and open file prob49a1_f.plo. The graphics window should look something like this:
MAXIMUM 89.63 NODE 2706 MINIMUM -106.2 NODE 166 VELOCITY TIME 32.00 12.77

11.70 9.90 8.10 6.30 4.50 2.70 0.90 NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 32.00

66.7 40.0 13.3 -13.3 -40.0 -66.7 -93.3

You can animate this plot, as discussed in the manual SAM mode section above. Parachute deformed shape and force acting on parachute We can load all of the solid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the parachute moves during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file (you can discard all changes), choose File prob49a1_a.plo. Click the New icon Open Batch and open file prob49a1_a.plo. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. In this plot, we have plotted the mesh twice, once using mirror-imaging.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

TIME 32.00

You can animate this plot, as discussed in the manual SAM mode section above. Now click the Batch Continue icon . The graphics window should look something like this:

5.

4.

3.

Fluid force on parachute

2.

*10
1. 0. -1. -2. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. Solution time

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

The graph shows the upwards force acting on the parachute for all of the solutions. Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The force at the last solution time is 1.78067E+03. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

Additional notes
Mesh refinements For all but the last mesh refinement, we use the criterion Element quality, minimum element quality = 0.8, maximum element quality = 1.2, preferred quality = 1.0 (the default) The intent of this criterion is to set the preferred element quality to 1.0, for those elements in which the quality is less than 0.8 or greater than 1.2. For the last mesh refinement in manual SAM, we use the criterion Element size, minimum element size = 3, maximum element size = 1, preferred ratio = 0.5 This sets the preferred element size to 0.5 of the current element size. Since the maximum element size is less than the minimum element size, all elements are affected by this command. For the last mesh refinement in automatic SAM, we use the criterion Element size, minimum element size = 3, maximum element size = 1, preferred ratio = 0.75 which is similar to the one used in manual SAM, but reduces the element size more slowly. For more information, see the AUI Commands for ADINA-F manual and the ADINA-F Theory and Modeling Guide. Mirror-imaging The figure on the next page shows how the mirror-imaging is done. The mesh is plotted twice, once to create the right-hand image (without mirror-imaging) and once to create the left-hand image (with mirror-imaging). The view, meshwindow and plotarea for each mesh are chosen as shown in the figure.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

100% 90%

Frame (with aspect ratio 4:3) Plotarea LEFT Plotarea RIGHT

10% 0% 0% 3.5 10% 40% 3.5 70% 100%

-2.7

Meshwindow LEFT -4.0 0.0

-2.7

Meshwindow RIGHT 0.0 4.0 z View RIGHT

View LEFT

x y x y

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Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD

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ADINA Primer

Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Problem description
Consider a slender beam subjected to a concentrated force at its center:
15 1.07
y x

0.71 30 600

All lengths in cm E = 21000 kN/cm2 n = 0.3

1.07

7.5

Cross-section

We want to compute the large displacement post-buckling response of the beam, considering both the force acting downwards and the force acting upwards. Because we anticipate that the post-buckling response might have an out-of-plane component, we allow out-of-plane motions of the model. The x rotations of the end nodes are fixed, however. We obtain solutions without beam warping effects, then we obtain solutions with beam warping effects. We will see that beam warping effects are very important in this problem. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Performing a linearized buckling analysis $ Using the initial imperfections obtained from a linearized buckling analysis $ Using the append porthole file feature to merge the results from two runs $ Using the warping beam elements Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob50_1.in, prob50_1.plo, prob50_2.plo. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

Analysis without warping effects linearized buckling analysis

Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob50_1.in) that defines the geometry of the model, as well as the boundary conditions, material and load. You can confirm that the load is 20 kN applied downwards, and that this load is applied in a single time step. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this.
TIME 1.000 Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 20.00 C B

U U U B C
1

Cross-section: We have not defined the cross-section for the beam yet. Click the CrossSection icon , add cross-section 1, and set the Type to I-Beam. Set Width W1 to 7.5, Height H to 30, Width W2 to 15, Thickness T1 to 1.07, Thickness T2 to 0.71, Thickness T3 to 1.07 and click OK. Element definition: Click the Define Element Groups icon Beam and click OK. , add group 1, set the Type to

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ADINA Primer

Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Elements: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Auxiliary Point to 4, enter 1 and 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. Linearized buckling analysis: We want to obtain an estimate of the first buckling load and its associated buckling mode shape. Set the Analysis Type to Linearized Buckling and then click the Analysis Options icon . Set the Number of Buckling Loads/Modes to 2 and click OK.

, click the We would like the see the cross-sections. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam Cross-Section field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Rotate the model until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z C C PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 20.00 Y X

B B

B C

U U U 1 2 3 1 - - - - - -

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob50, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob50.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Postprocessing Click the Show Original Mesh icon , then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam Cross-Section field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. We would like to use these defaults for successive mesh plots, so click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon When you click the Load Plot icon
MODE 1 LOAD FAC 2.032 TIME 1.000

. , the graphics window should look something like this:

MODE MAG 108.7

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE MODE 1, TIME 1.000 40.63

The plot shows the estimated buckling load and associated mode shape for buckling load 1. The "LOAD FAC" is the buckling load multiplier computed by the linearized buckling load algorithm. Notice that the estimated buckling load of 40.63 is equal to the "LOAD FAC" multiplied by the load applied in step 1. You can use the mouse to confirm that the buckling mode shape lies in the x-z plane. Now click the Next Solution icon . The second estimated buckling load and mode shape is shown. Again, this mode shape lies in the x-z plane.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

To view the model in the deformed configuration used for the linearized buckling analysis, click the Clear icon , choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT, set the Type to Load Step and click OK. When you click the Scale , the XY View icon Displacements icon window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 82.12

and the Load Plot icon

, the graphics

Y Z X

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 20.00

Analysis without warping effects post-buckling response, load applied downwards

Now we will perform a collapse analysis, in which the model is perturbed by the first buckling mode shape. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob50.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Collapse analysis: We will perform a collapse analysis using the load-displacement control (LDC) algorithm to automatically choose the load step sizes. Set the Analysis Type to Collapse Analysis. Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Label # field to 3, the Degree of Freedom to Y-Translation, the Displacement field to -0.01, the Maximum Allowed Displacement to 20, check the Continue after First Critical Point is Reached button and click OK.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 50 in the first row of the table and click OK. Choose ControlTime Function, edit time function 1 to be Time 0 50 and click OK. Initial imperfection: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsImperfection, make sure that the Initial Condition Type is Point, and, in the first row of the table, set the Buckling Mode # to 1, the Point # to 3, the Direction to Z-Translation and the Displacement to 0.05. Click OK to close the dialog box. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon to save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution icon Value 0 10

, set the file name to prob50_down, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the mode shape file from the linearized buckling analysis. Enter mode shape file prob50 and click Copy. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob50_down. Postprocessing We want to plot the force-deflection curve. We have put the necessary commands in a batch file (prob50_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page: The model appears to buckle at a load of around -40 kN, which is in good agreement with the linearized buckling load estimate obtained above. and

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

0. -5. -10. -15.

Force (kN)

-20. -25. -30. -35. -40. -45.

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5 Y displacement (cm)

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

Analysis without warping effects post-buckling response, load applied upwards

Let's determine the post-buckling response, with the load applied upwards. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob50.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Displacement field to 0.01 and click OK.

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon to save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution icon

, set the file name to prob50_up, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the mode shape file from the linearized buckling analysis. Enter mode shape file prob50 and click Copy. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob50_up. and

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Postprocessing We want to plot the force-deflection curve. We can use the same batch file that we used before. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this.

45. 40. 35. 30.

Force (kN)

25. 20. 15. 10. 5. 0.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5 Y displacement (cm)

2.0

2.5

3.0

The model appears to buckle at a load of around 40 kN, which is in good agreement with the linearized buckling load estimate obtained above. We would like to plot both force-deflection curves together. To do this, we will load both porthole files together, using the append feature. (you can discard all changes), then choose FileOpen Porthole, Click the New icon select file prob50_down, hold down the Shift key and select file prob50_up (so that both file names appear in the File name field), set the Porthole Type to Append Portholes and click Open. The Message Window shows some useful information. Notice the text
Loaded 50 time step solutions between times 1.00000E+00 and 5.00000E+01... Porthole file .../prob50_down.por is completely loaded .... Append mode: Reading of ADINA porthole file starts. Append mode: largest time in database = 5.00000E+01 largest load step in database = 50 Shift for time = 5.10000E+01 Shift for load step = 51

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

... Loaded 50 time step solutions between times 5.20000E+01 and 1.01000E+02... Porthole file .../prob50_up.por is completely loaded

This text indicates that times 0 to 50 are associated with porthole file prob50_down, and time steps 51 to 101 are associated with porthole file prob50_up. The solutions for prob50_up are shifted in time by 51.0. For example, the plotted solution of time step 101 is actually time step 50 of the prob50_up analysis. To plot the force-deflection curve, we can use the same batch file that we used before. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
50. 40. 30. 20. 10.

Force (kN)

0. -10. -20. -30. -40. -50.

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Y displacement (cm)

Here there is an unsightly line connecting the most negative point with the origin. This line arises when connecting the results at time 50 (end of prob50_down) with the results at time 51 (start of prob50_up). In order to avoid the unsightly line, we need to make two force-deflection curves in the same plot. We have put the commands in file prob50_2.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

50. 40. 30. 20. 10.

Force (kN)

0. -10. -20. -30. -40. -50.

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Y displacement (cm)

The post-buckling behavior is symmetric.

Analysis with warping effects linearized buckling analysis

We would like to determine the post-buckling response, this time including beam warping effects. We will perform the same steps as above: linearized buckling analysis, post-buckling response with load applied downwards, post-buckling response with load applied upwards. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob50.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Linearized buckling analysis: Set the Analysis Type to Linearized Buckling and then click the Analysis Options icon and click OK. . Make sure that the Number of Buckling Loads/Modes is set to 2

Choose ControlTime Step, enter 1 in the first row in the Number of Steps column and click OK. Choose ControlTime Function, edit time function 1 to be Time 0 1 2 Value 0 20 20

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

and click OK. Choose ModelInitial ConditionsImperfection, clear the table and click OK. Beam warping: Click the Define Element Groups icon click OK. When you click the Redraw icon like this:
TIME 1.000 Z C C PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 20.00

, check the Warping button and

, the graphics window should look something

Y X

B B

B C

U U U 1 2 3 1 - - - - - -

Notice that there is now a Wb column in the boundary conditions code table. This column indicates the presence of the beam warping degree of freedom. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon to save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution icon

, set the file name to prob50, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob50.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Postprocessing Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam Cross-Section field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. When you click and the Show Original Mesh icon the Load Plot icon look something like this:
MODE 1 LOAD FAC 3.147 TIME 1.000 MODE MAG 100.6

, the graphics window should

Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE MODE 1, TIME 1.000 62.94

Notice that the buckling load estimate has increased to 62.94 kN.

Analysis with warping effects post-buckling response

Now we will perform a collapse analysis, in which the model is perturbed by the first buckling mode shape. The steps are exactly the same as above. We reprint the instructions for convenience. Before you begin this analysis, make sure that there are no files of the form prob50_down.mds and prob50_up.mds in the working directory or folder. These files were created during the analyses above, but they are now out-of date, since the analyses above did not consider beam warping effects. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob50.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

Collapse analysis: Set the Analysis Type to Collapse Analysis. Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Label # field to 3, the Degree of Freedom to Y-Translation, the Displacement field to -0.01, the Maximum Allowed Displacement to 20, check the Continue after First Critical Point is Reached button and click OK. Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 50 in the first row of the table and click OK. Choose ControlTime Function, edit time function 1 as in the table below and click OK. Time 0 50 Value 0 10

Initial imperfection: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsImperfection, make sure that the Initial Condition Type is Point, and, in the first row of the table, set the Buckling Mode # to 1, the Point # to 3, the Direction to Z-Translation and the Displacement to 0.05. Click OK to close the dialog box. Click the Save icon to save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution icon

, set the file name to prob50_down, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the mode shape file from the linearized buckling analysis. Enter mode shape file prob50 and click Copy. We will post-process the results once we have the results from the run in which the load is applied upwards. Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Displacement field to 0.01 and click OK. Click

the Save icon to save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob50_up, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the mode shape file from the linearized buckling analysis. Enter mode shape file prob50 and click Copy. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Choose FileOpen Porthole, select file prob50_down, hold down the Shift key and select file prob50_up (so that both file names appear in the File name field), set the Porthole Type to Append Portholes and click Open.

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Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam

To plot the force-deflection curve, choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this.

40.

20.

0.

Force (kN)

-20.

-40.

-60.

-80.

-4.

-3.

-2.

-1.

0.

1.

2.

3.

Y displacement (cm)

The post-buckling behavior is no longer symmetric. When the load is applied downwards, the buckling load appears to be around -63.0 kN, but when the load is applied upwards, the buckling load appears to be around 29.1 kN. It is necessary to include beam warping effects in order to accurately determine the postbuckling response of this beam structure. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Problem description
Consider a copper pipe containing water. Initially the water is at rest and the temperature of the pipe and water is 20o C. At the start of the analysis, water at 90o C flows into the pipe with a pressure drop of 60 Pa.
Inlet, prescribed normal-traction = 60 Pa, prescribed temperature = 90o C, prescribed turbulence variables Water in pipe, k-e model used,
m =4.7 10-4 N-s/m2 r = 980 kg/m3 k = 0.65 W/m-oC cp = 4200 J/kg-oC

C L

Copper pipe, 100 E = 1.11011 Pa n = 0.3

r = 8900 kg/m3

a = 1.710-3 / C
k = 390 W/m-oC cp = 380 J/kg-oC Convection boundary: h = 10 W/m2-oC qenv = 20o C

Initial temperature = 20o C All lengths in mm 10 3

We want to compute the stresses in the pipe. The analysis is considered to be transient in the fluid and heat transfer analysis, but static in the stress analysis.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

We will solve the problem using two analysis techniques: TFSI (thermal FSI), with temperature coupling between the fluid and the solid. BTFSI (thermal FSI, with boundary coupling), with temperature coupling at the fluidstructure interface. Here are diagrams schematically showing these analysis techniques: TFSI:

Fluid element group

m, r, k, cp

Solid element group in ADINACFD

r, k, cp

Solid element group in ADINA E, n, a

FSI boundary condition

BTFSI:

Fluid element group

m, r, k, cp

Solid element group

E, n, a
r, k, cp

FSI boundary condition

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Notice that in TFSI analysis, the fluid and structure are fully coupled. The fluid model computes all of the heat transfer. The fluid model passes to the solid model the pressures on the interface, and also the temperatures within the solid. The solid model passes to the fluid model the displacements on the interface. The element layout in the solid region of the fluid model can in general be different than the element layout in the solid model. In BTFSI analysis, one-way coupling is used. The fluid model passes to the solid model the pressures and temperatures on the interface. The solid model computes the heat transfer within the solid. In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Performing a TFSI analysis (full coupling) $ Performing a BTFSI analysis (one-way coupling) Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not contain ADINA-FSI. Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob51_1.in, prob51_2.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list.

TFSI analysis
Model definition - fluid model We have prepared a batch file (prob51_1.in) that defines the geometry of the entire model, as well as most of the fluid model: Transient analysis, FCBI-C elements, turbulence analysis, FSI analysis, iteration tolerances.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Geometry points, lines, surfaces. Material models for fluid model, and for "solid" region within fluid model. Boundary conditions. Initial conditions for the temperature. Time steps, time functions and inlet boundary conditions. Twenty time steps of size 0.1 are used. The turbulence load is defined in terms of a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a length of 0.02 m (the pipe diameter). The normal traction load of 60 Pa is chosen so that the computed fluid velocity is on the order of 1 m/s. Element groups and meshing. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob51_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB C CB CB B CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 2.000 90.00 PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE_K TIME 2.000 0.0009375 TIME 2.000 60.00 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE EPSILON TIME 2.000 0.004784

V V B C D
2

WAL FSI B C D 1 2 -

CNV 3 -

Thermal FSI: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set "Thermal Coupling" to "Whole Solid Domain" and click OK.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Generating the ADINA-CFD data file Click the Save icon icon and save the database to file prob51_f. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob51_f, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.

Model definition - solid model We have prepared a batch file (prob51_2.in) that defines the solid model: New database. Current FE program set to ADINA. FSI analysis Geometry points, lines, surfaces. The same geometry is used for the fluid and solid models. Boundary conditions. Initial conditions for the temperature. Note that the initial conditions for the temperature must be specified both in the fluid model and in the solid model. Material model. An elastic material with coefficient of thermal expansion is used. Element group and meshing. In this case, the same element layout is used in the solid region of the fluid model, and for the solid model. But 4-node elements are used in the solid region of the fluid model, and 9-node elements are used in the solid model. Dat file prob51_a.dat Notice that there is no time stepping information defined in the solid model. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob51_2.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 1.000 BB BB BB B B Z X Y

BB BB BB B B

U U B
2

Choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob51_a. Running ADINA-FSI Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob51_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob51_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. ADINA-FSI runs for 20 time steps. When ADINA-FSI is finished, close all open dialog boxes, and set the Program Module to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes). Now click the Open icon and open porthole file prob51_f.

Post-processing - fluid model Click the Quick Vector Plot icon and click the Group Outline icon window should look something like the figure on the next page. . The graphics

The velocity is comparable to the velocity used in the turbulence load specifications.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 2.000 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 2.000 0.9608

0.9450 0.8750 0.8050 0.7350 0.6650 0.5950 0.5250

Now click the Clear Vector Plot icon , click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z X Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 2.000 89.70 89.10 88.50 87.90 87.30 86.70 86.10

MAXIMUM 90.00 NODE 143 MINIMUM 85.60 NODE 1412

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Since the temperatures are all near 90o, the bands do not show lower temperatures. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table ... button, set the Minimum to 20 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z X Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 2.000 85.00 75.00 65.00 55.00 45.00 35.00 25.00 MAXIMUM 90.00 NODE 143 MINIMUM 85.60 NODE 1412

Now click the First Solution icon figure on the next page.

. The graphics window should look something like the

, you should see the temperature increase rapidly in As you click the Next Solution icon the water in the pipe, and more slowly in the pipe wall. You also should notice the pipe wall moving outwards.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 0.1000 Z X Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 0.1000 85.00 75.00 65.00 55.00 45.00 35.00 25.00

MAXIMUM 90.00 NODE 6 MINIMUM 20.00 NODE 1412

Post-processing - solid model Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), then click the Open icon and open

porthole file prob51_a. Then click the First Solution icon

, click the Create Band Plot

icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:ELEMENT_TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. When you click the Next Solution icon in the pipe wall. several times, you can see the temperature rising

, click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the variable Now click the First Solution icon to (Strain:THERMAL_STRAIN) and click OK. Unfortunately the range of the band table is not reset. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table ... button, set the Minimum and Maximum to Automatic and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 0.1000

Z X Y

ELEMENT TEMPERATURE RST CALC TIME 0.1000 85.00 75.00 65.00 55.00 45.00 35.00 25.00 MAXIMUM 89.38 EG 1, EL 3, IPT 13 (76.93) MINIMUM 20.00 EG 1, EL 298, IPT 31

TIME 0.1000

Z X Y

THERMAL_STRAIN RST CALC TIME 0.1000 0.1040 0.0880 0.0720 0.0560 0.0400 0.0240 0.0080

MAXIMUM 0.1179 EG 1, EL 3, IPT 13 (0.09678) MINIMUM 1.827E-10 EG 1, EL 298, IPT 31 (1.837E-10)

Note that the maximum thermal strain of 0.1179 is very close to the value obtained from the formula ( 0 ) = 1.7 10 3 (90 20) = 0.119 .

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

As you click the Next Solution icon pipe wall. Now click the First Solution icon Band Plot icon
TIME 0.1000

, you should see the thermal strain increasing in the

, click the Clear Band Plot icon

and the Quick

. The graphics window should look something like this:

Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 0.1000 1.040E+10 8.800E+09 7.200E+09 5.600E+09 4.000E+09 2.400E+09 8.000E+08 MAXIMUM 1.132E+10 EG 1, EL 3, IPT 13 (8.742E+09) MINIMUM 1.653E+07 EG 1, EL 54, IPT 12 (2.065E+07)

Again, you can click the Next Solution icon the Last Solution icon next page.

to see the stress response. When you click

, the graphics window should look something like the figure on the

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 2.000 Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 2.000 1.040E+10 8.800E+09 7.200E+09 5.600E+09 4.000E+09 2.400E+09 8.000E+08 MAXIMUM 1.278E+10 EG 1, EL 255, IPT 12 MINIMUM 1.270E+10 EG 1, EL 247, IPT 31

BTFSI analysis
Model definition - fluid model

We will use the TFSI fluid model as the basis of the BTFSI fluid model. Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob51_f.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Heading: Choose ControlHeading, set the Heading to "Primer problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe - BTFSI - fluid model" and click OK. Thermal FSI: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set "Thermal Coupling" to "Boundary, with Temperature Applied to Solid" and click OK. Removing the solid element group: In the BTFSI fluid model, we don't need to model the pipe

wall in the fluid model. Click the Define Element Groups icon OK. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon OK. After you click the Redraw icon the figure on the next page.

, delete group 2 and click

, delete boundary condition 3 and click

, the graphics window should look something like

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 2.000 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B Z X PRESCRIBED NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 2.000 60.00 PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE_K TIME 2.000 0.0009375 Y

V V B C
2

PRESCRIBED TURBULENCE EPSILON TIME 2.000 0.004784

PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE TIME 2.000 90.00

WAL FSI B C 1 2 -

Choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob51b_f. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob51b_f, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.

Model definition - solid model

We will use the TFSI solid model as the basis of the BTFSI solid model. Choose database file prob51_a.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu (you can discard all changes).
Heading: Choose ControlHeading, set the Heading to "Primer problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe - BTFSI - solid model" and click OK. Thermal analysis: Choose ControlTMC Model, set the "Type of Solution" to "TMC Iterative Coupling", then click the ... button to the right of that field. Set the "Analysis Type" to "Transient" and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step, set the first row of the table to 20, 0.1, then click OK. TMC material: Click the Manage Materials icon , then click the TMC Material button. Click the "k isotropic, c constant" button and add material 1. Set the Thermal Conductivity to 386, the Heat Capacity/Mass to 380, the Density to 8900 and click OK, then click Close twice

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

to close all dialog boxes.

Convection boundary condition: Click the Apply Load icon, set the Load Type to Convection and click the Define... button. Add convection load 1 and click the ... button to the right of the Convection Property field. Add convection property 1, set the Convection Coefficient to 10 and click OK. Then, in the Define Convection Load dialog box, set the Environment Temperature to 20, set the Convection Property to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the "Apply to" field to Line, set the Line Number to 5 in the first row of the table and click OK.

After you click the Redraw icon

TIME 2.000

, the graphics window should look something like this:

Z BB BB BB B B X Y

PRESCRIBED CONVECTION TEMPERATURE TIME 2.000 20.00

BB BB BB B B

U U 2 3 -

Click the Save icon icon

to save the database to file prob51_a. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob51b_a, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Running ADINA-FSI

Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob51b_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob51b_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Set the "Run" field to "Fluid Only", then click Start. After the ADINA-FSI run finishes (in 20 steps), close all open dialog boxes, choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob51b_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob51b_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Set the "Run" field to "Structure Only", then click Start. When ADINA-FSI is finished, close all open dialog boxes, and set the Program Module to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes). Now click the Open icon porthole file prob51b_f. and click the Group Outline icon Click the Quick Vector Plot icon window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z X Y

and open

. The graphics

VELOCITY TIME 2.000 1.031

0.980 0.910 0.840 0.770 0.700 0.630 0.560

The velocity is almost the same as in the TFSI analysis.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

Now click the Clear Vector Plot icon

, click the First Solution icon

, click the Create

, set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click Band Plot icon OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.1000 Z X Y

TEMPERATURE TIME 0.1000 85.00 75.00 65.00 55.00 45.00 35.00 25.00

MAXIMUM 90.00 NODE 7 MINIMUM 20.00 NODE 1101

The pipe wall boundary now acts as an insulated boundary (zero heat flow through the boundary). , you should see the temperature increase rapidly in As you click the Next Solution icon the water in the pipe. The temperature rises more slowly at the pipe wall boundary because the fluid moves more slowly there. You will also notice that the fluid domain does not change.
Post-processing - solid model

Click the New icon

(you can discard all changes and continue), then click the Open icon , click the

and open porthole file prob51b_a. Then click the First Solution icon

, set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: Create Band Plot icon ELEMENT_TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 0.1000 Z X Y

ELEMENT TEMPERATURE RST CALC TIME 0.1000 81.00 72.00 63.00 54.00 45.00 36.00 27.00

MAXIMUM 86.87 EG 1, EL 3, IPT 13 (83.57) MINIMUM 20.00 EG 1, EL 298, IPT 31

several times, you can see the temperature rising When you click the Next Solution icon in the pipe wall. The temperature solution looks very similar to that from the TFSI analysis. Now click the First Solution icon , click the Clear Band Plot icon , click the Create

, set the variable to (Strain:THERMAL_STRAIN) and click OK. The Band Plot icon graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Again the thermal strain is very similar to the thermal strain from the TFSI analysis. Now click the First Solution icon Band Plot icon the next page. , click the Clear Band Plot icon and click the Quick

. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on

Again the effective stress is very similar to that from the TFSI analysis.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

TIME 0.1000

Z X THERMAL_STRAIN RST CALC TIME 0.1000 0.1040 0.0880 0.0720 0.0560 0.0400 0.0240 0.0080 Y

MAXIMUM 0.1137 EG 1, EL 3, IPT 13 (0.1081) MINIMUM 1.167E-08 EG 1, EL 298, IPT 31 (1.171E-08)

TIME 0.1000

Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 0.1000 7.000E+09 6.000E+09 5.000E+09 4.000E+09 3.000E+09 2.000E+09 1.000E+09

MAXIMUM 7.406E+09 EG 1, EL 3, IPT 13 (6.715E+09) MINIMUM 2.952E+08 EG 1, EL 45, IPT 11 (2.914E+08)

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

When you click the Last Solution icon this:

TIME 2.000

, the graphics window should look something like

Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 2.000 7.000E+09 6.000E+09 5.000E+09 4.000E+09 3.000E+09 2.000E+09 1.000E+09

MAXIMUM 1.309E+10 EG 1, EL 33, IPT 12 MINIMUM 1.309E+10 EG 1, EL 28, IPT 31

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe

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ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Problem description
Consider the crushing of a crash tube by a rigid weight:

Initial velocity 12000 mm/sec

Beveled end with varying thickness Thickness=0.5 Tube cross-section Thickness=1

Crash tube

10 Rigid weight 100 kg 200 All lengths in mm

10 radius 80

Properties of rigid weight: X, Y, Z mass = 0.1 N-s2/mm X, Y moment of inertia = 2296 N-s2-mm Z moment of inertia = 213 N-s2-mm

Material properties, plastic-cyclic material model: E=207000 MPa n=0.3 r=7850 kg/m3 sy =225 MPa Nonlinear kinematic hardening: h=280000 MPa z=1300

Contact conditions: Friction coefficient = 0.2 between weight and tube, also for tube self-contact
We want to compute the force-deflection curve for the tube. We will compute this curve using both an implicit and an explicit analysis.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: $ Defining shell elements with varying thickness $ Using the Bathe method of implicit time integration $ Using the plastic-cyclic material model $ Using double-sided contact $ Using the penalty contact algorithm Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System. Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob52_1.in, prob52_1.plo, prob52_2.plo. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. Overview of model definition The figure below shows the geometry used to model the crush tube:
Point 105, with concentrated mass

Rigid links Surface 100

Surfaces 9 to 16

Surfaces 1 to 8

Vertex 2

Vertex 1

z x

u Vertex 4 Vertex 3 Local coordinate system used for geometry surfaces

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ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

The beveled end of the tube is (approximately) modeled by reducing the shell thicknesses at the end of the tube. In order to reduce the shell thicknesses, it is necessary to know the orientation of the geometry surfaces coordinate system. The coordinate system of the geometry surfaces is shown in the figure above. Two contact groups are used. Contact group 1 models the contact between the rigid surface and the tube, and contact group 2 models the self-contact of the tube. Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.

Implicit time integration

Model definition We have prepared a batch file (prob52_1.in) that defines the following items: Problem heading Control data, including solution tolerances. Note that all shell nodes are assigned local rotational degrees of freedom (MASTER ... SHELLNDOF=5) Time stepping. 200 time steps of size 1E-4 are used. Geometry points, lines, surfaces Thickness for geometry surfaces 1 to 16, except for the deviations (see below) Boundary conditions Rigid links connecting geometry surface 101 to geometry point 105 Element group 1, containing soft springs attached to all the degrees of freedom of geometry point 5. These springs prevent the degrees of freedom in element group 5 from being deleted at the time of data file generation. Subdivision data for the surfaces Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob52_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

TIME 0.02000 X

Z Y

B B B B B B B B B U U U 1 2 3 1 2 3

Implicit time integration method: Click the Analysis Options icon Method to Bathe and click OK.

, set the Integration

Surface thicknesses: The 8 geometry surfaces close to the top of the tube will have a varying thickness applied to them. Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness and notice that all 16 surfaces have a thickness of 1.0, with no deviations. For surfaces 9 to 16, set both Deviation 1 and Deviation 2 to -0.5 and click OK. Plastic-cyclic material model: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Cyclic button. Add material 1, and click the ... button to the right of the Isotropic Hardening Rule field. In the Define Isotropic Hardening Rule dialog box, add rule 1, make sure that the Type is Bilinear, set the Yield Stress to 225 and click OK. In the Define Plastic-Cyclic Material dialog box, set the Isotropic Hardening Rule to 1. Now click the ... button to the right of the Kinematic Hardening Rule field. In the Define Kinematic Hardening Rule dialog box, add rule 1, then, in the first row of the table, set the "Linear Constant h" to 280000 and the "Nonlinear Constant zeta" to 1300, and click OK. In the Define Plastic-Cyclic Material dialog box, set the Kinematic Hardening Rule to 1. Now set the Young's Modulus to 207000, the Poisson's Ratio to 0.3, the Density to 7.85E-9, then click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Concentrated mass: Choose ModelElement PropertiesConcentrated Masses, edit the table as follows, then click OK: Point 105 XTranslation 0.1 YTranslation 0.1 ZTranslation 0.1 XRotation 2296 YRotation 2296 ZRotation 213

Initial conditions: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add initial condition V, and, in the first row of the table, set the Variable to Z-VELOCITY, the Value to -12000 and click Save. Now click the Apply... button, and, in the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the Point to 105 in the first row of the table, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Element definition: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add group 2, set the Type to Shell, set the Integration Type to Trapezoidal and the Integration Order to 3. Then click the 3D-Shell tab, check the Use 3D-Shell button and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , click the Auto... button, set From to 1 and To to 16, then click OK. The Surface table should be filled in with numbers 1 to 16. Click OK to close the Mesh Surfaces dialog box. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.02000 X Z Y

C C B

C B C B

C C B

C B C B

C C B

U U U B 1

C C B

U U U 1 2 3 - - - -

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Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Let's check the thicknesses. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Variable to (Thickness:THICKNESS) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.02000 X Z Y

THICKNESS TIME 0.02000 0.9667 0.9000 0.8333 0.7667 0.7000 0.6333 0.5667 C B C B C C B C B C B

MAXIMUM 1.000 EG 2, EL 1, LN 1 MINIMUM 0.5000 EG 2, EL 229, LN 1

C C B

C C B

U U U B 1

C C B

U U U 1 2 3 - - - -

Click the Clear Band Plot icon

to remove the band plot.

Contact group 1: Click the Define Contact Groups icon , add group 1 and set the Type to 3-D Contact. Set the Compliance Factor to 1E-4 and the Contact Surface Offset to None. Now click the Advanced tab, set the "Friction Contact v-Function Parameter" to 100 and click OK. and add Contact surfaces for contact group 1: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon contact surface 1. Set "Orientation Determined" to "from Table Input", and, in the first row of the table, set the Surface to 101, the Orientation to "Opposite to Geometry" and click Save. Add contact surface 2, click the Auto... button, set From to 1 and To to 16, then click OK. The table should be filled in with numbers 1 to 16. Click OK to close the Define Contact Surface on Geometry dialog box. We need to generate a contact segment on contact surface 1. Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface icon click OK. , set the Contact Surface to 1, the Number of Nodes per Segment to 4 and

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ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Contact pair for contact group 1: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon , add contact pair 1, set the Contactor Surface to 2, the Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.2 and click OK. Contact group 2: Click the Define Contact Groups icon and add group 2. Set the Compliance Factor to 1E-3, set the Contact Surface Action to Double Side and the Contact Surface Offset to None. Now click the Advanced tab, set the "Friction Contact v-Function Parameter" to 100 and click OK. and add Contact surfaces for contact group 2: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon contact surface 1. Click the Auto... button, set From to 1 and To to 16, then click OK. The table should be filled in with numbers 1 to 16. Click OK to close the Define Contact Surface on Geometry dialog box. Contact pair for contact group 2: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon 1, set the Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.2 and click OK. , add contact pair

Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob52. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob52_im, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. ADINA runs for 200 steps. Notice that there are two lines printed for each step. These lines correspond to the two sub-steps used per solution step in the Bathe method. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob52_im. Postprocessing Deformed mesh: We have put the commands for plotting the tube with accumulated effective plastic strains in a batch file (prob52_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob52_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. and

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

ACCUM EFF PLASTIC STRAIN RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 0.02000 0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

MAXIMUM 3.115 EG 2, EL 194, IPT 113 (2.075) MINIMUM -0.2135 EG 2, EL 194, IPT 213 (0.5280)

Click the Movie Load Step icon

to create an animation of the tube crushing. When the

animation is finished, click the Animate icon , or choose DisplayAnimate, to view the animation. Notice that the tube absorbs all of the kinetic energy of the rigid weight, and that the rigid weight separates from the tube at the end of the analysis. Now click the Clear icon , click the Mesh Plot icon , click the Cut Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting Plane, uncheck the Display the Plane(s) button, set "Below the Cutplane" to "Display as Usual", "Above the Cutplane" to "Do not Display" and click OK. In the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right-click the EG2 field and choose Display, then . Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until the click the Shading icon graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page. The plot shows the self-contact of the tube. Force-deflection curve: We have put the commands for plotting the force-deflection curve in a batch file (prob52_2.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob52_2.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

TIME 0.02000 Z

Y X

12.

10.

8.

Force (N)

*10

6.

4.

2.

0.

0.

20.

40.

60. Displacement (mm)

80.

100.

120.

Choose GraphList and scroll to see the first solution time for which the force returns to zero. This should be time 1.82000E-2, with corresponding displacement 9.89701E+01 (mm).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Explicit analysis
Now we will repeat the analysis, using explicit time integration. Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob52.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu. Heading: Choose ControlHeading, set the Heading to "Primer problem 52: Crushing of a tube, explicit" and click OK. Explicit analysis: Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Explicit and click the Analysis Options . Make sure that the Time Step is set to "Automatic (Use Total Time Specified)", set icon the Time Step Magnitude Scaling Factor to 0.7 and click OK. Plastic-cyclic material model: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Cyclic button. Set the Stress Integration Factor (beta) to 1.0 and click OK, then Close, to close both dialog boxes. Contact algorithm: Choose ModelContactContact Control, set the Default Contact Algorithm to Penalty and click OK. and choose group 1. Click the Contact groups: Click the Define Contact Groups icon Advanced tab, and, in the Penalty Algorithm Stiffness box, set the Normal Stiffness to "Use Specified Value", and the value to 5000, and also set the Tangential Stiffness to "Use Specified Value", and the value to 5000. Click Save, then choose group 2, click the Advanced tab, and set the Normal and Tangential Stiffness to 5000 in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box. Generating the ADINA data file, running ADINA, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob52. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob52_ex, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. ADINA runs for about 22000 steps. When ADINA is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Postprocessing Follow the instructions given above to postprocess the model. We obtain the following results: and open porthole file prob52_ex.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Deformed mesh:
ACCUM EFF PLASTIC STRAIN RST CALC SHELL T = 1.00 TIME 0.02000 0.975 0.825 0.675 0.525 0.375 0.225 0.075

MAXIMUM 64.45 EG 2, EL 117, IPT 213 (35.02) MINIMUM -16.54 EG 2, EL 117, IPT 113 (0.6053)

Force-deflection curve:

12.

10.

8.

Force (N)

*10

6.

4.

2.

0.

0.

10.

20.

30.

40.

50.

60.

70.

80.

90.

100.

110.

120.

Displacement (mm)

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube

Choose GraphList and scroll to see the first solution time for which the force returns to zero. This should be time 1.67002E-2, with corresponding displacement 9.32202E+01 (mm). Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

Problem description
We determine the three dimensional static electromagnetic fields inside a conducting block, as shown:

0.5

Prescribed voltage 1 = 0
ne tic tic p po resc te rib nt e ia d l m 0 A
0=

Prescribed voltage 0 = 2.5

2.0

We will demonstrate the following topics: setting up an electromagnetic model using potential formulation in ADINA-EM defining an electromagnetic material applying potential based electromagnetic boundary conditions in ADINA-EM

We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 52, or have equivalent experience with the AUI. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Some of the input for this problem is stored in the following file: prob53_1.plo. You need to copy this file from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

1=

1.0

Electromagentic material: Permittivity : = 0.5 Permeability: = 2.0 Conductivity: = 1.0

p po resc te rib nt e ia d l m 4. 0

All dimensions and physical properties are in non-dimension.

2.

ag

ne

ag

53-1

Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA EM from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 53: static 3D EM fields in a conducting block and click OK. Analysis type: Make sure that the Analysis Type drop-down list is set to "Static". EM analysis setting: Choose ModelAnalysis Settings, set the model type to "3D A-f model", verify that the Analysis Type is set to STATIC, set the "Tolerance for Residuals" to 1.0E-9 and click OK. Defining the model geometry The key geometry of the conducting block is as shown in the above sketch. It is, of course, possible to use ADINA-M to define the geometry, but we use the native AUI geometry in this problem. Click the Define Points icon Point # 1 2 3 4 X1 , enter the following point into the table and click OK: X2 -1.0 1.0 1.0 -1.0 X3 -0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 , add surface 1, set the Type to Vertex, set the Points

Now click the Define Surfaces icon to 1,2,3,4 respectively, and click OK.

, add volume 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Now click the Define Volumes icon Initial Surface to 1, set the components of the Vector to 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, and click OK. Defining material properties , add material 1, set the Permittivity (Epsilon) to 0.5, the Click the Manage Materials icon Permeability (Mu) to 2.0, the Conductivity (Sigma) to 1.0, and click OK. These values correspond to a non-dimensionalized material.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

Defining the boundary conditions Electric potential boundary conditions: Choose ModelBoundary Conditions, add boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Dirichlet. Set the Variable Type to Electric Potential, set the Real part to 2.5, verify the boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, then apply this boundary condition 1 to surface 2. Add electric potential boundary condition 2, verify that the type is Dirichlet, set the Variable Type to Electric Potential, set the Real part to 0, then verify the boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surface 4. Click OK to close the dialog box. Boundary conditions on all other surfaces for electric potential are natural boundary conditions by default. Magnetic potential boundary conditions: Choose ModelBoundary Conditions, add boundary condition 3 and verify that the Type is Dirichlet. Set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, then set the Real part to 2.0, set the Direction Type to D0 x NR, and set the DX to -1. Then verify that the boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surface 5. Add boundary condition 4, verify that the type is Dirichlet, and set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, set the Real part to 4.0, set the Direction Type to D0 x NR, and set DX to -1. Then verify that the boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surface 3. Click OK to close the dialog box. EM Parallel boundary condition on magnetic potential: Choose ModelBoundary Conditions, add boundary condition 5 and set the Type to Parallel. Set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, and make sure that the Real part is 0.0. Then verify that this boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surfaces 2 and 4. (Do not close the dialog box yet.) EM Normal boundary condition on magnetic potential: Add boundary condition 6 and set the Type to Normal. Set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, and make sure that the Real part is 0.0. Then verify that this boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surfaces 1 and 6. Click OK to close the dialog box. Defining the elements , add element group 1, set the Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon Type to 3-D Electromagnetic, verify that the material is 1, and make sure that both Electric Effects and Magnetic Effects are checked. Then click OK to close the dialog box. , set the Subdivision Mode to Use Subdivision data: Choose the Subdivide Volume icon Length, set the Element Edge Length to 0.05 and click OK.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

Meshing the volume: Now click the Mesh Volumes icon , make sure that the Element Group is 1 and that Nodes per Element is 8, then enter Volume 1 in the table and click OK. Click the Boundary Plot icon looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 X P OO MN MN MN N N OO MMMMMM MMMM MN MN N N N OO MMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM MN MN N N N OO MMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MN MN N N P O NMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN MN MN MN MN MN N N N N N N NMNM MMMM MMMM M MMMM MMMM M MMMM MMMM MMMM M M M N N NMNMNMMMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMN MN MN MN N N N N N NMNMNMMMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMM MN MN N N R D B B B B N N NMNMNMMMMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMMQQ M B B B B B N N NMNMNMMMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMQQ B B B B B N N NMNMNMMMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMQQ D B B B B B B B B B F N N NMNMNMMMMMM MMQQ B B B B B B B B B B EE N N NMRQ B B B B B B B B B B EE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE E B B B B B B B B B B FE EE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E EF B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B FE EE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EF EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE E EEE B B B B B B B B B B FE EE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E EF B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B FE EE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EF EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EF B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B FE EE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EF EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E B B B B B B B B B B EE FE D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE B B B B B B B B B B EE FE J H H H H B B B B B B B B B B F EE H H H H H B B B B B B B B B B EE EE H H H H H B B B B B EE FE H H H H H B B B B B L EE H H H H H B B B B B KK EE H H H H H KK FE H H H H H KK H H H H H KK LK

and use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it

Z Y

B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

VDI 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

ADI 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 4

ANO APA 6 6 6 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5

Generating the data file, running ADINA-EM, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob53. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob53, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When ADINA-EM is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose PostProcessing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob53.

Examining the solution We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the underlying mesh plots will all have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh plot, then set the defaults to that appearance.

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Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

Save mesh plot defaults: We will use this mesh plot appearance for several plots. We save the mesh plot defaults so that we dont have to repeat the above steps for each plot. Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon .

Electric potential plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to VPT, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

VPT TIME 1.000 2.520 2.340 2.160 1.980 1.800 1.620 1.440 1.260 1.080 0.900 0.720 0.540 0.360 0.180 0.000

MAXIMUM 2.500 NODE 1 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 821

Magnetic vector potential plot: Click the Clear icon

and then Mesh Plot icon

to plot

the mesh outline. Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to APT, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Comparison with analytical solutions We want to compare the electric potential and magnetic vector potential with analytic solutions along given vertical and horizontal lines. Since the mesh is mapped, it is straightforward to define node lines corresponding to these lines. It is also straightforward to determine the analytical solutions at points along these lines. Thus, for the vertical line, we will define a node line VL for the nodes along the vertical line, and we will define a user data V for the analytical electric potential along the vertical line. For the horizontal line, we will define a node line AL for the nodes along the horizontal line, and we will define a user data A for the magnetic potential along the horizontal line.

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

APT TIME 1.000 4.000

3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500

We have put the definitions of VL, AL, V and A into batch file prob53_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob53_1.plo and click Open. You can examine the definitions of lines VL and AL by choosing DefinitionsModel LineNode, and you can examine the definitions of V and A by choosing GraphDefine User Data. Analytical solution comparison for electric potential: Click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), set the Model Line Name to VL; set the Y Coordinate Variable to (Electromagnetic: VPT) and click OK. Now choose GraphPlot User Data, set the Data Name to V and the Plot Name to PREVIOUS, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. It is of course possible to customize the curve legends and axes labels as shown in primer problem 2. , Analytical solution comparison for magnetic vector potential: Click the Clear icon choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), set the Model Line Name to AL, set the Y Coordinate Variable to (Electromagnetic: APT-Z) and click OK. Now choose GraphPlot User Data, set the Data Name to A and the Plot Name to PREVIOUS, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

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Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block

LINE GRAPH Line VL V 2.0

2.5

1.5

VPT
1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6 DISTANCE

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

3.

LINE GRAPH Line AL

2.

1.

0.

APT-Z
-1. -2. -3. -4. 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2 DISTANCE

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

Listing of results: Choose ListValue ListModel Line, set the Model Line Name to VL, set the Variables to List to (Electromagnetic: VPT) and click Apply. The electric potentials on the node line are displayed. Similarly, set the Model Line Name to AL, set the first variable to (Electromagnetic: APT-Y) and the second variable to (Electromagnetic: APT-Z), then click Apply. The components of magnetic potential are displayed. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Problem description
In this problem, we analyze microwave heating in a cavity. In part 1, we analyze the harmonic electromagnetic field resonance in a two-dimensional cavity and demonstrate the following topics: Setting up a harmonic electromagnetic model in ADINA EM Defining an electromagnetic material Applying electromagnetic boundary conditions

In part 2, we demonstrate the following additional topics: Setting up a three dimensional electromagnetic model in ADINA EM Setting up a thermal model in ADINA CFD coupled with electromagnetic fields Plotting the Joule heating effect caused by the harmonic electromagnetic fields

We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 53, or have equivalent experience with the AUI. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. You need to allocate 400 MB to ADINA EM in the first part of the analysis, and at least 1000 MB to ADINA CFD+EM in the second part of the analysis. Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob54a_1.in, prob54b_1.in, prob54b_2.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Part 1: Resonance in a 2D cavity

Defining the model In this part, the problem of 2D cavity excited by an electric field is demonstrated. The model geometry and main physical properties are shown as in the figure below:

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

0.26

All length in meters Electromagentic material: Permittivity: = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m Permeability: = 1.256637 x 10-6 H/m Conductivity: s = 0.0 0.26 Excitation frequency: 1.225~3.675GHz 0.0867

Excitation port feed with electric field E0=1000V/m

0.0867

Perfect conducting walls

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA EM from the Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 54a: Electromagnetic fields in 2D resonant cavity and click OK. Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Harmonic. EM analysis setting: Choose ModelAnalysis Settings, set the Model Type to "2D E-H model on magnetic plane", verify that the analysis type is set to Harmonic, set the Frequency Value to 1.53938E10, and the Frequency Time Function to 1, and also set the Tolerance for Residuals to 1E-9. Click OK to close the dialog box. Frequency sweep time function: Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Time 0.0 20.0 Value 0.5 1.5

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Time Steps: Choose ControlTime Steps, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Number of Steps 20 Constant Magnitude 1.0

Defining the model geometry We have put the model geometry definitions into file prob54a_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob54a_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 20.00 Z X Y

Defining material properties Click the Manage Materials icon , add Material 1, set the Permittivity (Epsilon) to 8.85E-12, the Permeability (Mu) to 1.256637E-6, make sure that the Conductivity (Sigma) is 0.0, and click OK. Defining the elements , add Element Group 1, verify that Element group: Click the Define Element Groups icon the Type is 2-D Electromagnetic, the material is 1, and both Electric Effects and Magnetic Effects are checked. Then click OK to close the dialog box.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , verify that the Element Group is 1, the Meshing Type is Rule-Based, and the Nodes per Element is 4. Enter 1 to 10 in the first ten rows of the table, then click OK to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 20.00 Z X Y

Defining the boundary conditions Electric Field Intensity Dirichlet boundary conditions: Choose ModelBoundary Conditions..., add boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Dirichlet. Make sure that the Variable Type is Electric Field Intensity and set the Real part to 1000. Make sure that the Direction Type is "VECTOR, D0", and set DX to 1. Then make sure the boundary condition is applied to Lines, and enter 19 in the first row of the table. Click Save. EM Parallel boundary condition on electric field intensity: Add boundary condition 2 and set the Type to Parallel. Make sure that the Variable Type is Electric Field Intensity and that the Real part is 0.0. Then make sure this boundary condition is applied to Lines, and enter 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27 in the table. Click OK to close the dialog box. When you click the Boundary Plot icon the figure on the next page. , the graphics window should look something like

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

TIME 20.00 B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD C B C B C B B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C C B B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B B B B Z X Y

B C D

EDI 1 1

EPA 2 2

Generating the data file, running ADINA EM, loading the porthole file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob54a. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob54a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, change the Maximum Memory for Solution to 400 MB, and click Save. ADINA EM runs for 20 steps. When ADINA EM is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post- Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon open porthole file prob54a. Examining the solution Save mesh plot defaults: We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the underlying mesh plots will all have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh plot, then set the defaults to that appearance. Click the Model Outline icon Save Mesh Plot Style icon . , then click the and

First we would like to check the electric and magnetic field intensities at three frequencies inside the resonant cavity: f = 2.2, 2.45, 2.7 GHz , which correspond to time steps 8, 10 and 12

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

respectively (note that the angular frequency is entered in the input to this model, which equals to 2 times the frequency we used here). Electric field intensity: Use the Previous Solution and Next Solution icons ( and ) to change the solution time to 8.0 (corresponding to frequency 2.2 GHz). Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Electromagnetic: EFI-RX) (real part of electric field intensity in x-direction) and click OK. (In the present EM harmonic model, the imaginary part of electric field intensity is trivial.) The graphics window should look something like this:

Then click the Next Solution icon twice to change the solution time to 10.0 (corresponding to frequency 2.45 GHz). Notice that the band table scaling doesn't change. To rescale the band table, click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, and in the Value Range box, set Minimum and Maximum to Automatic, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Then click the Next Solution icon twice to change the solution time to 12.0 (corresponding to frequency 2.7 GHz). Repeat the above instructions to rescale the band table. The graphics window should look something like this:

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

We can also list out the instantaneous electric field at a specific phase angle. Choose ListValue ListZone, set the first variable to (Electromagnetic: EFI-X) and click the ... button to the right of the Result Control field. In the Define Result Control Depiction dialog box, set the Phase Angle (degrees) field to 45 and click OK. In the List Zone Values dialog box, set the Response Option to Single Response and click the ... button to the right of the Response field. In the Define Response dialog box, set the Solution time to Latest and click OK. In the List Zone Values dialog box, click Apply. The listing displays the electric field intensity in the x-direction over the whole domain for frequency 3.675 GHz (corresponds to solution at time 20). Click Close to close the dialog box. Magnetic field intensity: Click the Clear icon Previous Solution and Next Solution icons ( and the Mesh Plot and icon, then use the

) to change the solution time to 8.0.

Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-I (imaginary part of magnetic field intensity vector) and click OK. (In the present EM harmonic model, the real part of magnetic field intensity is trivial.) The graphics window should look something like this:

Then click the Next Solution icon twice to change the solution time to 10.0 (corresponding to frequency 2.45 GHz). Notice that the vector scaling doesn't change. To replot the vectors, click the Clear Vector Plot icon , click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-I and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Follow the same procedure to create the vector plot for HMI-I at time 12.0. The graphics window should look something like this:

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Frequency sweep movie show: It is very convenient to show the electromagnetic responses at different frequencies in a single animation. Click the Clear icon , then use the Previous Solution and Next Solution icons ( solution time to 1.0. Click the Create Band Plot icon and the Mesh Plot icon and ) to change the

, set the Band Plot Variable to EFI-RX

and click OK. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , and the Band Table... button, uncheck the Freeze Range field, and click OK, and then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Click the Movie Load Step icon to create a movie showing the real part of the electric field intensity at different times and hence at different frequencies. To play back the movie, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay to 100 and click Apply. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.

Part 2: Microwave heating in a 3D cavity

In this part, we will extend the 2D cavity analysis in the previous part to 3D and include the Joule heating effect. The sketch of this 3D model is as follows:

sample to be heated

Cube All length in meters cube Electromagentic material: Permittivity: = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m Permeability: = 1.256637 x 10-6 H/m Conductivity: s = 0.0 0.0867 cube 0.0867 port for electric field excitation

Excitation frequency: f=2.45GHz oven

0.26

Choosing the finite element program

Set the Program Module to ADINA EM (you can discard all changes).

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Defining model control data

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter Problem 54b: 3D microwave heating and click OK. Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to "Harmonic", and set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with CFD". We also need to change the analysis type for ADINA CFD. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD and set the Analysis Type drop-down list to "Transient". Notice that the Multiphysics Coupling list changes to ADINA EM. Now set the Program Module drop-down list back to ADINA EM. EM analysis settings: Choose ModelElectromagneticSettings, set the Model Type to "3D E-H model", verify the analysis type is set to Harmonic, set the Frequency Value to 1.53938E10, set the Tolerance of Residuals to 1E-9, set the 'Electromagnetic Force Applied' to None, and then click OK to close the dialog box. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Outer Iteration... button, then click the Advanced Settings... button. Set the Equation Residual to All and the two Tolerance fields to 1E-6. Click OK three times to close all dialog boxes. Time Steps: Choose ControlTime Steps, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK. Number of Steps 1000 Constant Magnitude 1.0

Defining the model geometry

We have put the model geometry definitions into file prob54b_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob54b_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

TIME 1000. Y Z

Defining the electromagnetic boundary conditions

We have put the electromagnetic boundary condition definitions into file prob54b_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob54b_2.in and click Open. When you click the Boundary Plot icon window should look something like this:
TIME 1000. Y

, the graphics

D D D B B B H B B D D E E B E E B E E B C D E F G H D D E E D D E V V V B C D E F G H
1 2 3

EDI 1

EPA 2 3 4 5 6 7 -

Defining the boundary conditions on the fluid

Temperature boundary condition: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add boundary condition 8 and set the Type to Heat Transfer Convection. Set the Convection Coefficient Function Multiplier to 5.0, and set the Environment Temperature Function Multiplier to 293.0. Then set the 'Apply to' field to Surfaces, enter 29, 50, 56, 60, 61, 62 in the

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

table, then click OK. When you click the Redraw icon something like this:
TIME 1000.

, the graphics window should look

Y D D D B B B D D E E B B E E B E E D D E E D D E V V V B C D E F G H I
1 2 3

B H

B C D E F G H I

CNV EDI 1 8 -

EPA 2 3 4 5 6 7 -

Defining initial conditions on the fluid

Initial temperature over heating sample: Choose ModelInitial Conditions Define, add condition TINIT, and, in the table, set the first row to TEMPERATURE, 293. Click Save, then Apply... . In the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the 'Apply to' field to Volumes, then set the first row of the table to 14. Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Defining material properties

Fluid: Click the Manage Materials icon , click the Constant button and add material 1. Set the Viscosity to 0.1, the Specific Heat to 153.1, the Density to 1120, and the Thermal Conductivity to 1.381. Click OK, then Close, to close both dialog boxes. Electromagnetic: Choose ModelElectromagneticMaterial Constant, add material 1, set the Permittivity (Epsilon) to 7.08E-11, the Permeability (Mu) to 1.256637E-6, the Conductivity (Sigma) to 1.3, and click Save. Then add material 2, set the Permittivity(Epsilon) to 8.85E-12, the Permeability(Mu) to 1.256637E-6, the Conductivity(Sigma) to 0.0, and click OK.
Defining the elements

Element groups: Click the Define Element Groups icon , add Element Group 1, set the Type to 3-D Fluid/EM, make sure that the default material is 1, and check both the Electric Effects and Magnetic Effects fields. Set the Element Option to Solid, and set the Electromagnetic Material to 1. Click Save.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Now add element group 2, verify that the Type is 3-D Fluid/EM, uncheck the Fluid Element field and check both the Electric Effects and Magnetic Effects fields. Set the Electromagnetic Material to 2, then click OK to close the dialog box. Meshing: Click the Mesh Volumes icon , set the Element Group to 1, enter 14 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Element Group to 2, input Volumes 1 to 28 except 14 into the Volumes to be Meshed table, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1000. G DG DDG DDDG DDDDG DDDDDG DDDDDDG DDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDDDDG D D D D D D DD D DDDDDDDD DDDDG DDDDDDDD DDDDDG DDDDDDDD DDDDDDG DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDG DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDG D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D DD D D D D GG D D D D D D D DD D D D D D D D D D D D D G D DDD DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDG DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE C D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D EEG D DD B D D D D D D D D D DD D D D D D D D D E D C BD D D DD D D D D D D D D D D D D D DD D D EEEG D E B D D C BBBD D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D EEEEEG BBBBBD D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D EEEEE E G DDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDE DDDD DD C B BBBD D D D D D D D D D D D D D D E E E E E B DDDDDDDD C BBBBBBBBD D D D D D D D D D D D D D EEEEEEEEEEG B D D D DD D D D D D D DD D E D C BBBBBBBBBBD D D D D D D D D D D D EEEEEEEEEEEEG B DDDDDDDDDDD C BBBBBBBBBBBBD D D D D D D D D D EEEEEEEEEEEEEEG B B D E C BBBBBBBBBBBBBD D D D D D D D D EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG D D D D D D D D EE E D B D B DDDDDD C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD D D D D D EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG D B B DDD C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD D D DD EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG B B DD E C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBD D EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG B B E C B B B BBB B B B B BBBD EEEE E E E E E E E E E G E B C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG B E E C BBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBB BBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG B B C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG E E EE E E E E EE B E I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG B I I BBBBBBBBBB B BBBBBBBBE E E E E E E E E E E EEG IHI I H H BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG H I I BBB B B B B B B B E E E E E E E E E E E E I H H H I B B B B B B B B E E E E E E E EEE E E E G HHI I H H H H BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG HHHI EEEE I H H H H BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG H H H I B B B B B B B B E E E E E EE EE E E E E G IHH HI B B B B B B B E E E E E E E HH I H H H H BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG HHHIB B B B B E EEEEEEEE H E I I H HH H BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG H H B B E EE B H HI B I I H H I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE B E HH I I H I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE H I I I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE I FBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E FFBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE FFBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEE FFBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEE B FFBBBBBBEEEEEEEEE E FFBBBBEEEEEEE FFBBEEEEE FFEEE E Y Z X

V V V B C D E F G H I J
1 2

CNV EDI B C D E F G H I J 8 1 1 -

EPA 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 -

Generating the data file, running ADINA CFD+EM, loading the porthole file

Click the Save icon

and save the database to file prob54b. Click the Data File/Solution

icon , set the file name to prob54b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, change the Maximum Memory for Solution to at least 1000 MB (and preferably at least 2500 MB), and click Save. ADINA CFD+EM runs for 1000 steps. When ADINA CFD+EM is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Choose Post- Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob54b.
Examining the solution

We want to create plots of the results within the cavity. So we will define a cutting plane, then change the view and remove all of the cutplane interior lines.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Cutting plane: Click the Cut Surface icon . Set the Type to Cutting Plane, set Defined by to Y-Plane and uncheck the Display the Plane(s) field. Then set 'Below the Cutplane' and 'Above the Cutplane' to 'Do Not Display'. In Mesh Display, choose Do Not Display for Below the Cutplane and Above the Cutplane. Click OK to close the dialog box. View and cutting plane interior lines: Click the XZ View icon icon . and the Model Outline

Save mesh plot defaults: We will use this mesh plot appearance for several plots, so we save the mesh plot defaults so that we dont have to repeat the above steps for each plot. Click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon .

Electric field intensity: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to EFI-RY(Real part of electric field intensity in y-direction) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Magnetic field intensity: Click the Clear Band Plot icon

, then click the Create Vector Plot

icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-R (real part of magnetic field intensity vector) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

Click the Modify Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-I (imaginary part of magnetic field intensity vector) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

You can also show the magnetic field intensity at a specific phase angle. Click the Modify Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI (magnetic field intensity vector) and click the ... button to the right of the Result Control field. In the Define Result Control Depiction dialog box, set the Phase Angle (degrees) to 120 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:

Temperature distribution: Now click the Reset Mesh Plot Style icon

, then click the Clear

and the Mesh Plot icon . In the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right-click 2. EG1 and choose Display. We will show the temperature distribution of the heated sample. Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. You can see the temperature gradient over the surface of the heated sample. This is due to the non-uniformity of the electric field distribution. You can also generate a movie for temperature distribution over time, by clicking the Movie Load Step icon . Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. , and then the Animate icon

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

Solution at node 401: First we need to define a model point on a node. Choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, add point N401, set the Node # to 401 and click OK. Temperature vs. time graph: We can plot the temperature at node 401 as a function of time. Click the Clear icon , then choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), make sure that the Y Coordinate Variable is TEMPERATURE and the Y Coordinate Model Point is N401, then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
RESPONSE GRAPH 340. TEMPERATURE, N401 335.

330.

325.

TEMPERATURE, N401

320.

315.

310.

305.

300.

295.

290. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. 450. 500. TIME 550. 600. 650. 700. 750. 800. 850. 900. 950. 1000.

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Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity

List solution at node 401: We want to list the electromagnetic and temperature solutions at node 401. Choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Variables to List to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE), (Electromagnetic: EFI_MAGNITUDE), (Electromagnetic: HMI_MAGNITUDE), then click Apply. Click Close to close the dialog box. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

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Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

Problem description We determine the buckling load of a bar under an axial Lorentz force. The electromagnetic field coupled with the solid structure will exert an axial distributed load along the bar. The bar will then buckle at some loading when we increase the electromagnetic Lorentz body force along the bar.
10

Compressive Lorentz Force All length in meters Structure: Elastic Material Young's Modulus: E = 1.0 x 10 N/m Poisson Ratio: n = 0.0
8 2

0.2

Electromagentic material: Permeability: m = 1.25 x 10-6 H/m 6 Conductivity: s = 1.0 x 10 S/m

To ease the comparison of the buckling load with the analytical critical solution for distributed axial loading, we make the electric field constant and the magnetic field vary linearly with tiny variation along the whole bar. In this problem solution, we use an electromagnetic model, coupled with a solid structure model. The electromagnetic model is entered as an ADINA EM model, and the solid model is entered as an ADINA Structure model. The analysis itself is performed as a one-way coupled analysis between ADINA and ADINA EM, similar to one-way FSI coupling. We will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous problems: Performing an electromagnetic-structure coupling analysis in which separate AUI databases are used for the solid and electromagnetic models. Running a one-way coupling analysis between ADINA EM and ADINA Structure models. Determining the bar buckling load using a load-displacement plot. We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 54, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press. Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints.

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Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob55_1.in, prob55_2.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis. ADINA model Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 55: Bar buckling under axial Lorentz body force -- Structure and click OK. Multiphysics coupling: Set the Multiphysics coupling drop-down list to "with EM". Model definition As this model is similar to other structural models, we put the rest of the structural model definition into batch file prob55_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob55_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

PRESCRIBED FORCE TIME 1.000 0.1000

B B B B B B B

U U 2 3 - -

The load shown on the plot is a small transverse perturbation force used to trigger the buckling.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

We can confirm that the element group has electromagnetic coupling. Click the Define , click the Advanced tab and notice that "Has Electromagnetic Element Groups icon Coupling" is checked. Click Cancel to close the dialog box. Generating the ADINA data file Click the Save icon icon and save the database to file prob55_a. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob55_a, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.

ADINA-EM model Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), and choose ADINA EM from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 55: Bar buckling under axial Lorentz body force --- EM and click OK. Analysis assumptions: Choose ModelAnalysis Settings, set the Model Type to "2D E-H model on electric plane", verify that the Analysis Type is Static, set the Tolerance for Residuals to 1E-9, and click OK. Model definition As this model is similar to ADINA EM models shown in previous problems, we put the rest of the EM model definition into batch file prob55_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob55_2.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page: Generating the ADINA-EM model data file Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob55_e. Click the Data File/Solution

, set the file name to prob55_e, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked icon and click Save.

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Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

FDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE C B C B C B D C B I GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGH C B G

B C D E F G H I

EDI 1 1 1

EPA 2 2 2 -

HDI 3 3 3

HNO 4 4 4 -

Running ADINA-Structure/EM Choose SolutionRun ADINA Structures/EM, click the Start button, select file prob55_e, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob55_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Set the "Run" field to "EM Only", then click Start. The EM problem runs for 100 steps. Click Close to close the ADINA Structures/EM dialog box. Choose SolutionRun ADINA Structures/EM, click the Start button, select file prob55_a, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob55_e. Set the "Run" field to "Structure Only", then click Start. The structural problem runs for 100 steps. Close all open dialog boxes. Examining the electromagnetic solution Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob55_e.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

Save mesh plot defaults: Click the Model Outline icon . Electric field: Click the Create Vector Plot icon

and the Save Mesh Plot Style icon

, choose EFI and click OK. Use the

icons to change the solution time to study in detail how the electric field changes as a and function of time. Notice that the electric field is constant within the structure for each time. For time 0.82, the graphics window should look something like this:

TIME 0.8200

EFI TIME 0.8200

Z X Y

0.001320

0.001857 0.001571 0.001286 0.001000 0.000714 0.000429 0.000143

When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon solution.

to display the last

, click the Create Band Plot icon , set Magnetic field: Click the Clear Vector Plot icon the variable to (Electromagnetic: HMI-X) and click OK. (HMI-X is the x component of the and icons to change the solution time. At time magnetic field intensity.) Use the 0.82, the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

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Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

TIME 0.8200 HMI-X TIME 0.8200 Z X Y

2102400. 2100600. 2098800. 2097000. 2095200. 2093400. 2091600. MAXIMUM 2103200. NODE 1010 MINIMUM 2090000. NODE 1

Examining the structural solution Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon porthole file prob55_a. Bar structure deflection: Click the Model Outline icon and open

, the Show Original Mesh icon

, then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the variable to (Displacement: DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. The bar deformation after the buckling is caused by the electromagnetic Lorentz force in the original axial direction of the bar, which does not change direction with deformation. Use the icons that change the solution time (for example, the detail how the bar displaces from its original position. Effective stress in the structure : Click the Clear Band Plot icon Band Plot icon the next page. and icons) to study in

and then click the Quick

. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on

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ADINA Primer

Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

DISPLACEMENT MAGNITUDE TIME 1.000

10.40 8.80 7.20 5.60 4.00 2.40 0.80

MAXIMUM 11.83 NODE 51 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 607

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000

4333333. 3666667. 3000000. 2333333. 1666667. 1000000. 333333.

MAXIMUM 4633208. EG 1, EL 1, IPT 33 (4380710.) MINIMUM 23.09 EG 1, EL 50, IPT 13 (59.07)

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force

Determining the buckling load To show the buckling load, we can graph the displacement of a node at the tip of the bar. Define model point: Choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, add model point N51, set the node # to 51 and click OK. Model Point displacement graph: Click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Coordinate Variable to (Displacement: DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE), then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
RESPONSE GRAPH 12. DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE, N51

11.

10.

9.
DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE, N51

8.

7.

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

0. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 TIME 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

The bar buckles around time 0.5, which corresponds to an axial distributed line loading of 104.5 (N/m). This value compares well with the analytical buckling load of 104.49. Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

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ADINA Primer

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

Problem description We determine the fluid flow driven by an electromagnetic Lorentz force and the deformation of a very thin flexible structure within a two-dimensional channel, as shown:
100

Pressure at inlet p = 0.0

30

0.05 15

Pressure 40 at outlet p = 0.0

All length in centimeters

Structure: Elastic Material Youngs Modulus: E = 1.0 x 106 dyne/cm2 Poisson Ratio: = 0.3

Electromagentic material: Permeability: = 1.25 x 10-8 H/cm Conductivity: s = 1.0 x 105S/cm Fluid material: Viscosity: = 0.17g/cm-s Density: = 20.0 g/cm3

In this problem solution, we use an electromagnetic model, coupled with a fluid model for the fluid in the channel, and a solid model for the cantilever structure, which in turn is coupled to the fluid model. The electromagnetic model is entered as an ADINA EM model, the fluid model is entered as an ADINA CFD model and the solid model is entered as an ADINA Structures model. The analysis itself is performed as a fully coupled analysis between ADINA Structures, ADINA CFD and ADINA EM, however, only two data files are generated, since the ADINA CFD and ADINA EM models share the same data file. This problem is somewhat similar to primer problem 18. Therefore we have put much of the input for this problem into batch files. Please refer to primer problem 18 for an example in which the user interface is used to define the input. We will demonstrate the following topics in this problem solution: performing an electromagnetics/fluid-structure-interaction (EM/FSI) analysis in which separate AUI databases are used for the solid and fluid + electromagnetic models. switching between ADINA, ADINA-EM and ADINA-CFD models setting up the sparse solver for moving mesh in FSI iteration defining a slipping boundary We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 55, or have equivalent experience with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press.

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Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

Before you begin Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints. Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob56_1.in, prob56_2.in, prob56_3.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

ADINA Structures model

Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list. We put the entire structural model definition, including the generation of the data file, into batch file prob56_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob56_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

U U B B B
2

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ADINA Primer

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

ADINA CFD/ADINA EM model

to create a new database (you can discard all changes). Choose Click the New icon ADINA CFD from the Program Module drop-down list. Defining model control data Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading Problem 56: electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel --- Fluid + EM and click OK. Multiphysics coupling: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with Structures & EM". The AUI displays a warning message. Click OK to close the warning message. Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ Plane), uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button and click OK. Miscellaneous options : Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, set the "Use the Physical Traction Boundary Condition" to "Yes", set the "Background Mesh used to update Moving Mesh" to "Original Mesh", and click OK to close the dialog box. Solution iteration: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Outer Iteration... button, then click the Advanced Settings... button. In the Outer Iteration Advanced Settings dialog box, set the Equation Residual to All and verify that the Tolerance is 0.0001. Also set the Tolerance for Variable Residual to 0.0001. Set the "Solver for Moving Mesh" to Sparse, and also set "Maximum Iterations In Velocity-Pressure Loop within VPT Loop" to 5. Click OK three times to close all three dialog boxes. Fluid structure interaction: Click the Coupling Options icon , verify that the FSI Solution Coupling is Iterative, set the "Maximum Number of Fluid-Structure Iterations" to 30, and click OK. Defining the ADINA CFD model We have put much of the ADINA CFD model definition into batch file prob56_2.in: Time stepping Time functions Model geometry Fluid material Fluid boundary conditions Meshing

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Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob56_2.in and click Open. When you click the Color Element Groups icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000

, the

Z X Y

C C C C C C C C C C CCCCCC C CCC C C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C

B B B B B B B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C CCCCCC C CCC C C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C DC C C C C C C C C C

V V B C D
2

FSI 1 1

B C D

Element group 1 is used to model the fluid (including electromagnetic effects) and element group 2 is used to model the electromagnetic effects in the structure. Click the Define and observe that element group 1 has "Fluid Element", "Electric Element Groups icon Effects" and "Magnetic Effects" checked, and that element group 2 has just "Electric Effects" and "Magnetic Effects" checked. Defining slipping boundary and leader-follower relationships To keep good mesh quality, we want the points 2 and 3 moving along the lines 1, 2 and 3. So we define a slipping boundary along the lines 1, 2 and 3, and then define two pairs of leaderfollower points.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

Choose MeshingALE Mesh ConstraintsSlipping Boundary, add boundary # 1, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. Then choose Meshing ALE Mesh ConstraintsLeader-Follower and, in the table, enter the following leaderfollower point pairs and click OK. Label 1 2 Leader Point 7 6 Follower Point 3 2

Defining the ADINA EM model Electromagnetic assumptions: Choose ModelElectromagneticSettings, set the Model Type to "2D E-H model on magnetic plane" and click OK. We have put much of the ADINA EM model definition into batch file prob56_3.in: Electromagnetic material Electromagnetic boundary conditions Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob56_3.in and click Open. The boundary conditions table plotted in the graphics window becomes much larger. Use the mouse to move the table entirely into the graphics window. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

V V B C D E F G H I J K L
2

H F F F F F F F F F FFFFFFF F FF F F F F FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F G F F FF F F F F B C B C F F F B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C B C C B B C B C B C B C C B C B C B C E B B C E B C E B C E B C E B C E B C E B C E B C E B C E K I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IL III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J D I D I I

FSI

EDI 2 2 2 2 2 ENO HDI 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 HNO HPA 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

B C D E F G H I J K L

1 1

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Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

Generating the ADINA-CFD and ADINA-EM models in a single data file, saving the ADINA-IN database Click the Save icon and save the database file to file prob56_e. Click the Data File/

, set the file name to prob56_e, make sure that the Run Solution button is Solution icon unchecked and click Save.

Running ADINA FSI/EM

Choose SolutionRun ADINA FSI/EM, click the Start button, select file prob56_e, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob56_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then click Start. When ADINA-FSI/EM finishes, close all open dialog boxes.

Examining the structural solution

Choose Post-Processing from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob56_a. , then click the

Cantilevered structure deflection: Click the Show Original Mesh icon

, set the Variable to (Displacement: Create Band Plot icon DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page. Effective stress in the structure : Click the Show Original Mesh icon Band Plot icon and the Quick Band Plot icon something like the bottom figure on the next page. , then click the Clear

. The graphics window should look

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ADINA Primer

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

DISPLACEMENT MAGNITUDE TIME 1.000 7.500 7.000 6.500 6.000 5.500 5.000 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500

MAXIMUM 7.663 NODE 31 MINIMUM 0.000 NODE 1

TIME 1.000

Z X Y

EFFECTIVE STRESS RST CALC TIME 1.000 3733. 3467. 3200. 2933. 2667. 2400. 2133. 1867. 1600. 1333. 1067. 800. 533. 267. 0.

MAXIMUM 3645. EG 1, EL 1, IPT 22 (2226.) MINIMUM 1.286 EG 1, EL 15, IPT 12 (2.746)

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

Examining the electromagnetic and fluid flow solutions

(you can discard all changes), click the Open icon Click the New icon porthole file prob56_e. and open

, then click the Create Band Plot icon Electric field: Click the Model Outline icon set the variable to (Electromagnetic: EFI-X) and click OK. The electric field should be constant. Magnetic field: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon

. Click the Create Band

, set the variable to(Electromagnetic: HMI_MAGNITUDE) and click OK. The Plot icon graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

HMI_MAGNITUDE TIME 1.000 20001. 19998. 19995. 19992. 19989. 19986. 19983. 19980. 19977. 19974. 19971. 19968. 19965. 19962. 19959.

MAXIMUM 20000. NODE 1260 MINIMUM 19960. NODE 1021

Velocity vectors: Click the Clear icon

, the Group Outline icon

and the Quick Vector

. Use the mouse to arrange the graphics until the graphics window looks Plot icon something like the top figure on the next page.

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ADINA Primer

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

TIME 1.000 Z X Y

VELOCITY TIME 1.000 0.04985

0.04900 0.04550 0.04200 0.03850 0.03500 0.03150 0.02800 0.02450 0.02100 0.01750 0.01400 0.01050 0.00700 0.00350 0.00000

Pressure field: Click the Clear Vector Plot icon,

, then click the Quick Band Plot icon

. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z X Y

NODAL_PRESSURE TIME 1.000 0.00400 0.00267 0.00133 0.00000 -0.00133 -0.00267 -0.00400 -0.00533 -0.00667 -0.00800 -0.00933 -0.01067 -0.01200 -0.01333 -0.01467

MAXIMUM 0.003440 NODE 2149 MINIMUM -0.01463 NODE 1562

Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

ADINA R & D, Inc.

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Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel

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ADINA Primer