Name: __________________________ (

) Class: ___________ Date:_______

Definition of Probability and Sample Space The probability of an event is the measure of the chance that the event will occur as a result of an experiment. n : Total number of possible outcomes m : Number of possible outcomes in which event E can occur P(E) : Probability of event E

__________________if and only if the event E cannot possibly occur. __________________1 if and only if the event E will certainly occur. * if _______________ then events A and B are equally likely to occur. * if _______________ then event A is more likely to occur than event B. Practice Questions: 1. A spinner has 8 equal sectors. When the pointer is spun, what is the probability of the pointer landing on 2-R (a) a red sector, 1-R (b) a yellow sector, (c) an even number, 8-G 3-B (d) a number greater than 5, (e) a number which is a multiple of 3, 4-R 7-G (f) a number divisible by 4, (g) a number greater than 8, 6-Y 5-Y (h) a number less than 9.

2.

A card is drawn randomly from a pack of 52 playing cards which consists of four suits and each suit has 13 cards. The suits are Spade (-B), Club (-B), Heart (-R) and Diamond (-R). The 13 cards in each suit are numbered 2 to 10, Ace (A), Jack (J), Queen (Q) and King (K). Find the probability of drawing a (a) black heart, (a) King, (c) diamond, (d) red picture card, (e) black card, (f) number card (2 to 10).

3.

In a class, there are 17 Chinese, 7 Malay and 6 Indian students. 5 of the Chinese, 2 of the Malay and 4 of the Indian students are boys. A student is chosen at random for the post of Class Chairman, find the probability that the student chosen is (a) a Chinese, (b) a non-Chinese, (c) a Malay boy, (d) an Indian girl. Alex has 35 red balls, x green balls and (3x 5) blue balls in a box. He selects one 1 ball from the box at random. If the probability of selecting a green ball is , 5 calculate (a) the value of x, (b) the probability of selecting a blue ball. The numbers 1, 2, 3, are written on three balls and placed in a bag. Alvin was asked to select at random two of these balls one after another to form a two-digit number. Find the probability that the number formed is (a) even, (b) prime, (c) less than 23, (d) divisible by 4.

4.

5.

Possibility Diagrams

Practice Questions: 1. A spinner has 4 equal sectors with numbers 1, 3, 4 and 6 as shown. If the pointer is spun twice, draw a possibility diagram to show all the possible outcomes. Use it to find the probability that (a) both numbers are even numbers, 1 3 (b) both numbers are the same, (c) at least one of the numbers is a prime number, (d) at least one of the numbers is a multiple of 3. 6 4 There are 2 boxes of balls. One box contains balls numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 while the other, 1 and 3. A player picks one ball from each box and the product of the numbers on the balls is his score. Illustrate the possible outcomes of the activity using a possibility diagram. Find the probability that the players score is (a) even, (b) odd, (c) a prime number, (d) divisible by 3.

2.

3.

Tiffany throws a regular tetrahedron die which has its vertices numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 and a regular six-sided die together. (a) Find the probability when (i) at least one of the dice shows a 3, (ii) both dice show the same number, (iii) both dice show different numbers. (b) Find the probability that the sum of the two numbers is (i) less than 5, (ii) a prime number, (iii) an even number. (c) Find the probability that the product of the two numbers is (i) an odd number, (ii) more than 10, (iii) a multiple of 5.

Tree Diagrams Example:

Practice Questions 1. Each of the letters of the words CARD and CAR is written on individual balls and the balls are placed into two separate boxes. Box A contains the balls which have the letters of the word CARD while box B contains the balls which have the letters of the word CAR. A ball is drawn from box A then box B randomly. Draw a tree diagram to show all the possible outcomes. What is the probability that (a) (b) (c) (d) 2. both the balls drawn have the letter A, both the balls drawn have the same letter, both the balls drawn have different letters, at least one of the balls drawn has a letter R.

A box contains 4 balls numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. Julian draws 2 balls one after another from the box at random without replacement. Draw a tree diagram to show all the possible outcomes. (a) Find the probability when (i) at least one of the balls drawn has a number 4, (ii) the numbers on both balls drawn are prime numbers. (b) Find the probability that the sum of the two numbers on the balls drawn is (i) more than 4, (ii) a prime number. (c) Find the probability that the product of the two numbers on the balls drawn is (i) an odd number, (ii) less than 5, (iii) a multiple of 4.

3.

A game utilises two unbiased spinners. Spinner A has 4 equal sectors with scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Spinner B has 3 equal sectors with scores 2, 3 and 4. Alex spins spinner A first followed by spinner B. Draw a tree diagram to show all possible outcomes. 1 2

4 Spinner B

Spinner A

(a) Find the probability when (i) at least one of the pointers land on 2, (ii) the number each pointer lands on is the same as the other, (iii) the number each pointer lands on is different from the other. (b) Find the probability that the sum of the two numbers the pointers land on is (i) an odd number, (ii) more than 5, (iii) a prime number. (c) Find the probability that the product of the two numbers the pointers land on is (i) an even number, (ii) less than 6, (iii) a multiple of 3.

4.

A bag contains a red, a blue and a green marble. Carolyn takes out one marble at random from the bag and put it back. She repeats the process thrice. Draw a tree diagram to show all the possible outcomes. What is the probability that (a) (b) (c) (d) all the marbles drawn are of different colours, all the marbles drawn are the same colour, at least two of the marbles drawn are green, two out of 3 marbles drawn are red and blue.

Addition of Probabilities Introduction For 2 events A and B, if they cannot occur together, then A and B are known as __________________________________________________. The probability that either A or B occurs, denoted by P(A or B):

Practice Questions 1. A bag contains 10 red, 12 green, 16 blue and 22 yellow marbles. A marble is picked at random from the bag. Find the probability that the (a) marble is either red or green, (b) marble is either blue or yellow, (c) marble is neither blue nor yellow. 2. In a game, an Octahedron fair die numbered 1 to 8 is thrown. Find the probability that the thrown die shows (a) either a 2 or a multiple of 3, (b) either an odd number or a multiple of 4, (c) neither an odd number nor a multiple of 4. A bag contains 3 balls numbered 4, 5 and 6. Elizabeth draws 2 balls, one at a time, from the box at random without replacement. Find the probability that the (a) 1st draw is either a 4 or 6, (b) sum of the numbers of the two draws is either a prime number or a multiple of 5, (c) product of the numbers of the two draws is either more than 24 or a multiple of 8. A game utilises two unbiased spinners. Spinner A has 4 equal sectors with scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Spinner B has 3 equal sectors with scores 3, 4 and 5. Spinner A is spun first and then Spinner B. The possible outcomes are shown in the tree diagram below. (a) Find the probability when at least one of the pointers land on a 3 or 5. (b) Find the probability that the sum of the two numbers the pointers land on is (i) either a prime number or a multiple of 3, (ii) either less than 5 or more than 7. (c) Find the probability that the product of the two numbers the pointers land on is (i) either a multiple of 5 and 8, (ii) less than 6 or a multiple of 6.

3.

4.

Multiplication of Probabilities Introduction The multiplication of probability for two independent events:

Practice Questions 1. Two students are selected at random to be class prefects from a class which has 16 boys and 24 girls. Find the probability that the two selected students are (a) both boys, (b) both girls, (c) a boy and a girl, (d) at least a girl, (e) at least a boy. Two basins with fishes are prepared in a schools fun-fair. Basin A has 20 goldfishes and 18 guppies. Basin B has 15 goldfishes and 10 guppies. Jason buys a coupon and he is allowed to fish one fish from each basin. Find the probability of him fishing out (a) 2 goldfishes, (b) 2 guppies, (c) 1 goldfish and 1 guppy, (d) at least 1 goldfish, (e) at least 1 guppy. A lucky draw box contains 8 red balls, 2 yellow balls and 6 green balls. Two balls are drawn at random, one after the other, and are not replaced. Find the probability that both balls taken are (a) red balls, (b) yellow balls, (c) green balls, (d) of the same colour, (e) of different colours, (f) at least a red ball. When Cindy surfs the internet late into the night, the probability that she oversleeps 3 the next morning is . When she oversleeps, the probability that she goes to school 8 1 early is . When she does not oversleep, the probability that she goes to school late 5 1 is . Find the probability that she is 20 (a) early for school, (b) late for school.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ray has 12 ten-cent coins, 10 twenty-cent coins and 6 fifty-cent coins in his wallet. He takes two coins out of the wallet at random, one after the other. The coins drawn are not replaced. (a) Find the probability that the total value of the two coins drawn is (i) 20 cents, (ii) 30 cents, (iii) more than 60 cents. (b) Find the probability that both coins drawn (i) are of the same denomination, (ii) are of different denominations, (iii) has at least one twenty-cent.

Answers:

1a) 3/8 b) c) d) 3/8 e) f) g) 0 2a) 0 b) 1/13 c) d) 3/26 e) f) 36/52 3a) 17/30 b) 13/30 c) 13/30 d)1/15 4a) 30 b) 17/30 5a) 1/3 b) c) d) 1/3

h)1

1a) b) 1/4 c) 7/16 d) 2a) b) c) d) 1/3 3ai) 3/8 ii) 1/6 iii) 5/6 bi)

ii)11/24

iii)1/2

ci)

ii)1/3

iii)1/6

1a) 1/12 b) c) d) 2ai) ii) 1/6 bi) 2/3 ii) 2/3 ci) 1/6 ii) iii) 3ai) ii) iii) bi) ii) iii) ci) 5/6 ii) 1/3 4a) 11/30 b) 1/9 c) 7/27 d) 4/9 1a)11/30 2a) 3/8 3a) 2/3 4a) 5/6 b) 19/30 b) b) 2/3 bi) c) 11/30 c) c) 2/3 ii) 1/3 ci)

iii)

ii)

1a) 6/19 b) 18/95 c) 47/95 d) 77/95 e) 13/19 2a) 2/13 b) 23/65 c) 32/65 d) 11/13 e) 42/65 3a) 7/30 b) 1/120 c) 1/8 11/30 e) 19/30 f) 23/30 4a) 107/160 b) 53/160 5ai) 11/63 ii) 20/63 iii) 25/126 bi) 1/3 ii) 2/3 iii) 25/42