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Session-1 (Int To Optical Fibre)

The document provides a history of optical communication technologies from ancient times using smoke signals and flags to modern developments. Key events include the definition of the nature of light in the 19th century, the invention of the photophone by Bell in 1880, the proposal of using optical fibers for communication in 1966, and reductions in signal loss along optical fibers to below 0.2 dB/km by the 1980s which enabled long-distance networks. The document also covers the nature of light, the optical fiber transmission system components, and characteristics of optical fibers such as types, refractive index, and advantages over copper cables.

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Muhammad Ameer Sabri
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186 views14 pages

Session-1 (Int To Optical Fibre)

The document provides a history of optical communication technologies from ancient times using smoke signals and flags to modern developments. Key events include the definition of the nature of light in the 19th century, the invention of the photophone by Bell in 1880, the proposal of using optical fibers for communication in 1966, and reductions in signal loss along optical fibers to below 0.2 dB/km by the 1980s which enabled long-distance networks. The document also covers the nature of light, the optical fiber transmission system components, and characteristics of optical fibers such as types, refractive index, and advantages over copper cables.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ameer Sabri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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History of Optical Communication

? Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals

? Light Transmission through bent water jet


1000 1880 Nature of light was defined and laws of reflection given Photo Phone by A.G. Bell

1962 Laser diode


1966 1970 1973
Idea of optical fiber for communication by Kao & Hock ham

Chemical vapor deposition(VCD) < 20 db/ Km by Corning MCVD <1 db/Km by Bell Systems

History of Optical Communication


1977 VAD < 0.4 db/Km @ 1300 nm by NTT & SEI
1980 1986 Introduction of actual optical technology < 0.2 db/Km @ 1550 nm

1987 Photonic regenerators introduced


1988 1990 British Telecom. O.F used in the long distance network

Nature of Light and Laser

Nature of Light

Short Wave
White Light Coherent Light (Waves) In-Coherent Light (Waves) Laser Stimulated Emission Maximum Acceptance Angle on Optical Fiber

Frequency Spectrum

Radio Waves Micro Waves Infrared (Wave length > 0.7 micro meter)

Visible (0.4 (blue) to 0.7(red) micro meter)


Ultra Violet (< 0.4 micro meter) Optical frequencies for Optical Fiber Transmission

Basic Optical Fiber System

TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OFC

Normalized Frequency Windows of Optical Fiber. Bandwidth Coupling Efficiency

Construction of single Fiber


Core

Cladding
Jacket

Types of Optical Fiber on profile


Types with respect to Modes:

Single Mode Fiber Multimode Fiber

Types with respect to Index Profile:

Step Index Graded Index

Fiber versus copper

Glass
Uses light Transparent Dielectric material nonconductive EMI immune Low thermal expansion Brittle, rigid material Chemically stable

Copper
Uses electricity Opaque Electrically conductive material Susceptible to EMI High thermal expansion Ductile material Subject to corrosion and galvanic reactions

Index of Refraction

It is the ratio of the speed of light through a medium to the speed of light through vacuum.

Index of refraction

(n) = V c Vg

10

Index of Refraction
It is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence divided by the sine of the angle of refraction.
Index of refraction

(n) = sin i sin r

11

Refractive Indices
MATERIAL
VACCUM
AIR MERCURY VAPOUR WATER GLASS DIAMOND

INDEX OF REFRACTION
1.0000
1.0003 1.0009 1.3 1.6 2.4

12

Optical Fiber Transmission System


Optical Transmitter:
Produces and encodes the light signal.

Optical Amplifier:
May be necessary to boost the light signal (for long distance)

Optical Receiver:
Receives and decodes the light signal

Optical Fiber:
Conducts the light signal over a distance

Optical Transmitter
Function:
Electrical to optical converter

Types:
Light Emitting Diode (LED) Laser Diode (LD)

Comparison: Item LED LD

Data rate
Mode Distance

Low
Multimode short

High
Multimode/Single mode long

Temp sensitivity
cost

minor
low

substantial
expensive

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