tHE

M AG N E T IC

L E VI T A T I o N

TR AIN
PRESENTATION ON

PREPARED BY
Darshan Patel Abhishek Mali Tushar Korat Vishal Khajotiya

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GUIDED BY
Mr. Anvesh M. Patel Mr. Chirag G. Patel
Lecturer

Electrical Engineering Department

VallabhBudhi Polytechnic, Navsari

INTRODUCTION
Maglev is a system in which the
vehicle runs levitated from the guide way (corresponding to the rail tracks of conventional railways) by using electromagnetic forces between superconducting magnets on board the vehicle and coils on the ground. The following is a general explanation of the principle of Maglev.

Magnetic Levitation
The "8" figured levitation coils are installed on the sidewalls of the guide way. When the on-board superconducting magnets pass at a high speed about several centimeters below the center of these coils, an electric current is induced within the coils, which then act as electromagnets temporarily. As a result, there are forces, which push the superconducting magnet upwards and ones which pull them upwards simultaneously, thereby levitating the Maglev vehicle.

Lateral Guidance
The levitation coils facing each other are connected under the guide way, constituting a loop. When a running Maglev vehicle, that is a superconducting magnet, displaces laterally, an electric current is induced in the loop, resulting in a repulsive force acting on the levitation coils of the side near the car and attractive force acting on the levitation coils of the side farther apart from the car. Thus, a running car is always located at the center of the guide way.

Propulsion
A repulsive force and an attractive force induced between the magnets are used to propel the vehicle (superconducting magnet). The propulsion coils located on the sidewalls on both sides of the guide way are energized by a three-phase alternating current from a substation, creating a shifting magnetic field on the guide way. The on-board superconducting Magnets are attracted and pushed by the shifting field, propelling the Maglev vehicle.

Maglev technology employs powerful superconducting magnets to levitate or "float" cars about 2 inches above a guide way. Liquid helium in a special encasement cools the magnets to near absolute zero (or about - 400 degrees Fahrenheit), enabling relatively small magnets to create very powerful fields.
Linear induction Motors using magnetic fields propel the cars. Such motors are already adapted to transit, such as in Vancouvers automated Sky Train Light Rail system. Electrodynamics involving the interaction of electrical currents and magnetic forces, state-of-art computers and microprocessors maintain guidance (vertical and horizontal spacing) during travel.

MAGNETIC LEVITATION

Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended above another object with no support other than magnetic field .The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force. A substance which is diamagnetic repels a magnetic field. All materials have diamagnetic properties, but the effect is very weak, and usually overcome by the object's paramagnetic or ferromagnetic properties, which act in the opposite manner. Any material in which the diamagnetic component is strongest will be repelled by a magnet, though this force is not usually very large. Diamagnetic levitation can be used to levitate very light pieces of pyrolytic graphite or bismuth above a moderately strong permanent magnet. The minimum criterion for diamagnetic levitation is,

Where: is the magnetic susceptibility is the density of the material g is the local gravitational acceleration (-9.8 m/s2 on Earth) 0 is the permeability of free space B is the magnetic field

is the rate of change of the magnetic field along the vertical axis. Assuming ideal conditions along the z-direction of solenoid magnet. Water levitates at Graphite at

ADVANTAGES

Maglev train cars are less expensive to build and are relatively quiet in comparison to conventional trains. The maglev tracks take up a lot less land, because they are elevated. This also reduces the amount of collisions and accidents. No traffic! Maglev trains use far less energy than other types of transportation. Maglev trains do not pollute (since instead of using fossil fuels, magnetic fields are used to levitate and propel the trains forward). Maglev trains are much faster, because they float over the track eliminating rolling resistance and potentially improving the power efficiency. Maglev trains require Less maintenance (no wear because they float over the track). A lot of potential. The possibility of linking 2 cities, over a distance of 1500km.

Power of the maglev motor is dependent on the local conditions. Maglev uses 30% less energy then a high-speed train traveling at the same speed. Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately half that of conventional long-distance railroads. Maglev is about 20 times safer then airplanes, 250 times safer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer then automobile travel. Despite the speeds up to 500 km/h.ur, passengers can move about freely in the vehicles Materials used to construct maglev vehicles are non-combustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able to withstand fire penetration. Carries no fuel to increase fire hazard.

Cost is major issue when considering maglev trains, especially since they cannot operate on the existing, conventional rails. Guide ways would need to be built in order to make use of this new technology, costing approximately $8.5 billions.
The weight of the electromagnets in the EMS and EDS systems are also an issue. A very strong magnetic field is required to levitate the heavy trains, (the transrapid TRO7 weighs 45 tons) and maintaining the field constant requires a lot of energy which is expensive.

APPLICATIONS
The trains are virtually impossible to derail because the train is wrapped around the track. Collisions between trains are unlikely because computers are controlling the trains movements.4.2 Maintenance. There is very little maintenance because Due to the lack of physical contact between the track and the vehicle, there is no rolling friction, leaving only air resistance

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

The powerful magnets demand a large amount of electricity to function so the train levitates. What makes the maglev trains much more expensive to build. Very costly to operate since it needs large magnets and a very advanced technology and huge amount of electrical power Operating expenses are half of that of other railroads.

ENVIRONMENT

No burning of fossil fuel, so no pollution, and the electricity needed will be nuclear or solar
It uses less energy than existing transportation systems. For every seat on a 300 km trip with 3 stops, the gasoline used per 100 miles varies with the speed. At 200 km/h it is 1 liter, at 300 km/h it is 1.5 liters and at 400 km/h it is 2 liters. This is 1/3 the energy used by cars and 1/5 the energy used by jets per mile.

 Its no longer science fiction, maglev trains are the new way of transportation in the near future, just some obstacles are in the way, but with some researches nothing is impossible. With no engine, no wheels, no pollution, new source of energy, floating on air, the concept has token tens of years to develop, just recently its true capacities has been realized. Competing planes with speed, boats with efficiency, traditional trains with safety, and cars with comfort, it seems like it isn't a fair fight...