1.material and Metallurgy
1.material and Metallurgy
FSD 1233
ASSESSMENT
Courseworks : - Lab report/ practical - Quizzes - Test
60% 20 % 20 % 20 % 40 %
Final examination
Subject Objective
This course aims the students to know and grab the basic concept of material, types also properties of material which can applied the knowledge in industrial sector.
Learning Outcome
By the end of the course, students should be able to : identify and classify types of metal and ceramic material. relate the theory and apply to the respective job scope. explain the fabrication process and identify how to solve the problems related with the fabrication process. choose the suitable metal and ceramic material to fabricate the product.. manipulate the knowledge to produce a new advanced material, method and product.
Course outline Chapter 1 Atomic structure and crystalline solids Atomic structure, molecules Crystal structure Crystalline directions and planes Crystalline and non crystalline materials Point defects Miscellaneous imperfections Microscopic examination Elastic deformation Plastic deformation Fabrication of metals Ferrous alloys Nonferrous alloys Ceramics structure Mechanical properties of ceramics Glasses Clay products Refractories Other applications Fabrication methods Corrosion of metals Corrosion of ceramics materials
Chapter 5 Ceramics
Many an applied scientist or engineer be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Eg: transmission gear, superstructure for a building, oil refinery components, IC chips and etc. These scientist/engineer are involved in the investigation and designation of materials. A material problem is one of selecting the right material from that thousands that available.
There are several criteria to make a decision: 1. In-service conditions must be characterizedwill dictate the properties required of the material. 2. Consider if any deterioration of material properties that occur during service operation. 3. Consideration of economic factors-material, process and finishing product. The more familiar engineers with the various techniques of characteristics, structure-property and processing techniques the more proficient they make judicious of material.
Classification of materials
Solid material have been grouped into 3 basic classifications: metals, ceramic, and polymers. This is based on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials falls into the group. In addition, 3 groups of engineering materials: composites, semiconductors and biomaterials.
Metals -metallic materials are normally combination of metallic elements. -they have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons. -many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. -metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and not transparent to visible light, a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. -metals are quite strong, yet deformable etc.
Ceramics -ceramics are compound between metallic and nonmetallic elements most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. -eg: clay minerals, cement, glass etc. -ceramic typically insulative to electricity and heat, more resistant to high temperature and harsh environment -for mechanical behaviors, ceramic are hard but brittle
Polymers -polymers include family of plastic and rubber materials, basically of organic compound chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements. -polymers have very large molecular structure, such PET, PP,PE and etc. -these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
Advanced material
Materials that utilized in high-technology sometimes called advanced material By using the technology a device or product that operates or function using intricate and sophisticated principles such electronic equipment (VCRs, VCD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optics systems, spacecraft, aircraft and military rocket. These advanced material typically either from enhanced traditional material or newly developed or highly performance material. These material normally expensive: titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), aluminum alloy (2024-T6),4340 steel, etc)
Atomic structure
Some of properties of solid material depend on geometrical, arrangement and interactions among atom and molecules. Each of atom consists of nucleus composed of protons charge and neutron encircled by moving electrons charge. Magnitude of charge=1.60 x 10-19 C, Mass of proton & neutron=1.67 x 10-27 kg Mass of electrons=9.11 x 10-31 kg
Atomic model
The main particles in an atom are electrons, protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons sit in the centre of the atom in what is known as the nucleus.
Atomic Bonding
All materials are made up of atoms. These atoms are held together by forces called interatomic bonds. The bonds act like springs, linking each atom to its neighbour.
There are several different types of bonds that form between atoms. The type of bonding between atoms can give rise to very different properties. For example, graphite and diamond are both carbon, however, due to the nature of their atomic bonding, they exhibit exceptionally different material characteristics.
Crystal structure
3 common crystal structures found in metalssingle crystal, polycrystalline and noncrystalline. Solid materials can classified according the regularity with atoms or ion are arranged. A crystalline material is which the atom is situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances. Some of properties of crystalline depend on the crystal structure of material. The repetitive pattern of atoms (ions) called unit cell. Unit cell is to represent the symmetry of the crystal structure
face center cubic (FCC), body centre cubic (BCC) hexagonal close packed (HCP).
FCC
The spheres touch one another across a face diagonal. The cube edge length, a and the atomic radius, R related through:
Coordination number (CN): the number of nearest neighbors to any atom. For FCC systems, the coordination number is 12. Atomic Packing Factor (APF): the ratio of atomic sphere volume to unit cell volume, assuming a hard sphere model. Atomic number/unit cell is 4. FCC systems have an APF of 0.74, the maximum packing for a system in which all spheres have equal diameter.
Atoms are arranged at the corners of the cube with another atom at the cube center.
Since atoms are assumed to touch along the cube diagonal in BCC, the lattice parameter is related to atomic radius through:
Coordination number for BCC structures is 8. Each center atom is surrounded by the eight corner atoms. Atomic no/unit cell is 2. The lower coordination number also results in a slightly lower APF for BCC structures. BCC has an APF of 0.68, rather than 0.74 in FCC The BCC metals structure such as Cr, Fe, etc.
Cell of an HCP lattice is visualized as a top and bottom plane of 7 atoms, forming a regular hexagon around a central atom. In between these planes is a half-hexagon of 3 atoms.
There are two lattice parameters in HCP, a and c, representing the basal and height parameters respectively. In the ideal case, the c/a ratio is 1.633, however, deviations do occur. Coordination number and APF for HCP are exactly the same as those for FCC: 12 and 0.74 respectively. This is because they are both considered close packed structures The HCP metals includes Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn, etc Atomic number/unit cell is 6.