Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies
Intro

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Here he looked at her reading. She looked very peaceful, reading (Woolf, To the Lighthouse.139)
La contempl mientras lea. Pareca sosegada (141)
La mir all leyendo. Pareca estar tan a gusto leyendo (157)

La contempl leyendo. Tena un aspecto muy tranquilo (138)

Mir cmo lea. Pareca muy tranquila, lea (181)

Programa de Licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas Ingls-Francs

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

How is translation studied?

Knowledge Descriptive Purpose Explanatory Predictive
Subject

Purpose Method

Inductive Deductive Method Experimental

FOCI Process Subject Discourse Cause

Holmess Map

(Inadequate)

Remapping Translation Studies

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Could you please Translate the following title?

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

What is equivalence?

Ambiguous concept in TS
Dynamic Equivalence Formal Equivalence Denotative Equivalence Connotative Equivalence

EQUIVALENCE MODE

Pragmatic Model

Culture-Oriented model
Consitent Model

Example: Comprehensive Model The age of enlightment Anti-universalist Das Jahrhundert der Aufklrung Le sicle de lumires Practical Model Explosion in a Cathedral Explosion in der Kathedral Expert Die Zeit des Lichts: Ein karibischer Roman Translation is a form of human interaction and, as such determined by its function or skopos

Formative Equivalence Functional Equivalence 58 different quivalenz

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Novice and professional translators

THE MORE EXPERIENCE A TRANSLATOR HAS, THE MORE

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Novice and professional translators

THE MORE EXPERIENCE A TRANSLATOR HAS, THE MORE more experienced translators spend longer reviewing their work at the postdrafting phase but make fewer changes when reviewing. Jensen and Jakobsen 2000, Jacobsen 2002, Englund Dimitrova 2005

more experienced translators read text faster and spend proportionally more time looking at the target text than at the source text Jakobsen and Jensen 2008

more experienced translators use top-down processing (macro-strategies) and refer more to the translation purpose. Fraser 1996, Jonasson 1998, Kunzli 2001, 2004, Sguinot 1989, Tirkkonen-Condit 1992, Gopferich 2009

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Does learning a foreign language mean becoming translator?

Declarative Knowledge

Procedural Knowledge

BILINGUALS

STRATEGIC SUBCOMPETENCE

TRANSLATORS

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

What does Strategy mean?

The principle of non-discrimination between Community citizens on the grounds of nationality, enshrined in the Treaty of Rome, is normally taken to denote free access to all Community waters by all Community fishermen
The on the enshrined principle between grounds in the of non- Communi of Treaty of discrimina ty citizens nationality Rome, tion is normally taken to denote free access to all Communi ty waters by all Communi ty fishermen

El por entre los fundamen principio razones nacionale tado en el de no de s de los Tratado discrimina nacionalid Estados de Roma cin ad miembros

supona

que todos los pescador es de la Comunid ad

tuvieran

libre acceso

a la totalidad de las aguas comunitar ias

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

What does Strategy mean?

PROCEDURE BORROWING CALQUE LITERAL TRANSLATION

DESCRIPTION No more natural equivalent available Burrowing of expression

EXAMPLE

Bulldozer, tequila, Dj vu, spin-off Governor General, Notary Public, Les Quatre Grand=the four Great Powers

Observe adherence to the Aprs quil ser revenu linguistic order After he comes back

Replacing one word class TRANSPOSITION with another

Variation in the form of the message obtained by a change in the point of view Cultural Adjustment Cultural function

Aprs quil ser revenu After his return

The time when /Le moment o It is not difficult to show Il est facile de demontrer Friday the thirteenth, Martes trece
Cricket to the British/Baseball to the Americans

MODULATION

CORRESPONDENCE

ADAPTATION

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) PROCEDURE AMPLIFICATION Opposite of amplification Specifications only implicit in the source text Opposite of explicitation Specific term translated as a more general DESCRIPTION Use of more words

Stylistic Procedures?

EXAMPLE

The charge against him (four words) Laccusation porte contre lui The charge brought against him

REDUCTION

EXPLICITATION
IMPLICITATION GENERALIZATION

Students of St. Marys. tudiantes de lcole St. Mary. (women, school)

Mutton Mouton
French must choose between the intimate and formal second-person pronouns (tu or vous); contemporary Engilsh cannot.

Stylistic detour

COMPENSATION

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Strategies Strategies

Local Strategie

Meta-Strategy

Realizes translational problem. RP, does not identify it by name. decides to leave the problem unsolved and return to it later

2
3 4

Realizes translational problem. Preliminary solution

problems exists but I cant identify it yet, means potentially conscious.

More complex combination of the first three Translators break the problem into smaller bits of steps and solve them, or attempt to solve them one by one until either reaching a satisfactory solution or giving up temporarily

Lrscher (2002)

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Global Strategy

Dichotomies. Goal of translator

translation as Formal Semantic being source Word-for-word equivalence vs. translation vs. culturevs sense-fordynamic communicative oriented or sense, target cultureequivalence. translation. oriented

Literal vs free translation.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Literal Translation
Default strategy. It simply means that the translator follows the SL form as closely as possible without jeopardizing grammaticality

I left my spectacles on the table downstairs

Jai laiss mes lunnettes sur la table en bas

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Loan Translation

Borrowing of individual terms and of larger linguistic structures that are foreign to the TT

Club activities

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Transposition

any change in word-class, eg. From adjective to adverb or verb to noun.

Aprs quil ser revenu

After his return

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Unit Shift

The unit levels are: morphemeword-phraseclause-sentenceparagraph.

Government policy has no impact on crime

La poltica gubernamental no incide en el delito

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Phrase Structure Change

Changes within the internal structure of the noun phrase or verb phrase. Eg. Changes include number, definitiveness and modification forms in the former, and person, tense or mood in the latter.

we have made students aware of the...

Hemos conseguido que el estudiante conozca

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Clause Structure Change

Affects the organization of the constituent phrases (subject, verb, Objetct, complement, Adverbial) of the clause. Eg. Include changes from active to passive, finite to non-finite, transitive to intransitive in the verb phrase, or rearrangement of the clause constituents

DiscussionsUniversidad del Strategies on Translation Cauca

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Sentence Structure Change

Changes in the structure of the sentence unit. Change in the relationship between main clauses and subordinate clauses.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Cohesion Change

Affects intra-textual cohesion, which mainly takes the form of reference through pronouns, ellipsis, substitution or repetition

He participated in the debate, but you didnt. Who wants to go shopping? You

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Level Shift

Level is referring to phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical.

Trois touristes auraient t tu

(Lit. three tourists would have been killed) three tourists have been reported killed

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Transposition

Pragmatic Strategies
Phrase Structure Change

Literal Translation
Clause Structure Change

Loan Translation
Sentece Structure Change

Unit Shift Level Shift

Cohesion Change

Scheme Change

Scheme Change

Rethorical schemata, such as parallelism, alliteration and, in poetry, metrical rhythm and rhyming.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Synonymy

Selects a synonym or near a synonym that is not the obvious first literal translation.

The Community has introduced measures for the conservation and managements of

La Comunidad ha tomado medidas de proteccin y gestin de los recursos

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Antonymy

Usually with a negation

Kevin is big entails Kevin is not small

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Hyponymy
dog is a hyponym in relation to animal. I picked a tulip entails I picked a flower, but not vice versa Hypernym:

Member of a larger category

flower is a hypernym in relation to rose

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Converses
Pairs of opposite which express the same semantic relationship from the opposite point of view Peter lent the keys to Gabriel entails the denial of Peter borrowed the keys from Gabriel

Peter lent the keys to Gabriel entails Gabriel borrowed the keys from Peter

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Trope Change

Metaphor. Using a term or phrase to compare two seemingly unrelated things in order to show similarity

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Abstraction Change
shift from using more concrete terms to using more abstract terms, or from more abstract to more concrete

the two most important things for us

-... las dos primeras y ms importantes cosas para nosotros

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Distribution Change
The same semantic component is distributed over more items (expansion) or fewer items (compression).

What purpose does it serve?

Para qu sirve?

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Emphasis Change

Increase, decreases or changes the emphasis of thematic focus of the text in the translation compared to the original.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies Synonymy

Abstraction Change

Syntactic Strategies Hyponymy

Emphasis Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Trope Change

Antonymy
Distribution Change

Converses Paraphrase

Paraphrase

Creating liberal, approximate translation of the SL text, often concentrating on the overall meaning of the message and ignoring certain semantic components at the lexical level

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Cultural Filtering
Eg. School system. One such case is the school system, which varies from culture to culture to such an extent the translator needs to be aware of the exact terms. Proper Names. TRANSLATION PROBLEMS

Concrete realization, at the level of language, of the global strategy of domestication or target culturecentered translation

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Explicitness Change
Makes the TL text either more (explicitation) or less (implicitation) explicit by adding or deleting information that could in principle be deduced from ST.

which is based on Group Classes, multimedia and follow up by the teacher

basado en la combinacin de Group Classes, multimedia y seguimiento del profesor

DiscussionsUniversidad del Strategies on Translation Cauca

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Information Change

Information added or deleted which is not implicit in the SL

DiscussionsUniversidad del Strategies on Translation Cauca

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Interpersonal Change

Affects the overall style of the text, making it more, less informal, more/less technical etc.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Illocucionary Change
eg. From reporting to a command or from direct to indirect speech, include other obligatory changes at other levels

Actually changes the nature of the ST speech act

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Visibility Change

Increase the presence of either the author of the original text or the translator

Footnotes, translators notes and other additions that do not fit into the natural flow of the text.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Coherence Change

Changes on the higher, textual level

Rearranging, combining or splitting paragraphs or larger sections of text.

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Partial Translation

Summary translation

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

Semantic Strategies

Syntactic Strategies
Information Change
Partial Translation
Interpersonal Change

Pragmatic Strategies
Illocutionary Change

Cultural Filtering
Visibility Change

Explicitness Change
Coherence Change

Transediting

Transediting

original text is often in need of extensive editing

Discussions on Translation Strategies

Introduction

Translation Studies

Equivalence

Translation Competence

Strategy

Meta Global Local Strategies Strategies Strategies

James R. Rivera Z
Programa de Licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas Ingls-Francs