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Proximate Analysis

- This document describes various analytical methods for determining the components of foods such as moisture content, protein, fat, fiber, ash, sugars, and phosphorus. - Methods include drying samples to determine moisture, the Kjeldahl method for determining protein content through nitrogen analysis, solvent extraction for fat content, and ignition of samples to determine ash and fiber content. - Results of running several of these analyses on a cereal milk drink product are shown and compared to literature values, with good agreement found overall though some minor differences are also discussed.

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446 views42 pages

Proximate Analysis

- This document describes various analytical methods for determining the components of foods such as moisture content, protein, fat, fiber, ash, sugars, and phosphorus. - Methods include drying samples to determine moisture, the Kjeldahl method for determining protein content through nitrogen analysis, solvent extraction for fat content, and ignition of samples to determine ash and fiber content. - Results of running several of these analyses on a cereal milk drink product are shown and compared to literature values, with good agreement found overall though some minor differences are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Monica NC
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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It is a system of analysis that provides top level results in analytical determinations of food and feed component as moisture content,

protein , crude fat, crude fiber, ash, total lipids and total sugars.

Determination of moisture defines the dry matter composition of food. Determination of moisture content based on physical removal of water

Applicable in most foods except those rich in sugar and fat causes caramelization of sugars and degradation of unsaturated fats. Sample is heated in an oven at 105

Method used for protein determination through total nitrogen. Uses Selenium mixture as catalyst. Adds Sodium thiosulphate in the solution to prevent and break ammonium and catalyst complex

Oxidation of oxygen and hydrogen into carbon dioxide and water. Conversion of bound nitrogen into ammonium ion. Results in colorless solution.

Sample + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + SO2(g) + H2O(g)

(NH4)2SO4 is distilled with NaOH which is then converted to ammonia. Consequently, the generated gas is trapped in Boric acid upon distillation. (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) B(OH)3 + NH3 NH4+ + H2BO3

The generated ammonium ion is in equilibrium with boric acid, thus titration with acid (HCl) of the boric acid gives the amount of total nitrogen present in the sample. H2BO3 + H3O+ + B(OH)3(aq) + H2O

Continuous solvent extraction method Solvent continuously boils over sample held in ceramic thimble. Extracts lipids through non-polar solvents like diethyl ether, hexane, petroleum ether or methylene chloride

Extraction times range from 4-16 hrs Solvent is removed by evaporation Fat content is measured by weight loss of the sample or by weight of fat removed.

Weende Method
Developed in 1884 by Hennenburg and Stohman for determiation on crude fiber. Uses boiling sulphuric acid to to separate fiber from other component by hyrolyzing carbohydrates and other protein components.

Uses Sodium hydroxide as alkali slution for saponifying remaining lipids and dissolving remaining minerals. Sample is ignited at 600o to oxidize fiber.

Gives an index of total mineral content of the sample Can detect possible adulterations in the sample such as soil, salt, dirt etc.

Sample is ignited at 600o until white ash. Ash content is determined through difference in sample weight.

Moisture content
Weight of container + sample, g Constant wt. of sample upon drying, g 25.6852 25.614 28.1863 28.1188

% moisture content Average moisture content, %


Literature value

0.277 % 0. 2563 %
n/a

0.2394 %

ASh
Weight of container + sample, g Constant wt. of sample upon ignition, g 23.0186 22.7328 26.4774 25.2412

% ash content Average ash content, %


Literature value

8.1202% 6.1577%
7.333%

4.195%

Crude Fat
Weight of sample, g Constant wt. of goldfisch beaker, g 1.0077 54.0026 1.0103 63.7501

Constant wt. of sample upon analysis, g % crude fiber content


Average crude fiber content, % Literature value

54.0618 5.875 %
5.669% 7.667%

63.8053 5.464%

Crude Fiber
Weight of sample, g Constant wt. of sample before ignition, g 0.2980 25.5280 0.2960 17.6608

Constant wt. of sample after ignition, g % crude fiber content


Average crude fiber content, % Literature value

25.5186 3.1543 %
2.584% 6.333%

17.6546 2.0946 %

Crude Protein
Weight of sample, g Normality of HCl, N 0.1012 0.1010 0.1009 0.1010

Average Normality of HCl, N % Total N


% crude protein content Average crude fiber content, % Literature value

0.1022 2.373 %
14.00 % 14.53% 12.oo%

2.554 %
15.07 %

Total Sugars
Weight of sample, g Absorbance reading at 490 nm (corrected) 0.0515 0.026 0.0498 0.032

Concentration of sample, mg/ml Average Concentration of sample, mg/ml


Literature value

57.4667 60.8619
66.67%

64.2570

Total Phosphorus
Weight of sample, g Absorbance reading at 490 nm (corrected) 1.1858 0.619 1.2900 0.734

Concentration of sample, mg/100 g Average Concentration of sample, mg/100 g


Literature value

16.129 17.157
n/a

18.186

Conclusion
The experimental value of the Nesvita Cereal Milk drink is almost as close to the literature value cited from the product.

Some errors
For moisture analysis- excess experimental value could be attributed to formation of milliard product (protein:carbohydrate complex) which can be mistaken for moisture loss.

For ash- volatilization of some elements due to hi temperature process For fat- incomplete extraction may have made

For protein slight difference may be due to assumption that all nitrogen present is in the form of protien.

For fiber- acid and base solubilize some of the true fiber (particularly hemicellulose, pectin and lignin) Cellulose too is partially lost. Hence, crude fiber underestimates true fiber.

THE END

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