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Borates Presentation

Boron and its compounds, called borates, have two major industrial applications: glass and bleach. Borates form stable crystal structures and readily bond with oxygen, making them useful for glass which requires a stable, rigid structure. The most significant borate mineral is borax due to its many uses including in glass, bleach, and to produce polyvinyl alcohol polymer. Borates are also mined commercially, primarily by drilling and excavating dried lake beds 150-300 feet below the surface where borate minerals accumulate.

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286 views20 pages

Borates Presentation

Boron and its compounds, called borates, have two major industrial applications: glass and bleach. Borates form stable crystal structures and readily bond with oxygen, making them useful for glass which requires a stable, rigid structure. The most significant borate mineral is borax due to its many uses including in glass, bleach, and to produce polyvinyl alcohol polymer. Borates are also mined commercially, primarily by drilling and excavating dried lake beds 150-300 feet below the surface where borate minerals accumulate.

Uploaded by

poly6ics
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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November 17, 2008 Alysha Premji Fatima Baessa Kris Manipon Lise Malta

Boron: The Element Borates

History Two Major Industrial Applications


Glass Bleach

Minerals Borax, PVA Polymer Mining

Boron

Borates
99% of boron compounds commercially produced and used worldwide

Borates are oxygenated boron compounds


Form due to the high affinity that boron has for oxygen, boron combines readily with O2 at 1000C 2B + 3/2O2 B2O3
O O B O O

B O

Common Name of Borate Mineral


Sassolite
Kernite Tincalconite Ulexite

Molecular Formula
B(OH)3
Na2O2B2O34H2O Na2O2B2O35H2O Na2O2CaO5B2O316H2O

Sassolite

Kernite

Tincalonite

Ulexite

Formation of Complex Structures


BO3 and BO4 anionic structural units permit oxygen and boron electron sharing to form ring structures, infinite chains, sheets, and networks.

Effect of resonance results in stable complex structures.

Colemanite: The smallest triborate single ring structure.

Borax
Complex borate mineral made of chains of BO2(OH) triangles and BO3(OH) tetrahedrons interlocked and bonded to sodium and water. Formula: Na2B4O7 nH2O (n=5 or 10)

MOST SIGNIFICANT BORATE MINERAL DUE TO ITS MANY INDUSTRIAL USES!

Reaction: Borax and Polyvinyl Alcohol produces PVA Polymer

Uses: Bag containers for pre-measured laundry soap, bags for cotton cloth or bed linen of infected hospital patients

Where on Earth are you most likely to find borates?


Step 1) Travel to the site of a dried up lake

Step 2) Dig 150-300 feet below the surface

Industrial Mining Process


Drilling Explosions

Removal of Rock, Transport to Crusher Dissolving of Minerals in H2O Insoluble Rocks

Borate Minerals

Crystallizer

Historical Timeline of Borates


8th Century Gold and Silversmiths use borates in refining

10th Century Borates are used in Ceramics

14th Century Borates begin to be used in glassmaking process

Discoveries of Borate Deposits (19th Century) Leads to the Development of the Borate Industry

Significant Borate Deposits in the Americas, Europe, and Turkey

Industrial Application: Glass


Silica Soda (Na2O) Boric Acid ( B(OH)3 ) Borax Pentahydrate

Dehydration 2 B(OH)3 3 H2O + B2O3 boric acid water + boric oxide

Trigonal Planar BO3

Tetrahedral BO4

Adding B2O3 to Glass


O
2 B O

Na O

2-

Na

O 2 O B

O 2 Na O
+

O
Non-bridging oxygens

Bridging Oxygens

Trigonal Planar

Tetrahedral

More stable and rigid glass

The key ingredient in Borate bleaches is sodium perborate

Use of Borates in Bleaches to Form a Cleaning Agent Through a series of mechanisms,


Hydrogen Peroxide is formed, which acts as a bleaching agent

Mechanisms to Produce Hydrogen Peroxide


H HO B O O O H H O step 2 HO B HO O O OH B O OH OH

HO HO B

O O B O O

OH OH

step 1

HO O O B OH OH

step 3 O OH OH B OH OH step 5 OH OH B O OH H + +

O OH O B OH OH H

step 4

HO B HO

OH O O B

O OH OH OH

OH OH B O OH

H O

step 6

O OH 2 OH B OH OH

Mechanism Continued
H O H step 1 O OH OH B OH OH HO B HO O + OH step 2 H H O O H

OH B HO OH + H O

HO HO

OH OH + H O O H H O O + H
+

How Does Bleach Clean?


Stains

or colour in materials contain conjugated double bonds Bleach acts as an oxidizing agent Peroxides break the double bonds to remove the colour

Boron Borates

Brief History Major Industrial Applications


Glass Bleach

Minerals Borax, PVA Polymer Mining

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