Fundamentals of SDH Technology

By
Saurabh Srivastava


Chapter-1 PDH and SDH Technologies
Chapter-2 SDH Synchronization
Chapter-3 New Generation SDH
Chapter-4 SDH Products
Chapter-5 Transmission Network Architecture
Chapter-6 Network Management System
Chapter-7 Transmission Testing Concepts
Sub-Modules
Chapter-1 PDH and SDH Technologies
1.01 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
1.02 Jitter & Wander
1.03 Disadvantages of PDH
1.04 Advantages of SDH
1.05 SDH bit rates and Multiplexing
1.06 SDH Frame Structure
1.07 Frame Alignment
1.08 Mapping
1.09 Aligning of VC-12 with TU-12
1.10 Pointer
1.11 Multiplexing, Pointer & Frame Structure
1.12 Over head and Mapping
1.13 Contiguous & Virtual concatenation
1.14 Over head byte functionality
1.15 SDH Layer model
1.16 Elements of SDH Network
1.17 Automatic Protection Switching

1.18 SDH Management


Chapter-1 PDH and SDH Technologies
1.01 Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy
Plesio means = similar
Chronous means= Timing
Plesiochronous - "almost synchronous, because bits are
stuffed into the frames as padding and the
calls (signal) location varies slightly - jitters - from frame to
frame".

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Pulse Code Modulation
.
The basis of analog to digital conversion is Shannons theory.The theory
states that after transmission the original signal can be reproduced within
certain limits from digital signal obtained by Sampling an analog at regular
intervals and at a rate at least twice the highest significant message
frequency.

The PCM Consists of 3 steps.

Sampling
Quantization
Coding


Sampling
T1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
time
time
T1 T2 T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
Audio Signal
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude
Modulated
(PAM) signal
1. Voice Frequency 4 KHz
2. Sampling 4 KHz * 2 = 8 KHz
Quantization & Encoding

For Quantization CEPT countries use A- Law,other countries use -law is used.In -law the
decoder output value number is 0 to 127 for positive and 0 to 127 for Negative.While in A- Law ,the
decoder output value number is 1 to128 for positive and 1 to 128 for negative.
Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value.
Encoding = 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
32channels/Tim
e slots
0
Each channel is of 64Kb/s
FAS (Frame Alignment signal)
NFAS(Non frame Alignment signal)
32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s
Capacity = 30 Base Channels
Signaling
2Mb Frame Structure
Submultiframe 1 Submultiframe 2
2ms ( 500Hz )
125ms ( 8 kHz )
Multi frame
F0 to F15
3.9 ms
frame alignment
CH . 1 CH . 16
CH . 15
CH . 30
Encoded telephone signals
Encoded telephone signals
488 ns ( 2048 KHz )
a to h = PCM 8 bit encoded telephone
signal of the assigned channel
Multiframe
alignment
Spare bit
FO
F 1
F 15
X : Bit reserved for future international use (No use =1) Can be
used for CRC-4 check bit
A : bit used to indicate MUX alarm (Normal1:0,Alarm=1)
Y: bit reserved for domestic use.One bit of 5 can be assigned for 2
Mb/s remote loop back command signal(OFF:1,ON: 0)
a to d = Signaling of the associated channel (CAS) or the
common signaling channel(CCS)
Multi Frame Structure



1. PCM 30 Mux (D1 Level )

2. PDH (D2 Level )
4 * 2.048 +stuffing bits = 8.448 Mbps
Capacity = 120 Base Channels

3. PDH (D3 Level )
4 * 8.448 + stuffing bits = 34.368
Mbps
Capacity = 480 Base Channels

4. PDH (D4 Level )
4 * 34.368 +stuffing bits = 139.264
Mbps
Capacity = 1920 Base Channels

5. PDH (D5 Level )
4 * 139 + stuffing bits = 565 Mbps
Capacity = 7680 Base Channels



PDH Bit rates
64kbit/s
Sampling x Coding
8kHz x 8bits
E1
2Mbit/s
32 Channels
(PCM30 or 31, CRC
C12 Container
8Mbit/s
4 Channels
E3
34Mbit/s
4 Channels
C4 Container
E4
140Mbit/s
4 Channels
C4 Container
Bit Stuffing
Pleisochronous Multiplexing
Bit Stuffing and Justification (Contd..)
The justification process is employed in all the PDH Multiplexers

At the far end of the transmission system, the justification bits are
removed and the original digital signal is recovered

The removal of these justification bits causes a small variation in the
phase of the clock.This variation is called Jitter
The number of stuffing bits added depends not only on the speed
of the tributaries to the multiplexer, but also on the speed of the
higher order bit stream

1.02 What are jitter and wander?
Jitter:
jitter is the term used to designate periodic or stochastic
deviations of the significant instants of a digital signal from the
ideal, equidistant values.
Otherwise stated, the transitions of a digital signal invariably
occur either too early or too late when compared to a perfect
square wave (reference clock).
Wander:
very slow jitter is known as wander. ITU-T G.810 puts the limit
between jitter and wander at 10 Hz.
Long-term
measurement (hours,
days)
Minutes Test times
Ns UI(Unit interval) Unit for amplitude
Absolutely necessary Not required Reference clock source
for measurement
Synchronization
problem
Causes bit errors Primary disruption
0-10Hz >10Hz Frequency range of phase
variations
Wander Jitter
Parameter
Jitter vs Wander
Jitter and Wander Definitions
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Jittered Signal
Jitter
Sources of Jitter and Wander
Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter
Phase noise
Delay variation
Stuffing and wait time jitter
Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter

Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak
Amplitude
Jitter
Amplitude
(PP)
Measurement Period
Jitter / UIpp
Time
WANDER Definitions
Wander Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)

TIE "Time Interval Error"

MTIE "Max. Time Interval Error"

TDEV "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of
integration time. Provides information about the
spectral content.

TVAR "Time Variation", square of TDEV

ADEV "Allen Deviation"

MADEV "Modified Allen Deviation"
Plesiochronous Hierarchy based on 2Mbps primary rates permits
multiplexing up to 140Mbps respectively.

Changing from one hierarchical level to another requires additional
equipment.
Transmitting a multiplexed signal (34/140 Mb, etc) requires
specialized equipment.
Redirection (cross-connection) of channels must be done by hand on
DDFs.
Administrative connections require separate equipment to support
Supervision, EOW and protection switching.
Compatibility of transmission and administrative signals between
different vendor may give trouble.
1.03 Disadvantages of PDH
Need for extensive network management capability
within the hierarchy.
Standard interfaces between equipment.
Need for inter-working between north American and
European systems.
Facilities to add or drop tributaries directly from a
high speed signal.
Standardization of equipment management process.
1.04 Advantages of SDH
1.05 SDH Bit Rates and Multiplexing
USA, HongKong, Taiwan
STS1
OC1
51Mbit/s
STM-0
E4
140Mbit/s
4 Channels
C4 Container
DS3
44.36Mbit/s
P
D
H


(
a
s
y
n
-
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
)

S
D
H

(
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
)

OC48
2.5Gbit/s
STM-16
OC12
622Mbit/s
STM-4
OC192
10Gbit/s
STM-64
OC768
40Gbit/s
STM-256
STS3
OC3
155Mbit/s
STM-1
A frame with a bit rate of 155.52Mbps is defined in ITU-T
recommendation G.707.This frame is called Synchronous
Transport Module(STM),since it is the first level in hierarchy
it is called STM-1

It is made up from a byte matrix of 9 rows and 270 columns

Transmission is row by row, starting with the byte in the
upper left corner and ending with the byte in the lower right
corner

The frame repetition rate is 125ms.Each byte in payload
represents a 64kbps channel
1.06 SDH Frame Structure

The STM-n frame structure is best represented as a rectangle of 9 x 270 x n.


The 9 x n first columns are the frame header and the rest of the frame is the
inner structure data i.e. payload (including the data, indication bits, stuff bits,
pointers and management).


The STM-n frame is usually transmitted over an optical fiber. The frame is
transmitted row by row (first is transmitted the first row then the second and so
on). At the beginning of each frame, synchronization bytes A1, A2 are
transmitted .


The multiplexing method of 4 STM-1 streams into a STM-1x4 is an interleaving
of the STM-1 streams to produce the STM-4 stream.

SDH Frame Structure
PAYLOAD CONTAINER
POH
RSOH
POINTER
MSOH
1 9 10 270
1
3
4
9
PAYLOAD CONTAINER: 9 (Rows) * 260 (Columns) * 64Kbps = 149.76 Mbps
POH: 9 (Rows) * 1 (Column ) * 64 Kbps = 0.576 Mbps
RSOH: 3 (Rows) * 9 (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 1.728 Mbps
MSOH: 5 (Rows) * 9 (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 2.880 Mbps
SDH Frame Structure
How Is The Frame Composed ?
PDH Payload = Container (C)
Administrative Unit Group +
Section Overhead (SOH) = SDH Frame
more than 1 Administrative Unit = Administrative Unit Group
biggest Tributary Unit Group = Administrative Unit (AU)
Tributary Unit Group + AU Pointer = Administrative Unit (AU)
more than 1 Tributary Unit = Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Container + Path Overhead (POH) = Virtual Container (VC)
Virtual Container + TU Pointer = Tributary Unit (TU)
C-12 VC-12 TU-12
C-3 VC-3 TU-3
C-4
TUG-2
TUG-3
VC-4
AU-4
STM-1
X 3
X7
X1
X 3
X1
POINTERS
MULTIFLEXING
ADDITION OF OVERHEADS
ALIGNMENT
SDH Hierarchy - TUG Structure

R PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
R

R PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
R

R PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
R R PCM-30 ( 32 Bytes)
R
125ms
125ms
125ms
125ms
1.07 Frame Alignment
125 sec 125 sec 125 sec
125 sec
35 Bytes

1.08 Mapping
1.09 Aligning of VC-12s With TU-12s
s
s
s
s
1.10 Pointers
New Data Flag
Normal value-0110 (in active)
1001 (active)
SS bits
TU-2 00+10 bit pointer value (0 to 427)
TU-12 10+10 bit pointer value (0 to 139)
TU-11 11+10 bit pointer value (0 to 103)
1.11 SDH
Multiplexing Structure
Frame Structure
Pointer

SDH Multiplexing Structure (1)
X1
AUG-64
Poi nt er pr ocessi ng
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
6312 kb/s
2048 kb/s
1544 kb/s C-11
C-12
C-2
34368 kb/s
44736 kb/s
139264 kb/s
C-3
VC-3 TU-3
TU-2
x 3
VC-2
VC-12
TU-12
VC-11
x 4
TU-11
x 1
C-4
TUG-2
x 7 x 7
TUG-3
x 1
x 3
AU-4 VC-4
VC-3 AU-3
x 3
x 1
AUG-1
C-4-4c
VC-4-256c AU-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
AUG-4
X1
AUG-256 STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
X1
STM-4
X1
STM-1
X1
STM-0
X1
VC-4-16c AUG-16
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
VC-4-64c AU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-4c AU-4-4c
SDH Multiplexing Structure (2)
X1
AUG-64
Poi nt er pr ocessi ng
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
6312 kb/s
2048 kb/s
1544 kb/s C-11
C-12
C-2
34368 kb/s
44736 kb/s
139264 kb/s
C-3
VC-3 TU-3
TU-2
x 3
VC-2
VC-12
TU-12
VC-11
x 4
TU-11
x 1
C-4
TUG-2
x 7 x 7
TUG-3
x 1
x 3
AU-4 VC-4
VC-3 AU-3
x 3
x 1
AUG-1
C-4-4c
VC-4-256c AU-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
AUG-4
X1
AUG-256 STM-256
STM-64
STM-16
X1
STM-4
X1
STM-1
X1
STM-0
X1
VC-4-16c AUG-16
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
VC-4-64c AU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-4c AU-4-4c

Multiplexing Process of SDH
Example: 2 Mb/s to STM-4
TUG-3 HO POH TUG-3 TUG-3
1 2 3
C-12 LO POH
S
AU-4 PTR
pointer offset value
TU-1 PTR
C-12
VC-12
TU-12
TUG-3
VC-4
AUG-1
2.048Mb/s
TU-1 PTR
TUG-2
TUG-2
PDH
SOH
AU-4 PTR
1
1
VC-12
VC-12
1
VC-4
AU-4
AUG-4
AUG-4
STM-4
pointer offset value
2.048Mb/s
AUG-1 AUG-1 AUG-1 AUG-1
TU-1 PTR
2
TU-1 PTR
3
1
2
VC-12 1
3
VC-12
1
TUG-2
7
1 2 3 4
VC-4
STM-1 Frame Structure
5
3
R-SOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M-SOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 4
( 1) ( 2) ( 9)
270 bytes
125 s
8 bits = 1 byte
270 columns
9
rows
125 s
( 1)
( 2)
( 9)
9 261
Payload Capacity
R-SOH
1 AU PTR
M-SOH
Byte Interleaved Multiplex and Frame Structure STM-N
STM-1 (AU-4) STM-N
N CBA N
NNN
STM-1
STM-1
AU-4
AAA
STM-1
BBB
CCC
STM-N
byte interleaved multiplexing
R SOH
M SOH
N
N
9 x N 261 x N
9 rows
125 s
STM-1
AU-4
AU-4
AU-4
CBA
AU PTRs
ABC NABC N
Pointer Function
R SOH
STM-4
Example:
2 Mb/s to STM-4 via AU-4
AU PTR
M SOH
VC-4(3)
VC-4(2)
VC-4(1)
VC-4 (4)
VC-12 (63)
63
2
1
2 M signal
(
)
V
C
4
P
O
H
TU12 PTR
TU-3 PTR area
POH
VC-12
POH
VC-12
POH
VC-12
AU-4 Pointer and Pointer Offset Number
N N N N S S D D D D D I I I I I
10 bits
H1 H2
H1 * * H2 * * H3H3H3
782 # #
521 # #
86 # #
435 # #
696 # #
87 # #
522 # #
# same number for 3 consecutive bytes
0 0 0
VC-4
Pointer Configuration
1 1 1
TU-12 Pointer and Pointer Offset Numbering
105
0
35
70
139
34
69
104
VC-12
TU-12
N N N N S S D D D D D I I I I I
10 bits
V1 V2
V1
V2
V3
V4
35 bytes
125 s
36 bytes
500 s
V1
V2
V3
V4
Pointer Structure
J2
Z6
K4
V5
V5
500 s
125 s
20
*
*In this case, pointer offset value is set
20(0000010100)
Pointer Renewal
( )
B
( )
A
B
A
STM-1
STM-N
delay
input signal
frame aligned signal
multiplexed signal
A B
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
delay
AU-4 Justification (1)
N N N N S S I I I I I D D D D D
H1 H2
pointer value
1
4
9
Negative justification opportunity
(3 bytes)
Positive justification opportunity
(3 byte)
Negative justification control
invert five D-bits accept majority vote
Positive justification control
invert five I-bits accept majority vote
I : Increment bit
D : Decrement bit
N : New data flag bit
0 0 0
AU-4 Justification (2)
- Positive Justification -
n+1 n+1 n n n n-1
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
start of VC-4
pointer value (n)
pointer value (I bits inverted)
positive justification
start of VC-4 (new)
pointer value (n+1)
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
n+1 n+1 n n n n-1
n+1 n+1 n n n n-1
n+1 n+1 n n n n-1
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
125 s
250 s
375 s
500 s
AU-4 Justification (3)
- Negative Justification -
n-2 n-1
n+1 n+1
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
start of VC-4
pointer value (n)
pointer value (D bits inverted)
negative justification
start of VC-4 (new)
pointer value (n-1)
H1 H2 1 1 Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H3 1 1 Y Y
n+1 n+1 n n n n-1
n+1 n+1 n n n
n+1 n+1 n n n n-1
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
125 s
250 s
375 s
500 s
n-1
n-2 n-1 n-1 n-1
n-1 n-1 n-2
n n n n-1 n-1 n-1 n-2
Overhead
Mapping

1.12 STM-1
STM-1 Frame Structure and SOH
RSOH
MSOH
AU PTR
STM-1 PAYLOAD
261 bytes 9 bytes
Section Overhead
9
r
o
w
s
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}
}
: bytes reserved for national use
A1
A1 A1
A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
Function of SOH (1)
RDI ; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive
Failure)
REI ; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS ; Multiplex Section
DCC ; Data Communication Channel
Framing (A1, A2)
Regenerator section trace (J0) regenerator section connection
check
Data communication channel (D1-3) regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
(D4-12) multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
Order wire (E1) accessible at regenerators
(E2) accessible at multiplexers
User channel (F1) 64 kb/s clear channel
Error monitoring (B1) regenerator section BIP-8
(B2) multiplexer section BIP-24N
APS signaling (K1,2) automatic protection switching
(K2) also used as MS-AIS and MS-RDI
Synchronization status (S1) indication of quality level
Section status reporting (M1) REI (count of BIP-24N) A1 A1 A1
A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}
}
: bytes reserved for national use
Function of SOH (2)
Framing (A1, A2)
Regenerator section trace (J0) regenerator section connection check
Data communication channel (D1-3) regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
(D4-12) multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
Order wire (E1) accessible at regenerators
(E2) accessible at multiplexers
User channel (F1) 64 kb/s clear channel
Error monitoring (B1) regenerator section BIP-8
(B2) multiplexer section BIP-24N
APS signaling (K1,2) automatic protection switching
(K2) also used as MS-RDI
Synchronization status (S1) indication of quality level
Section status reporting (M1) REI (count of BIP-24N)
RDI ; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive Failure)
REI ; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS ; Multiplex Section
DCC ; Data Communication Channel
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
; bytes reserved for national use
}
}
Section and Path Trace Method
RST MST HPT LPT RST LPT HPT MST
RST
J0: Section trace
VC-4 POH (J1: Path trace)
VC-3 POH(J1: Path trace)
VC-12(J2: Path trace)
Node A
RST: Regenerator Section Termination MST: Multiplex Section Termination
HPT: High Order Path Termination LPT: Lower Order Path Termination
Node -A Node -B
Path Trace : Used
Transmit path trace : 123-565656
Path Trace expected value
: ABCDEGF
Received value : ABCDEFG
Path Trace : Used
Transmit path trace : ABCDEFG
Path Trace expected value
: 123-565656
Received value : 123-565656
Node B
Section Trace(J0)
R
S
T
R
S
T
Node A
Node B
R
S
T
R
S
T
R
S
T
R
S
T
Node C
RST: Regenerator Section Termination
Terminated Section of
Section Trace
Terminated Section of
Section Trace
a
c
a
c
b
d
b
d
Principle of BIP 8
1
n
K
i
=
even - - - - - K=0
odd - - - - - K=1
B1 byte
# n
Block
# n+1
Block
1
1
2
1
* * * K
1
* * * 8
1
1
2
2
2
* * * K
2
* * * 8
2
1
i
2
i
* * * K
i
* * * 8
i
1
n
2
n
* * * K
n
* * * 8
n
1 2* * * **K* * * *8

BIP Computing Area

AU PTR
B1
B2 B2 B2
counted
after scrambling
counted
before scrambling
BIP 8 for Regenerator Section
BIP N x 24 for Multiplex Section
B1 renewed at every regenerator
B2 renewed only at multiplexer
RSOH RSOH
MSOH
AU PTR
MSOH
# n
# n+1
Higher-Order POH Functions (VC-3, VC-4)
Path error monitor (B3) BIP-8
Path status report (G1) REI (Remote Error Indication)
count of error (BIP-8 results)
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
receiving path AIS, signal fai lure
path trace mismatch
Path trace (J1) verifi cation of VC connection
user programmable, 15 characters
Signal label (C2) indication of VC composition
unequipped, equipped-non-specific,
TUG structure, locked TU, ATM,
async. 34M or 45M, async. 140M,
MAN (DQDB), FDDI
Path user channels (F2, F3) 64 kb/s clear channels
APS signali ng (K3) automatic protection switching at the
higher order path level
Positi on indicator (H4) multiframe position for the VC-1, VC-2
Network operator byte (N1) for tandem connection maintenance
REI; formerly FEBE (Far End Block Error), RDI; formerly FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-3 / VC-4
payload
VC-3 / VC-4
TU-12 multiframe indication byte
VC-3/VC-4
POH Portion
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
(V4)
In H4(X Y), X Y represent bits 7 and 8 of H4
H4(00)
9 rows
PTR(V1)
PTR(V2)
PTR(V3)
(V4)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
H4(01)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
H4(10)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
H4(11)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
H4(00)
H4 bits
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Frame No Time
X X 1 1 X X 0 1 0 0
X X 1 1 X X 1 0 1
X X 1 1 X X 1 0 2
X X 1 1 X X 1 1 3 500ms TU-n multiframe
X: Bit reserved for future international standardization. Its content
shall be set to 1" in the interim.
Path Trace (J1)
L
P
T
Node A
Node B
Cross
connection
L
P
T
Node C
LPT: Lower Order Path Termination
[It will change to HPT(High Order Path Termination) when VC-4 J1 is used]
Terminated Section of J1 (J2) Path Trace
a
c
b
d
Tandem Connection
B3 monitor
B3 monitor
Compare
Error in TC
Error detection (for all VCs in a bundle)
Data link (for the first VC in the bundle)
Error count
N1 byte in VC
VC
*
The Tandem Connection is applicable to a single VC or bundled VCs.
B Network (Operator Administrative area) A Network C Network
RS RS RS
MS MS
MS
Path
RS: Regenerator Section
MS: Multiplex Section
VC
Tandem Connection
Functions of POH (VC-1x, VC-2)
K4
N2
J2
V5
500s
125s
REI RFI RDI
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 3
Signal Label BIP-2
V5 byte
Path error monitor (V5) BIP-2
Path status report (V5) REI (Remote Error Indication)
count of error (BIP-2 results)
RFI (Remote Failure Indication)
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
receiving path AIS, signal failure
Signal label (V5) indication of VC composition
unequipped, equipped-non-specific,
asynchronous, bit synchronous,
byte synchronous, equipped-unused
Path access point identifier (J2) verification of VC connection
user programmable, 15 characters
Network operator byte (N2) for tandem connection maintenance
APS signaling (K4) automatic protection switching at the
lower order path level
REI ; former FEBE (Far End Block Error)
RDI ; former FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
RFI ; formerly this bit was assigned to Path Trace
V
C
-
1
x
/
V
C
-
2
Table for SAPI & API
Total 94 characters plus space
0 x x x x x x x
(o)
0 x x x x x x x
(k)
1 C1C2C3C4C5C6C7
0 x x x x x x x
(T)
J1
J1
J1
J1
0 x x x x x x x
(2)
0 x x x x x x x
(1)
0 x x x x x x x
(#)
J1
J1
J1
1
6
m
u
l
t
i
-
f
r
a
m
e
125ms
2ms
example : VC-4 or VC-3 case
CRC of previous 16 multiframe for J1
maximum15 characters (ex. Tokyo-Osaka #21)
(Space) 3 F Y l
! 4 G Z m
5 H [ n
# 6 I \ o
$ 7 J ] p
& 8 K ^ q
% 9 L _ (Under Bar) r
(Apostrophe) : (Colon) M ! s
( ; (Semicolon) N a t
) < O b u
* = P c v
+ > Q d w
, (Comma) ? R e x
- (Hyphen) @ S f y
. (Period) A T g z
/ B U h {
0 C V i |
1 D W j }
2 E X k ~
End-to-End Maintenance Signal
AIS AIS
Low Order Path Section
High Order Path Section
Multiplex Section
Regenerator
Section
Regenerator
Section
LOVC HOVC LT REG LT HOVC LOVC
AIS AIS AIS AIS
LOP LOP
LOS
LOF
LOS
LOF
RDI (FERF)
RDI (FERF)
RDI (FERF)
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
BIP-8 BIP-8
BIP-24N
BIP-2
BIP-8
MUX
Terminal Equipment
generation detection
Mapping 2Mbps Signal into VC-12
R
32 bytes
32 bytes
32 bytes
V5
R
J2
R
N2
R
K4
R
1 0 O O O O R R
1 0 O O O O R R
1 0 R R R R R R
32 bytes
V5
R
R
J2
R
N2
R
K4
R
31 bytes + 7 bits
32 bytes
C1C2O O O O R R
C1 C2 O O O O R R
C1 C2 R R R R R S1
S2
I I I I I I I
32 bytes
32 bytes
* The latest recommendation deleted
bit synchronous mapping.
Asynchronous Byte Synchronous
140
bytes
500 s
35 bytes
125 s
Bit Synchronous
I ; information
O ; overhead
C ; justification control
S ; justification opportunity
R ; fixed stuff
R
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
V5
J2
R
N2
R
K4
R
R
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
TS1 to 15
TS 0
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
TS0
TS0
TS0
TS0
Mapping 34Mbps Signal into VC-3
1
C
= R R R R R R C
1
C
2 A B
= R R R R R R R S
1
S
2
I I I I I I = R R R R R R R R
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x 8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x 8 I
3x 8 I
3x 8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
C
C
C
C
C
A B
8
I
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
T1
T2
T3
125s
3 rows
3 rows
3 rows
84 bytes
VC-3 POH
R : Fixed stuffing bit
C
1
, C
2
: Justi fication control bit
S
1
, S
2
: Justi fication opportunity bi t
I : Information bit
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
Mapping 140Mbps Signal into VC-
4
Y Y Y Z
Y Y Y Y 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
I ; information
O ; overhead
C ; justifi cation control
S ; justifi cation opportunity
R ; fixed stuff
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
W X Y Y Y
Y Y Y
POH
1 12 bytes 1
W = I I I I I I I I
X = C R R R R ROO
Y = R R R R R RRR
Z = I I I I I I S R
X X
X
X
J1
B3
C2
G1
H4
F3
K3
N1
F2
SOH
PTR
SOH
1 byte 13 bytes
POH
20 blocks of 3 bytes
VC-4
STM-1
Mapping ATM Cell Into VC-4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 POH
VC-4
ATM cell
header
53 bytes
VC-12 (2 Mb/s) to VC-4 (STM-1)
36
36
36
36
9
1 2 3
PTR
PTR
4
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
9
12 = 4 x 3
1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 7
(12) (4) ~ (11) (3) (2) (1)
S
S
86 = 12 x 7 + 2
9
P
O
H
S S
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
261 = 86 x 3 + 3
AU PTR
AU PTR
SOH
SOH
PTR
PTR
3
x 3
x 7
x 3
V3
V2
V1
R
125 s
9
9
9
270 = 261 + 9
VC 12
(NPI)
N
P
I
125 s
125 s
125 s
125 s
125 s
500 s
STM-1
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
125 s
Mapping of VC-12 into VC-4
VC-3 (34 Mb/s) to VC-4 (STM-1)
Scrambler
scrambled
1111111000000100 - - - -
1111111000000100 - - - -
not scrambled
Payl oad
SOH
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
.
9
Payload
D Q
C S
D Q
C S
D Q
C S
D Q
C S
D Q
C S
D Q
C S
D Q
C S
clock
set = frame pulse
+
+
data
scrambled
data
+
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
. .
. .
. .
modulo 2 addition
A + B = C
1 + 1 = 0
1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1
0 + 0 = 0
scrambler output
E1 PDH Signal Extraction from STM-
1
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
36
36
36
36
144
TS
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
9
Row
34
35
V5
J2
N2
K4
9
Rows
9 bytes 261 bytes
H1 H2 H3
AU PTR
J1
C-12
2.048Mbit/s
Information
VC-12
4 Multi-
frames
35
35
35
140
TS
STM-1 Frame
TU-124 Multi-
frames
(4x9 Frame)
TU-12
frame in a row
9
Row
9
Row
* * * * * *
H1 H2 H3
* * * * * *
J1
J1
J1
H1 H2 H3
* * * * * *
H1 H2 H3
* * * * * *
9
Rows
9
Rows
9
Rows
PTR
N
P
I
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
VC-4
261=86x3+3
9
Row
(NPI)
P
O
H
SS
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
86=12x7+2
1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 7 1 2 7
S
4
12=4x3
S
(12) (4) ~ (11) (3) (2) (1)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
PTR
PTR
2
TU-12
(4x9 frame)
VC-12
4 bytes
TU-12
TUG-2
TUG-3
PTR
1.13 Contiguous & Virtual Concatenation
STM-16
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
NE-A
STM-4
STM-4c
VC-4-4c
NE-C NE-B
NE-D
Contiguous
Concatenation
Virtual
Concatenation
STM-16
Contiguous
Concatenation
AU-4#1
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4#4
AU-4-4c
AU-4#1
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4#4
AU-4#1
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4#4
AU-4-4c
Virtual Concatenation
For the transport of payloads that do not fit
efficiently into the standard set of virtual containers
(VC-3/4/12)
VC concatenation can be used. VC concatenation
is defined for:
VC-3/4- to provide transport for payloads requiring greater
capacity than one Container-3/4;
VC-12- to provide transport for payloads that require capacity
greater than one Container-12.
Contiguous Concatenation of X VC-4s
(VC-4-Xc, X=4, 16, 64, 256)
AU-4-4c PTRs
MSOH
RSOH
9X 261X
5
3
1
261X
1
J1
B3
C2
F3
K3
N1
G1
F2
H4
Fixed
Stuff
C-4-Xc
X-1
VC-4 POH
STM-N
AU-4-4 PTRs
MSOH
RSOH
9N 261N
5
3
1
1
261N
VC-4 POH
STM-N
VC-4-Xc
Concatenated VC-4-Xc
VC-4-N
J1
B3
C2
F3
K3
N1
G1
F2
H4
J1
B3
C2
F3
K3
N1
G1
F2
H4
VC-4 POH
N
C-4-N
VC-4-N
AU-4 Pointer and Concatenation Indication
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
H1 Y 1* 1* H2 H3 H3 H3
1 0 0 1 U U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) Nine AU-4 pointer bytes
b) Normal AU-4 pointer
c) Concatenation indication
H1
H2
(H1, H2) = AU-4 pointer, H3= pointer action byte , Y=(100UU11)
U=Unspecified, 1*=(11111111)
N = New data flag bit, S= size bit, I= increment bit, D= decrement
bit, U=Unspecified
Virtual concatenation of X VC-3/4s
(VC-3/4-Xv, X=1.256)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
1
9
85
1
VC-3#X
125ms
1
9
85
1
VC-3#1
125ms
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
X 1
X x 84
1
9
C-3-#X
125ms
VC-3-Xc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
1
9
261
1
VC-4#X
125ms
1
9
261
1
VC-4#1
125ms
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
X 1
X x 260
1
9
C-4-#X
125ms
VC-4-Xc
a) VC-3-Xv Structure b) VC-4-Xv Structure
Virtual Concatenation Multiframe Structure
a) Mulltiframe indicator MFI1 Configuration
(from Frame 0 to 15)
b) Mulltiframe indicator MFI2
( from Frame 0 to 255)
Bit No in H4 1
MFI X
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No used
Bit No in H4 1
MFI2(LSB)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MFI2(MSB)
Frame 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Frame 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Frame 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Frame 126 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Frame 127 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Frame 128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Frame 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Frame 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Frame 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Frame 255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sequencce
indiccator
SQ LSB
(bit 5-8)
Sequencce
indiccator
SQ MSB
(bit 1-4)
Frame 0 0 0 0 0
Frame 1 0 0 0 1
Frame 2 0 0 1 0
Frame 14 1 1 1 0
Frame 15 1 1 1 1
VC-3/VC-4-Xv multiframe and sequence indicator
C-4/3-Xc C-4/3-Xc
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:0
MFI1:15
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:1
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:0
MFI1:15
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1
MF12_LSB:1
MFI1:0
MF12_MSB:0
SQ:0
SQ:X-1
M
u
l
t
i
f
r
a
m
e
(
M
F
)
1 X
VC-12-Xv Structure
1
2
3
4
V5
J2
N2
K4
V5
J2
N2
K4
1
2
3
4
1 35
1 35
VC-12#1
VC-12#X
500ms
500ms
1
2
3
4
1 X X34
500ms
C-12#Xc
VC-12#Xv
Capacity of virtually concatenated VC-12-Xv
If carried in X Capacity In steps of
VC-12-Xv VC-3 1 to 21 2176 kbit/s to 45 696 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s
VC-12-Xv VC-4 1 to 63 2176 kbit/s to 137 088 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s
VC-12-Xv Unspecified 1 to 64 2176 kbit/s to 139 264 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s
VC12 Extended Signal label byte coding - in K4 bit 1
MSB LSB
MFAS: Multiframe Alignment Signal
0: Zero
R: Reserved bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS
0 R R R R R R R R R R R R
Extended Signal Label
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
MSB
b12 b13 b14 b15
LSB
b16 b17 b18 b19
Hex
code
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
0 0
07
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 9
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 A
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 B
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 C
Interpretation
Reserved
Mapping under development
ATM mapping
Mapping of HDLC/PPP framed signal
Mapping of HDLC/LAPS framed signals
Virtually concatenated test signal, O.181
specific mapping
Flexible Topology Data Link mapping 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 D
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F Reserved
K4 bit 2 multiframe: K4 (b2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Frame count
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Sequence indicator
R: Reserved bit
1.14 Overhead Byte Functionality
A1, A2 Frame synchronization
B1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
J0 Regenerator section trace
D1... D3 Regenerator section DCC
D4..D12 Multiplex section DCC
E1, E2 Order wire for voice communication
F1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)
S1 Synchronization status message
M1 MS-REI (remote error indication)

J1 Higher order path trace
B3 Path parity byte for error monitoring
C2 Signal Label (composition of payload)
G1 Path status and performance
F2, F3 Path user channels
H4 Payload specific byte
K3 Automatic protection switching (APS)
N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)

V5 Error check, path status, signal label
J2 Lower order path trace
N2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)
SOH
VC-3/4
POH
VC-1/2
POH
Embedded Overhead Bytes
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
STM-1 SOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
V5
J2
N2
K4
AU - PTR
VC-3/4 POH
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M 1 E2 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
Media dependent bytes

X Reserved for national use

SOH: Section overhead
POH: Path overhead
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and
supervision of the SDH transmission network.
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
P


O


H

Pointer
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead
7 Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)

7 Data communication channels
(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)

7 Voice communication channels
(E1 between regenerators)
7 Frame Alignment
(A1, A2)

7 Section Trace
(J0 Identficationof regenerator
source)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead
7 Parity check (B2)
7 Alarm information (K2)
7 Remote error indication (M1,K2)
7 Automatic protection switching
(K1, K2 Bytes)
7 Data communication channels
(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
7 Clock source information (S1)
7 Voice communications
channels (E2 between multiplexers)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0

B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
AU - Pointer
Functions of Path Overhead
V5
J2
N2
K4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K4
N1
VC-3/4 POH
VC-11/12/2
POH
7 Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path
terminating point
7 Alarm and performance information
(V5, G1)
7 Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
7 Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
7 User communications channel
between path elements (F2, F3)
7 Identification of the Path Source
(Path Trace J1, J2)
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
B1:
- Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
sections of a trans-
mission system
B2:
- Covers the multiplex
sections (from network
node to network node)
B3:
- Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
tributary)
RSOH
MSOH
Payload
Payload
RSOH
MSOH
Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
quality of a life STM-N signal !
Payload
AU-PTR
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate
timing differences at SDH networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1
frame.
AU-Pointer
TU-
PTR
V
C
-
4

P
O
H

VC-12
POH
VC-12
VC-4
STM-1
SDH
multiplexer
SDH
Regenerator

#
Cross-
connect
SDH
multiplexer
SDH SDH SDH
PDH
ATM
IP
PDH
ATM
IP
Regenerator
Section
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
Path
1.15 SDH Layer Model
General view of Path Section designations
1.16 Elements of SDH Network
Regenerator (Reg.)
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
STM-N
STM-N
Regenerator
Regenerator (Reg.)
Regenerator, Amplifies the optical signal after
converting back to electrical and generates a new
optical signal of the same format Reshaping & timing
of data stream
Terminal
Multiplexer
STM-N
PDH
SDH
Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
It combines the Plesionchronous and synchronous input
signals into higher bit rate STM-N Signal.
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
STM-N
STM-N
PDH SDH
Add / Drop
Multiplexer
The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) STM-n
through from his one side to the other and has the ability to drop or
add any (low rate) tributary. The ADM used in all topologies
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
STM-16
STM-4
STM-1
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
Cross - Connect
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the
capability of interconnecting tributaries
Digital Cross Connect:
A digital cross connect is an equipment which has the
capability of interconnecting tributaries

An Agg to Agg connection, a trib to aggregate connection
and a tributary to tributary connection is also possible in
case of a Digital Cross Connect
Digital Cross Connect (DXC)
SDH Network Topologies
Point-to-Point Network
Chain Network
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Regenerator
T
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
i
e
s

T
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
i
e
s

Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Terminal
Multiplexer
(TM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
T
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
i
e
s

T
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
i
e
s

Ring Network
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
A
d
d

D
r
o
p

M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r

(
A
D
M
)

Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
Add Drop
Multiplexer
(ADM)
A
d
d

D
r
o
p

M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
r

(
A
D
M
)

T
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
i
e
s

T
r
i
b
u
t
a
r
i
e
s

Tributaries Tributaries
Tributaries Tributaries
APS redirects the traffic on to prepared back-up lines if
the path is physically interrupted.
This should take place automatically and as quickly as
possible - < 50msec)

Two kinds of APS are used, depending on the network
structure:
Ring switching (MS SPRING to G.841 and T1.105.1)
Linear switching (Linear MSP to G.783 and T1.105.1).

Network elements use bytes K1 and K2 (SOH/TOH) to
communicate during switching process.
1.17 Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring normal traffic from Node
A E D
NODE A
NODE B
NODE F NODE C
NODE D
NODE E
P
P
P
P
W
W
W
W
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Working Line Protection Line
A
B

Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring Working and Protection
Failure
NODE A
NODE B
NODE F NODE C
NODE D
NODE E
P
P
P
P
W
W
W
W
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Working Line Protection Line
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
NODE A
NODE B
NODE F NODE C
NODE D
NODE E
P
P
P
P
W
W
W
W
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Working Line Protection Line
A
B

Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring
NODE A
NODE B
NODE F NODE C
NODE D
NODE E
P
P
P
P
W
W
W
W
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Unidirectional
Fiber 1
Working Line Protection Line
1.18 SDH Management


SDH has enhanced management capabilities :

Alarm/Event Management

Configuration Management

Performance Management

Access and Security Management

SDH Alarm Structure
Error performance monitoring

Pointer adjustment information

Path status

Path trace

Remote error indications (REI)

Remote failure indications (RFI)

Remote Defect Indications ( RDI )

Signal Loss

New Data flag indication

Synchronization source information
Defect and Failure
C A defect is a detection of an alarm such as loss of
signals , loss of frames. AIS loss of excessive errors

C A failure is a defect that persists beyond a maximum
time allocated. It is used to access to integrate
Automatic Protection Switching ( APS ).
Loss Of Signals (LOS)
This alarm is raised when the STM-N level drops below
the threshold at which a BER of 1 in 1000 is detected

It could be due to cut cable, excessive attenuation of the
signal or an equipment fault

The LOS state will clear when 2 consecutive framing
patterns are received and no LOS condition is detected
Out of Frame (OOF)
This situation occurs when 4, or in some
implementations, 5 consecutive SDH frames are
received with invalid framing patterns(A1 and A2
bytes)

The maximum time to detect OOF is therefore 625Ms

The OOF clears when consecutive SDH frames are
received with valid framing patterns
Loss Of Frame (LOF)
The LOF occurs when the OOF state exists for a
specified time in msecs
If OOFs are intermittent,the timer is not reset to zero
until an in frame state persists continuously for
specified time in msecs
As the framing bytes are there in Regenerator section
overhead(RSOH) this alarm is sometimes known as
RS-LOF
Loss Of Pointer (LOP)
The LOP state occurs when n consecutive invalid pointers
are received or n New Data Flags(NDF) are received(other
than in a concatenation indicator), where n=8,9 or 10
The LOP state is cleared when 3 equal valid pointers or 3
consecutive AIS indications are received.This alarm is very
rare in steady state because the pointer is either valid or is all
1s
An AIS indication is all 1s pattern in the pointer
bytes.Concatenation is indicated when the pointer bytes are
set to 1001XX1111111111 I.e NDF enabled(H1 and H2 bytes
for AU LOP; v1 and v2 bytes for TU LOP)
Chapter-2
SDH Synchronization
2.01 Synchronization Network
2.02 SSU Concept
2.03 Network Synchronization Hierarchy
2.04 External Clock
2.05 Line Clock
2.06 Internal clock
2.07 Regenerator (Through clock)
2.08 Clock distribution in SDH Network
2.09 Synchronization Source of NE (1)
SDH Synchronization
2.10 Reference O/ P from NE
2.11 Synchronization status byte in STM frame
2.12 Quality level indication by SSM
2.13 Example of Clock source switching LINE & Normal
2.14 Hold over Free function of oscillator
2.15 ITUT Recommendations
SDH Synchronization
2.01 Synchronization Network
PRC
SSU
SSU
Primary Reference Clock
Synchronization Supply Unit
SDH Equipment Clock
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SEC
SDH
Equip.
Cesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10
-11
typ : 5 x 10
-12

long term: holdover 24h:
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10
-8
, 1 x 10
-10
typ : 4 x 10
-11
, 2 x 10
-11

2.02 SSU Concept
Single master timing supply for each office

SSU connected to timing references from higher accuracy
office in timing hierarchy

SSU outputs 2Mbit/s or 2MHz & composite clock
references to all equipment in office

Provides frequency & phase synchronized references


Synchronization Supply Unit System
2.03 Network Synchronization
Hierarchy
TSG: Timing Signal Generator
SSU-A
G.812 T
SSU-A
G.812 T
SSU-A
G.812 T
PRC
G.811
(PRIMARY)
PRC
G.811
(SECONDARY)
SSU-B
G.812 L
SSU-B
G.812 L
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SETS
G.813
SSU-B
G.812 L
SSU-B
G.812 L
SSU-B
G.812 L
2.04 External Clock
or
Synchronization Distribution
Network
Ring or Linear System
A
C
B
PRC
SSU
SSU
SSU
SSU
External Clock
External Clock
External Clock
External
Clock
D
2.05 Line Clock
PRC
or
SSU
Ring or Linear System
A
D
C
B
External
Clock
Line Clock
Line Clock
Line Clock
Extracted Clock
Component of
Line Signal
:
2.06 Internal Clock
Ring or Linear System
A
D
C
B
Internal Clock
Internal Clock
Internal Clock
Internal Clock
Holdover or
Free-run w/o ref.
:
2.07 Regenerator (Through Clock)
REGEN
Incoming Signal
Outgoing Signal
Outgoing Signal
Incoming Signal
STM-N STM-N
2.08 Clock Distribution in SDH Network
~
Internal Clock (Free Run) Line Clock
Line Clock
SDH
Island
SSU SSU
External Clock Line Clock Line Clock Line Clock External Clock
Line Signal (STM-N)
Clock Signal
Impairement in Clock Signal
( jitter, wander, etc. )
hold-over
1 2 1 2
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Internal
Tributary 1
2
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Tributary
Tributary
free run
Selector
Selector
External-in
(fromSSU)
External-out
(to SSU or other NE)
2Mb/s PDH
West East
2.09 Synchronization Source of NE (1)
2.10 Reference Output from
NE
hold-over
1 2 1 2
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Internal
Tributary 1
2
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Tributary
Tributary
free run
Selector
Selector
External-in
(fromSSU)
External-out
(to SSU or other NE)
2Mb/s PDH
West East
2.11 Synchronization Status Byte in STM-1
Frame
9
r
o
w
s
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
: bytes reserved for national use
A1
A1 A1
A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
261 bytes 9 bytes
STM-1 PAYLOAD
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
Unassigned
SSM Field
Bit No.
S1 byte
DNU
Synchronization Status Massage(SSM)
Clock Quality
Description Type Level S1 bits 5-8
PRC
Layer 1 Traceable G.811 1 0010
Quality Unknown _______
(Existing Sync. Network) 2 0000
G.812
Layer 2 Traceable Transit
(SSU-A) 3 0100
G.812
Layer 3 Traceable Local
(SSU-B) 4 1000
Equipment Internal G.813-op.1
Clock(4.6 ppm) SEC 5 1011
DON'T USE
for SYNC DNU 6 1111
G.811
Primary
G.812
Transit
Q=1 Q=1 Q=3 Q=3
Q=3
forward
Q=6
backward
Q=6
backward
Q=1
~ ~
A B C D
A1 B1
B2
C2
D1
D2
C1
B1'
2.12 Quality Level Indication by SSM (S1 Byte)
Reference Selection
EXT IN 1
EXT IN 2
Incoming
STM-N
Internal Clock
(Free run)
Holdover
Synchronous
2M Tributary
Equipment
Clock
Yes
No
Single
Highest
Quality?
Select
Highest
Priority?
EXT 1
Q=1
P=1
EXT 2
Q=1
P=2
~
~
~
~
TRIB 1
Q=3
P=3
TRIB 2
Q=3
P=4
Q=S1=1
P=1
Q=S1=6
P=2
Q=S1=6
P=2
Q=5
P=2
Q=5
P=3
Q=S1=6
P=4
Q=S1=1
P=1
Q=S1=1
P=15
(unused)
Q=5
P=3
Q=5
P=3
Q=S1=1
P=2
Q=S1=1
P=1
West East
West
East
West
East
West East
(G.811)
(G.812-T)
SSU-A
A
B
C
D
2.13 Example of Clock Source
Switching
- Normal State -
~
West East
West
East
West
East
West East
A
B
C
D
(Q=6)
P=1
Q=5
P=4
Q=5
P=3
Q=6
P=2
Q=5
P=1
Line Failure
- Occurrence of a failure -
~
West East
West
East
West
East
West
East
A
B
C
D
(Q=6)
P=1
Q=5
P=4
Q=5
P=3
Q=3
P=2
Q=5
P=1
Q=6
P=2
Q=3
P=1
Q=1
P=1
Q=3
P=3
Line Failure
- Transit state (1) -
Line Failure
- Transit state (2) -
West East
West
East
West
East
West East
A
B
C
D
(Q=6)
P=1
Q=3
P=4
Q=3
P=2
Q=6
P=1
Q=3
P=3
Q=2
P=2
Q=3
P=1
Q=1
P=2
West East
West
East
West
East
West East
A
B
C
D
(Q=6)
P=1
Q=2
P=4
Q=1
P=2
Q=6
P=1
Q=3
P=3
Q=1
P=2
Q=6
P=1
Q=1
P=2
Q=6
P=15
(unused)
Line Failure
- Final state -
Q=6
P=2
Q=5
P=1
Q=3
P=3
Q=6
P=2
Q=5
P=1
~
Q=6
P=4
Q=5
P=2
Failure in the Master Node

Failure in the Master Node
- Transit state (1) -
Q=3
P=2
Q=5
P=1
Q=3
P=3
Q=6
P=2
Q=5
P=1
~
Q=5
P=2
Q=3
P=1
Failure in the Master Node
- Transit state (2) -
Q=6
P=2
Q=6
P=1
Q=3
P=3
Q=3
P=1
Q=3
P=2
Q=5
P=1
~
Q=3
P=4
Q=3
P=15
Failure in the Master
Node
- Final state -

SEC
EXT1
Q=1
P=1
EXT2
Q=1
P=2
Q=5
P=3
Q=S1=3
P=4
Q=S1=3
P=15
(unused)
A
SEC
Q=S1=3
P=1
Q=5
P=3
Q=S1=3
P=2
D
SEC
SEC
TRIB1
Q=3
P=3
TRIB2
Q=3
P=4
Q=5
P=3
Q=S1=3
P=2
Q=S1=6
P=1
Q=5
P=5
Q=S1=6
P=2
B
C
Q=S1=6
P=1
~
~
~
~
2.14 Holdover & Free-run Function of Oscillator
Reference
supply
failure
Slave State Holdover State
Free-running
State
Within 24H
(Time)
t
f
o
f
[ t ]
0 t
0
t
2
f
o
f
[ ]
Without Holdover
function
With Holdover
function
t
1
Reference
supply recovery
No. 1
No. 2
Input
(8kHz)
Output
(2.048Mbit/s)
PH
COMP
VCXO
A/D
D/A
Frequency
Divider
PLL looped circuit
Frequency
Divider
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
r
Holdover
circuit
A/D

SDH has been standardized by ITU-T.
CCITT (International Consultative Committee on Telephony &
Telegraphy) Blue book recommendations

G.707, G.708 & G.709 covering the SDH standards.
G.707 - SDH Bit Rates

G.708 - Network Node Interface for the SDH

G.709 - Synchronous Multiplexing Structure

G.781 - (Formerly G.smux-1) Structure of Recommendations on
Multiplexing Equipment for the SDH

G.782 - (Formerly G.smux-2) Types and General Characteristics
of SDH Multiplexing Equipment

G.783 - (Formerly G.smux-3) Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing
Equipment Functional Blocks

G.784 - (Formerly G.smux-4) SDH Management

2.15 ITU-T Standards

Chapter-3
New Generation SDH
3.01 New Generation SDH
3.02 Emergence of New Interfaces
3.02 Virtual Concatenation
3.03 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
3.04 Generic Framing Procedure
3.05 Application
3.06 Standards
3.07 Abbreviations
New Generation SDH
GFP :Generic Framing Procedure
LCAS:Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

Tutorial: Principles and Applications
3.01 New Generation SDH
3.02 Emergence of new type of
Interfaces
ESCON :-Enterprise Systems Connection :It is an
IBM standardized protocol for the interconnection of
IT equipment. Bit rate=200Mbps .Marketing name for
a set of IBM & vendor products that interconnect
S/390 computers with each other & with attached
storage , locally attached work stations & other
devices using optical fiber technology.
Fiber Channel: ANSI standardized protocol for mainly
server to server,and server to storage communication
to predominately transport IP data with bit rates up to
4Gbps
FICON:-Fiber connectivity: ANSI standard basing
physical interface to connect computers and servers
in SAN;advancement of ESCON standard.

DVB Standards:- Video broadcasting signals
Emergence of new type of Interfaces
Going into Details
Campus A
Ethernet
Optical Core
Network
Remote
Servers
Storage
Servers
Fibre
Channel
SONET/SDH
DWDM
SONET/
SDH
SONET/
SDH
SONET/
SDH
Campus B
Ethernet
FICON
Lets zoom in!
Core NE
Edge NE
New SONET/SDH
SONET/
SDH
S
O
N
E
T


M
U
X
/
D
E
M
U
X


N
a
t
i
v
e


I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
s

Edge
?
Thats New SONET/SDH
VC

Virtual
Concatenation
LCAS

Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
GFP

Generic
Frame
Procedure
LAPS
Ethernet
Ficon
Escon

Fibre
Channel
Edge Core
Adaptation
Customer Operator
GFP
Provides an elegant framing procedure with low overhead and
support for both packet services and storage services

Virtual Concatenation
Improves on current models of contiguous concatenation by
supporting much finer granularity of circuit provisioning and
management from the edge of the network. Right-sized pipes
for packet services (Ethernet, in particular). Both higher order
(STS1 granularity) and low order (VT1.5 level) are available,
supporting a range of high- and low-speed service
assignments.

LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)
A tool to provide operators with greater flexibility in
provisioning virtual concatenation groups (VCGs), adjusting
their bandwidth in service and providing flexible end-to-end
protection options
The Building Blocks of Next-Gen
Sonet/SDH
Customer needs Ethernet
Typical
Ethernet Traffic
Connections
100
25
50
75
Mbit/s
time
1 2 3 4
Ethernet Packet
Problem: How can we efficiently transport Ethernet over an
existing SONET/SDH network?
Example: For 10M available SDH - Containers are...
VC-12 ...too small !
2.176 Mbit/s
VC-3
... inefficient
20%
48.38 Mbit/s
OR
Customer 3 = 100M
Customer 2 = 60M
Customer 1 = 10M
SDH Line Rates
10 M
Transport
10M Ethernet over SDH?
C-4-4c 0.599 Gbit/s
C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s
C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s
Contiguous Concatenation
Contiguous
Concatenation
only large containers!
C-11 1.600 Mbit/s
C-12 2.176 Mbit/s
C-2 6.784 Mbit/s
C-3 48.384 Mbit/s
C-4 149.760 Mbit/s
SDH Payload Sizes
Standard
Containers
are inefficient!
Cant 5 x VC-12 be concatenated?
?
5x
3.02 Virtual
Concatenation
Yes, we can - using Virtual Concatenation!
VC provides
a scheme to build right-sized containers
with SONET or SDH containers
with a fine granularity
Standardized in ITU-T G.707 and ANSI T.105
Virtual Concatenation (VC or Vcat)
STS-m-Xv
Virtual
Concatenation
Virtual Container n
n=1.5, 2,3,6 ,m=1, 3c
Number of
concatenated
containers
Nomenclature:
VTn-Xv
VC Nomenclature
VC-n
Virtual Container n
n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual
containers, which will be
virtually concatenated.
-X
Number of
virtually
concatenated
containers
All X Virtual Containers
form together the
Virtual Concatenated
Group (VCG)
v
Indictor for
Virtual
Concatenation
v = virtual
concatenation
c = contiguous
concatenation
Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!
High and Low Order VC
VC-4
High Order Virtual Concatenation
refers to virtually concatenated...
VC-3
containers
VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
Low Order Virtual Concatenation
refers to virtually concatenated...
containers
VCG Granularity
VCG Payload
Capacity
Maximum
Minimum
VCGs:
VC-4-1v Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
VC-4-2v Payload Size 299,52 Mbit/s
VC-4-Xv Granularity
VC-4
Example High Order VC:
VC-4 Container Size 150,3 Mbit/s
VC-4 Payload Size 149,76 Mbit/s
VC-4-7v Payload Size 1048,3 Mbit/s
VC-4-256v Payload Size 38338 Mbit/s
Minimum
VCG Granularity
VCGs:
VC-12-1v Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s
VC-12-2v Payload Size 4,352 Mbit/s
VCG Payload
Capacity
Maximum
VC-12-Xv Granularity
Example Low Order VC:
VC-12 Container Size 2,240 Mbit/s
VC-12 Payload Size 2,176 Mbit/s
VC-12-5v Payload Size 10,88 Mbit/s
VC-12-64v Payload Size 139,26 Mbit/s
VC-12
C-4-4c 599.040 Mbit/s
C-4-16c 2.396 Gbit/s
C-4-64c 9.584 Gbit/s
C-4-256c 38.338 Gbit/s
Contiguous Concatenation
Concatenation?
Virtual Concatenation
Offers structures in a fine granularity
Every container has its own towing truck (POH)
Every container might take a different path
VC-4-4v
VC-4 #1 VC-4 #2 VC-4 #3 VC-4 #4
Contiguous Concatenation
Offers concatenated payloads in fixed, large steps
One towing truck (POH) for all containers
All containers are on one path thru the network
VC-4-4c
C4 C4 C4 C4
MSOH
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
STM-N
CC: VC-4-Xc Container
Overhead N x 9 bytes Payload N x 261 bytes
VC-4-Xc, where X=4, 16, 64, 256
VC-4-Xc
X x 261 bytes
X -1 1
J1
C2
G1
H4
F3
K3
N1
C-4-Xc
F
i
x
e
d

S
t
u
f
f

B3
F2
MSOH
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
STM-N
VC: VC-4-Xv Container
Overhead N x 9 bytes Payload N x 261 bytes
VC-4-Xv, where X = 1..256
261 bytes
1
VC-4
J1
C2
G1
H4
F3
K3
N1
B3
F2
VC-4
J1
C2
G1
H4
F3
K3
N1
B3
F2
VC-4
J1
C2
G1
H4
F3
K3
N1
B3
F2
X frames
SDH Concatenation
STM-16 with VC-4-4c
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
MSOH
VC-4-1 VC-4-2
VC-4-5 VC-4-6
VC-4-11 VC-41-2
VC-4-15 VC-4-16
VC-4-3 VC-4-4
VC-4-7 VC-4-8
VC-4-9 VC-4-10
VC-4-13 VC-4-14
Contiguous
concatenation
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
MSOH VC-4-#2
VC-4-#1
VC-4-1 VC-4-2
VC-4-3 VC-4-4
STM-4 with VC-4-2v
Virtual
concatenation
VCG = Virtual Concatenation Group
VC Granularity
VC-4
VC-4-Xv 149M 149M - 38.3G
Nomenclature Granularity Payload Capacity
VC-3 VC-3-Xv 48M 48M - 12.7G
VC-2 VC-2-Xv 6.8M 6.8M - 434M
VC-12
VC-12-Xv 2.2M 2.2M - 139M
VC-11 VC-11-Xv 1.6M 1.6M - 102M
Transporting Concatenated Signals
VC-4-2v
Virtual Concatenation
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#1
Path 2
Path 1
VC-4
#2
Differential Delay
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
VC-4
#2
VC-4
#1
Contiguous Concatenation
VC-4-4c
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
NE NE
One Path
C-4 C-4
C-4 C-4
Core Network
VC Rate Efficiencies
Ethernet (10M) VC3 =20% VC-12-5v = 92%
100M Ethernet
STM-1
= 64 x VC-12
VC-12-5v
VC-12-46v
2x 10M Ethernet
VC-12-5v
8x E1 Services
Example:
More services integrated- by using VC!
Fast Ethernet (100M) VC-4 =67% VC-12-46v = 100%
Data Rates Efficiency w/o VC using VC
Gigabit Ethernet (1G) VC-4-16c =42% VC-4-7v = 85%
ESCON (200M) VC-4-4c =33% VC-3-4v = 100%
Fibre Channel (800M) VC-4-16c =33% VC-4-6v = 89%
Virtual Container Indicator
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
Problem:
How to distinguish between VCG members of one group?
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
Solution:
Give each member an individual number plate!
= Sequence Indicator (SQ)
Result: VCG members can now be distinguished and sorted!
Time Stamp Mechanism
Problem:
How do we know that members arriving together started together?
Solution:
Give each VCG an individual number
= Frame Counter (FC)
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 0
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 1
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 0
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 1
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 0
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 2
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 1
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 0
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 2
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
FC = 3
SQ=0
SQ=1
SQ=2
SQ=3
VC & LCAS Control Packet
R
S
-
A
C
K
Frame
Counter
MFI
VCG
Sequence
Indicator

SQ
Virtual
Concatenation
Information
LCAS
Error
Protectio
n
CRC
LCAS
Member
Status
MST
LCAS
Control
Commands

CTRL
LCAS
Source
Identifier

GID
LCAS
Resequence
Acknow-
ledgement
RS-Ack
LCAS Information
Information packets exchanged between the two
edge network elements to adjust the bandwidth.
Where are the VC bytes?
R
S
-
A
C
K
Carried in one bit in K4-Byte
32 frame Multi-Frame
High Order VC Low Order VC
Information in H4 Byte
16 frame Multi-Frame
F2
H4
F3
K3
B3
C2
G1
J1
N1
VC-3 / VC-4
out of
VC-3-Xv / VC-4-Xv
J2
N2
K4
V5
VC-2 / VC-1x
out of
VC-2-Xv / VC-1x-Xv
Challenges ahead...
How can path bandwidth be increased or decreased?
= Dynamic Bandwidth Provisioning
..bring an additional truck on the road..

VC-3 #1 VC-3 #2
VC-3 #?
VC-4 #1 VC-4 #3
FAILED
How can we ensure QoS for data services?
= VCG - Protection =one VC container fails - the whole Virtual
Concatenation Group (VCG) fails!

3.03 Link Capacity
Adjustment Scheme
(LCAS)
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Houston
Orlando
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Houston
Orlando
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Location A
Location B
Bandwidth Provisioning - today
50Mbit/s Ethernet Private Line (VC-3-1v/ STS-1-1v)
The customer now requires 100Mbit/s
But: Traffic will be interrupted to bring 100M into service!!
Operator manually sets up a 2
nd
path
using the network management system
100M = VC-3-2v / STS-1-2v
LCAS Overview
Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
Extension for
Virtual Conc.
= carried in
H4/K4 byte
Add/Remove
bandwidth
uninterrupted
End-to-end
Real-Time
Communication
Standardized ITU-T G.7042, referred by ANSI
Handshake
Protocol
between edge
NE
LCAS - Add Bandwidth hitless
Location A
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Houston
Orlando
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Los Angeles
Seattle
Dallas
Washington
Chicago
San Francisco
San Jose
Houston
Orlando
Atlanta
New York
Boston
Kansas City
Denver
Columbus
Operator manually provisions add. 50M path
Location B
Operator installs VC & LCAS edge equipment
LCAS protocol runs between the two edge NE!
NE negotiate - when the additional path gets valid
and into service!
NE
NE
LCAS Succeeds = A connection with 100M is in service!
VC & LCAS Control Packet
R
S
-
A
C
K
Frame
Counter
MFI
VCG
Sequence
Indicator

SQ
Virtual
Concatenation
Information
LCAS
Error
Protection
CRC
LCAS
Member
Status
MST
LCAS
Control
Commands

CTRL
LCAS
Source
Identifier

GID
LCAS
Resequence
Acknow-
ledgement
RS-Ack
LCAS Information
Information packets exchanged between the two
edge network elements to adjust the bandwidth.
The Details
R
S
-
A
C
K
Information
Direction
Source Sink
MFI
Multi-Frame Indicator is an counter
to distinguish several VCGs* from each other
necessary to compensate for Differential Delay
SQ
Sequence Indicator is an counter
to differentiate individual VC-n containers within a VCG*
to re-sequence VC-n containers at the termination point in case that
differential delay occured
CTRL
LCAS Control Words are
the actual commands which will show the status of containers from a
VCG* initiate bandwidth changes
FIXED - container in NON-LCAS mode
ADD - container which will be added to a VCG
REMOVE - container which will be removed from a VCG
NORM - container as part of an active VCG
EOS - last container of an active VCG
DNU - container with failures(do not use)
*VCG = Virtual Concatenated Group
The Details
R
S
-
A
C
K
Information
Direction
Source Sink
GID
Group Identification Bit is
an additional verification mechanism to secure that all
incoming VCG members belong to one group
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check is a
protection mechanism to detect bit errors in the Control Packet
MST
Member Status Field is
an mechanism, where the sink reports to the source which
VCG members are currently and correctly received
RS-Ack
Re-sequence acknowledgement is
an mechanism, where the sink reports to the source the
detection of any additions/removals to/from the VCG
*VCG = Virtual Concatenated Group
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
LCAS
BENEFITS
Flexible &
scalable
Offers variable VC
bandwidth in real-
time!
Cost Efficient
New NE necessary
only at the edge
=Transparent to
core network
Enables Value
added services
=Bandwidth on demand
=Soft Protection
=99.999% up-time
Restoration
Virtual Concatenation
link protection &
recovery
Challenges ahead
Rate adaptation between asynchronous clients
and synchronous transport network
Asynchronous
Rates
Synchronous
Rates
Efficient & suited mappings for all diverse data
clients!
...one mapping fits all...?!?
SONET/SDH
3.04 Generic Framing
Procedure (GFP)
GFP Overview
Generic
Frame
Procedure
Asynch.
clients over
synchronous
networks
Standardized
ITU-T G.7041
referred by
ANSI
Data En-
capsulation
for various
services
Rate
Adaptation
Mechanism
GFP - Layer Model
GFP - Client Specific Aspects
(payload dependent)
GFP - Common Aspects
(payload independent)
SONET/SDH
VC-n Path
OTN
ODUk Path
Others
Ethernet IP/PPP Fibre Channel Others Clients
GFP
Transport
GFP Frame
Payload
Area
8 bit
Core Header
GFP Payload Area transports
higher layer specific
information

O Length 4 to 65535 byte
Client Payload Field contains
Oclient frames (GFP-F) or
Oclient characters (GFP-T)
Client
Payload
Information
Payload Headers gives type
of client and supports client
specific management
procedures
O Includes CRC detection &
correction
O Length 4 to 64 byte
Payload
Headers
Core Header contains the
length of the payload area
O and start of frame info
O and CRC-16 error detection
& correction
O Length 4 byte
Optional Payload FCS
protects the client payload
information field
O CRC-32 Length 4 byte
Optional
Payload FCS
GFP gets scrambled before transmission!
GFP IDLE Frame:
= Rate Adaptation (stuffing)

GFP Management Frame:
= under study
GFP Operation Modes
GFP-T (Transparent Mapped):
= Client characters are directly mapped in GFP-T
frames e.g. Fibre Channel
= Fixed length GFP frames
= Minimal Latency
00
GFP-F (Framed Mapped):
= For packet oriented clients, e.g. Ethernet
= One Client Packet = packed in one GFP frame (1:1)
= Minimal overhead
GFP Operation Modes
GFP-T
1GigE
IDLE LE Eth Eth. Frame IDLE Ethernet Frame
GFP-F
Frame by Frame
GFP
Ethernet Frame
GFP GFP GFP
Eth
GFP GFP
Eth. Frame
Transparent
GFP
Transparent
GFP
Transparent
GFP GFP
GFP GFP Header or IDLE frames
Block by Block
fixed
variable
GFP
GFP-F Client vs. Transport Rate
Variable Client Rate
GFP-F
t
Mbit/s
F
I
F
O
IDLEs
GFP-F Mapper
+
M
a
p
p
e
r
Constant Transport Rate
t
Mbit/s
GFP-F IDLEs
Client
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
IP
PPP
GFP-T Client vs. Transport Rate
GFP-T Mapper
M
a
p
p
e
r
Decoder
/ Coder
100+x %
GFP-T
t
Mbit/s
Effective Payload
Constant Client Data Rate
100 %
Client IDLEs
Fibre Channel
ESCON
FICON
Gigabit Ethernet
10 GigE
Anything!
t
Mbit/s
GFP Overhead
Constant Transport Rate
Effective Payload
Client IDLEs
Ethernet to GFP-Framed
Up to 10M
Ethernet Stream
5M
7.5M
10M
t
1 2 3 4
2.5M
Pure Ethernet
GFP Packet
Payload
Core Header
Constant Stream
Result
GFP-F Packet GFP-IDLE Packet
00hex
00hex
00hex
00hex
Payload
cHEC
PLI
2
2
X
Scrambling!
GFP-Framed to VC
GFP-Framed
Packet Stream
5M
7.5M
10M
t
1 2 3 4
2.5M
GFP Stream
VC-12
#5
VC-12
#4
VC-12
#3
VC-12
#2
VC-12
#1
GFP Frames
in VC containers
Transport Thru the Network
Transport
Byte-Interleaving
Generic Frame Procedure
GFP
BENEFITS
Reliable
=Easy & stabile
algorithm
=Header Correction
New
Opportunities
Technological &
Economical
Expandable
with no need for
new transport
equipment
Compatible
works with basically
any higher layer
service and lower
layer network!
Simple multiservice adaptation and compatibility with existing
transport networks: robust and efficient packet transport.
Uniform, deterministic mapping of packet, storage, and future
services to global Sonet/SDH transport protocols: interoperable
ITU-T standard.
Efficient network resource utilization: low GFP overhead and
compatible with Sonet/SDH transmission network management
Data-Friendly: GFP-F frame mode can support a multiplexing
capability at the packet level, aggregating multiple client streams
into a single TDM channel.
Layer 2 independent: Supports RPR, other L2 protocols (Ethernet
MAC information is preserved end-to-end); supports native storage
protocols (Fibre Channel, etc.).
Converges next-generation services with existing infrastructure
investment: enables network consolidation and cost savings.
GFPs Case in the Carrier
Network
And what about LAPS?
Link
Access
Procedure
SDH
Competitive
standard for
GFP
Much more limited
capabilities
than GFP
Only for SDH,
Only for CC
Similar to PoS/
HDLC
Standardized ITU-T X.85 & X.86, Asian Initiated Standard.
New SDH - the evolution of SDH
Ethernet
Ficon
Escon
Fibre
Channel
SONET/
SDH
M
U
X
/
D
M
U
X

N
a
t
i
v
e


I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
s

?
GFP

Generic
Frame
Procedure
LCAS

Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
VC

Virtual
Concatination
Data Clients - Ethernet, Fibre Channel & others
GFP - frames the data & adapts the rates
VC - offers right sized pipes in fine granularity
LCAS - makes VC easy & flexible on demand
Result - the evolution:
= SONET/SDH is flexible & data aware!
3.05 Applications
Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth Call-by-Call
Transport Network
NG
NG
ISP
Customers LAN
Network Management
VC-12-3v
Customer
= rents a 6M Internet connection (VC-12-3v)
= calls to get additional 2M!
Operator
= will provision additional VC-12 path
= ..and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS!
+VC-12
LCAS
Bandwidth on demand
Bandwidth on Schedule
Transport Network
NG
NG
Location A Location B
100M
Offer a fixed bandwidth schedule:
24/7 - Virtual Local Area Network service at 100M Ethernet
Every night for one hour - additional 900M ESCON service for
data backup

= New revenue opportunities at low traffic hours!
100M
900M
900M
100M
900M
Bandwidth on demand
Ethernet Traffic
1
st
VC-12
2
nd
VC-12
3
rd
VC-12
t
1 2 3 4
Variable
VCG capacity
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation - pay as you grow!
Automatic Bandwidth Allocation:
Automatically, pre-provisioned VC capacity will be activated
No paid, but unused link capacity for the customer
Customized SLA possible!
= Optimal bandwidth for the customer for min. $$
= New revenues with pay per use & over-subscription!
3.06 Standards
References

ITU-T
G.707/Y.1322 Network Node Interface for SDH (10/2000)
G.709 Network Node Interface for Optical Transport
Networks
G.7041/Y.1303 Generic Frame Procedure (12/2001)
G.7042/Y.1305 LCAS for Virtually Concatenated Signals
(11/2001)
X.85 IP over SDH using LAPS
X.86 Ethernet over LAPS
ANSI
T1.105 Synchronous Optical Network
Virtual Conc.
LCAS (also refers to ITU-T G.7042)
GFP refers to ITU-T G.7041
IEEE
Ethernet: 802.3
3.07 Abbreviations
Abbreviations
CC: Continguous Concatenation
cHEC: Core Header Error Check
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
EOF: End of Frame
EoS: Ethernet over SONET
ESCON: Enterprise Systems
Connection
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
FD: Full Duplex
FICON: Fibre Connection
GFP: Generic Frame Procedure
GFP-F: Frame mapped GFP
GFP-T: Transparent GFP
GMPLS: Generalized Mulitprotocol
Label Switching
IP: Internet Protocol
LAN: Local Area Network
LAPS: Link Access Procedure SDH
LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment
Scheme
MAC: Media Access Control

MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
MFI: Multi Frame Indicator
MSOH: Multiplexer Section Overhead
NE: Network Element
OTN: Optical transport Network
OSI: Open System Interconnect
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
PLI: PDU Length Indicator
PoS: Packet over Sonet
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
RSOH: Repeater Section Overhead
SAN: Storage Area Networks
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierachy
TCP: Transport Control Protocol
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
VC: Virtual Concatenation
VC-xc: Virtual Container
VCG: Virtual Container Group
WAN: Wide Area Network
Chapter-4
SDH Products
4.01 ECI equipment
4.02 m XDM features
4.03 Card Descriptions
4.04 XDM Highlights & interfaces
4.05 XDM 100 Applications
4.06 XDM 100 Architecture
4.07 Protection Mechanism
4.08 XDM1000 Shelf veiw
4.09 XDM -2000
SDH Products

4.10 XDM-500
4.11 XDM-400
4.12 Ethernet solution
Alcatel Products
4.21 Alcatel products
4.22 1642 Edge Multiplexer
4.23 1642 Traffic port sub system
4.24 1642 Add drop feature
4.25 Main product feature
SDH Products
4.26 1662 SMC P roduct
4.27 Traffic port subsystem & Applications
4.28 1660 SM Product features
4.29 1696 Metro Span Applications
4.30 1696 OADM Features & Applications
4.31 Optical Amplifier
4.32 Optical layer protection
4.33 TMN Architecture
SDH Products
ECI XDM 2000
ECI XDM 1000
ECI XDM 500
ECI XDM 400
ECI XDM 100
Micro XDM
Micro LAN

4.01 ECI Equipment
2 The m-SDM-1 is the standard multiplier. It supports up to 21
E1 tributaries

1 The m-SDM-1RD is the reduced version of the product. It supports
up to eight E1 tributaries and is non-expandable

3 The m-SDM-1E module is up gradable from 21 E1 to 63 E1
tributary interfaces via Tributary Expansion (TEX) cards. Adding a TEX card
causes no interruption to live network traffic and can be performed
at any time.

4 Channel 22 is used for DCC Cross connect and also used for
Traffic

5 STM 1 interface modules
a.Optical short-haul 1310nm (35km)
b.Optical long haul 1550 nm (100km)
c.Electrical

.
4.02 mSDM-1
m-SDM-1 Main Features
1. Automatic path protection switching

2. Automatic performance monitoring

3. NVM (Non Volatile -Memory) card for
software and configuration back up

4. Dual input power

5. Variety of timing sources

6. Alarm in/out connectors
4.03 Card Descriptions
MAC Main Card

CDB Control Daughter Board

TEX Tributary Extension card
Main Card (MAC)
Houses two O/E modules
Which provide the SDH line interface

Houses the timing module unit (TMU)

Houses 21x2Mbps electrical modules,
which provide PDH tributary lines.
Control Daughter Board (CDB)
Control the system and communicates
with the E-NM

Houses the NVM (Non Volatile
Memory) module

Houses the power supply

Houses the LEDs for displaying local
alarms
Tributary Extension (TEX) Card
Optical card

Provides additional Tributaries

Provides physical PDH interfaces
for 2/34/45 Mbps

Power (2sources)
Alarm In/out
Debug port
RJ-45
Ethernet connector
Alarm indicators
NVM
Aggregate
connections
CLK In/out
21x2Mbps
tributaries
Tributary Extension (TEX) Card
XDM Capabilities
Configurable system
TM-Terminal Multiplexer
DXC
DWDM (XDM 200/400/500/1000/2000)
ADM
Common Cards Description
XDM Multiplexer Control Processor (XMCP)
Main Equipment Control Panel (MECP)

High / Low Level Cross Connect (HLXC)

XDM input Filter Unit (XINF)

XDM Fan Control Unit (XFCU)

I/O Cards.

X-INF
Modules cage
X-FCU
HLXC-R
HLXC-L
XMPC
MEPC
ECB
Example: XDM-1000
TEST LAB 212
Light soft connectivity
XDM
500
EMS-1
For XDM
XDM
1000
Other
Vendor
EMS
SYMCOM
Micro
LAN
Micro
XDM
NMS-SERVER
Blade 2000-SUN
Client
MTNM
Low cost miniature MSPP that combines Ethernet flexibility
with SDH/SONET reliability
Single access platform for all service types (reduced
network cost)
One edge node suits all types of applications
Single management system for all services
Cost-effective network infrastructure
Flexible and scalable platform that enables a Build- as-
You-Grow approach in the Access arena
Future ready
MSPP in the Access Added Values
Miniature Multi-propose SDH network element
Non-blocking 128 STM-1/OC-3 streams
High/Low order granularity matrix with an overall
capacity of 20 Gbps
Supports ring, chain, mesh network topologies
Supports SDH and SONET
CWDM colored interfaces ( optional )
Belongs to the XDM family
4.04 The XDM-100 Highlights
E1 (up to 168 per shelf per 21 E1s card)
Up to 252 per shelf per 63 E1s card (roadmap)
E3, DS-3 (up to 24 per shelf and 3 per module)
10/100BaseT (16 per shelf and 8 per module )
100FX (8 per shelf and 4 per module )
GbE (4 per shelf and 2 per module )
Electrical and optical STM-1/OC-3 (up to 48 per shelf and 4 per module)
STM-4/OC-12 (up to 8 per shelf and 2 per module)
STM-16/OC-48 (up to 4 per shelf and 1 per module)
CWDM colored transceivers (optional)

The XDM-100 Interfaces
Ethernet layer 2 services platform via special Ethernet module
Multipoint-to-multipoint transparent LAN services
Shared capacity used for multiple users, ensuring cost-effective
statistical multiplexing.
QoS guarantees
Ethernet Layer 2 Services by XDM-
100
Provides Ethernet with carrier-class reliability
Wide variety of protection schemes
Carrier-class operation and management
Comprehensive service measurement ensures customer SLA
Framework for various service offerings
Ethernet traffic is carried over existing SDH/SONET
infrastructure exploiting resources, footprint and operational
efforts.
Ethernet by XDM-100 Advantages
4.05
The XDM-100 Applications
Metro access transmission sub-network
TM-1/4/16, dual homing, Multi terminal 1/4/16,
expansion shelf for XDM-1000 & XDM-2000
Redundant or Non-redundant ADM1/4/16 (OC-3/12/48)
Consolidation of multiple services
Provides more efficient scaling in the Metro Access
Metro
Core
GbE
FE
TDM
Metro
Access
TDM
FE
TDM
TDM
Metro
Access
GbE
TDM
FE
TDM
FE
XDM-100 in the Metro Access
Local Access sub-network
Redundant ADM1/4/16 (OC-3/12/48)
Multi-ADM-1/4
Multi-service Aggregation
Provides more efficient scaling and service collection
for private networks of corporate / enterprises

Local
Access GbE
TDM
FE
TDM
XDM-100 Network Termination
RNC/ Hub BTS / Node B
ADM-1/4/16
Multi-ADM-1
Small Size
Outdoor installation
Cellular Networks
XDM-100 in the Cellular RAN
XDM-100
XDM-400
XDM-500
BTS
BTS
BTS
N x E1s
N x E1s
STM-1
STM-1
Multiple STM-1 Links
or STM-4
uSDM-1
4.06
The XDM-100 Architecture
FCU100
Fan Control Unit
ECU
External Control Unit
MXC-B
I/O Modules:
PIM, SIM, EISM
SDH/SONET
Aggregate
modules
(SAM)
The XDM-100 Layout
MXC-
A
Multiplex
er
Cross
Connect
&
Control
1. Simple, add or replace plug-in modules. This can be performed
while the system is in operation, without affecting traffic in any
way.
2 Optimization of aggregate module assignment. Two aggregate
modules are associated with each Main Cross-connect Control
(MXC) card. Each module supports a bandwidth of up to 2.5
Gbps.
3 Optimization of tributary I/O slot assignment. Eight slots can
accommodate different I/O modules (PIM, SIM and EIS-M).
4 In-service scalability of SDH links.An optical connection operating
at a specific STM rate can be upgraded from STM-1 to STM-4or
STM-16.
5 XDM-100supports mesh,ring,star,and linear topologies.All system
configurations are controlled by a single network management
system with end-to-end service provisioning, from E1 to STM-16
to DS-3.
XDM-100
7.Aggregates traffic arriving over Ethernet, E1, E3, DS-3 and STM-1/4 signals
directly over STM-1/4/16

8. Can be configured as a Terminal Multiplier (TM) with a single port for the
line aggregates, as an ADM with two aggregate ports
9. Is suitable for indoor or outdoor installations

10. Supports an extended operating temperature range up to 55 C
6 The XDM-100 can be configured to operate as: Single ADM/TM
Multi-ADM/TM

XDM-100

The XDM-100 Main Cross-Connect and Control (MXC) card performs all
the
XDM-100 cross-connect, timing, multiplexing and power functions,
including:
1 Multiplexer control and traffic processing. The processor controls all
multiplexer functions.
2 Input power filtering (INF) and DC/DC conversion. Each card
accepts two
power input sources,
3 SDH traffic cross-connection (via an 192x192 STM-1 switch). The
switch
switches aggregate and tributary interface traffic. The actual used
capacity is
128 x 128 STM-1 equivalents.

MXC Functionality
4 Multiplexer timing unit. A full featured XDM TMU.
5 DCC routing and handling of 32 DCC channels.
6 Each MXC card also has a nonvolatile flash memory (NVM).
For reliability purposes, a redundant pair of main cross-connect
control cards
(MXC-A and MXC-B) may be configured, with A being the active
card and B the protection card.
MXC Functionality
PIM (PDH Input/Output) Modules
The function of the PIM module is to link PDH interface signals to the
XDM-100's cross-connect matrix (MXC).
The XDM-100 supports PIM modules for different bitrates: 2 Mbps (E1),
and 34 Mbps (E3), 45 Mbps (DS-3) .


SIM (SDH Input/Output) and SAM (SDH
Aggregate) Modules
SIM Modules
The XDM-100 supports the following SDH tributary interfaces:
. 4 x STM-1 electrical interfaces
. 4 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces
. 2 x STM-1 electrical and 2 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces
. 2 x STM-4 optical modular interfaces
SDH aggregate for bitrates from STM-1 up to STM-16. The following
types of SAM modules are supported:
. 4 x STM-1 electrical interfaces
. 4 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces
. 2 x STM-1 electrical and 2 x STM-1 optical modular interfaces
. 2 x STM-4 optical modular interfaces
. 1 x STM-16 optical, modular interface
SAM Modules
XDM-100 enables flexible assignment of the above I/Os. Any combination
of
I/O cards is allowed, provided the total matrix capacity is not exceeded.
Shelf interfaces capacity
SAM Modules
The XDM-100 Schematic View
IM1 IM2 IM3 IM4
IM5 IM6 IM7 IM8
MXC - A
MXC - B
ECU
Display
A1
B1
A2
B2
FCU
100
2x48Vin
2x48Vin
I/O Modules:
PIM, SIM, EISM
SAM SAM
SAM SAM
SAM = SDH Aggregate Module
SAM1_4E 4 x STM-1 E
SAM1_4O 4 x STM-1 O
SAM1_4O/E 2 x STM-1O + 2 x STM-1E
SAM 4_2 2 x STM-4
SAM16_1 1 x STM-16
IM = Interface Module
PIM2_21 21x unframed E1
PIM2_63 63x unframed E1
(double slot) - roadmap
PIM345-3 3 x E3/DS3/STS-1
SIM1_4/E 4 x STM-1 E
SIM1_4/O 4 x STM-1 O
EIS-M = 6 x 10/100BaseT + 2 x 10/100/1000M



I1 I2 I3 I4
I5 I6 I7 I8
MXC - A
MXC - B
ECU
Display
A1
B1
A2
B2
FCU
100
2x48Vin
2x48Vin
TPU
TCF TPM1 TPM2 TPM3 TPM4
I/O Modules:
PIM, SIM, EISM
The XDM-100 + TPU
TPU = Tributary Protection Unit (TPU)
1:1 and 1:3 I/O protection schemes for 2/34/45Mbps
and STM-1/OC-3 electrical I/O

1+1 matrix protection

Common control redundancy

Timing unit redundancy

Power supply redundancy

4.07 Equipment Protection and
Redundancy
The XDM-100 offers:
1+1 Path Protection / UPSR, BPSR
SNCP
MSP Linear / APS 1+1
MS-SPRing / BLSR
Traffic Protection Mechanisms
The XDM-100 offers:
10/100 Ethernet for management
Serial port for local manager (RS-232)
External timing (T3/T4)
External Alarms port
Orderwire
OHA (future)
USB for management or DB backup ( Future
Option )
XDM-100 Control Interfaces
Fully Protected Aggregator of
traffic from BTS or Node Bs

Small Size Non-Blocking
grooming & consolidation

Anywhere installation

Supporting Ethernet L2
services for Wireless LAN
The XDM-100 in the RAN
XDM-100
XDM-500
BTS
BTS
BTS
N x E1s
N x E1s
STM-1
STM-1
Multiple STM-1 Links
or STM-4
uSDM-1
XDM-500
4.08 XDM 1000 Shelf view
XDM1000
Extended Shelf
11 CCP slots for
electrical I/Os or
optical modules
12 x I/O slots for
PDH, SDH, DATA
or DWDM cards
2 slots for
xMCP control
cards


2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM
modules
2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM
modules
M
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M
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2
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3
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6
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7
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2
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4
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2
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O
1
1
I
O
1
0
I
O
9
XDM-1000 SHELF DIAGRAM
Capacity
Bitrate Port per card
XDM-1000 12 I/O
slots 11Modules
2Mbps 84 924
34Mbps 8/16 88/176
45Mbps 8/16 88E/176E/172O
STM-1 8/16 88E/176E/192O
STM-4 4 48
STM-16 1/2 12/24
STM-64 1 6
4.09 XDM 2000 Shelf view
XDM2000
Optical Shelf
2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM
modules
2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM
modules
2 slots for
xMCP control
cards
12 x I/O slots
for SDH, DATA
or DWDM cards
4.10 XDM 500 Shelf view
XDM500
Regular Shelf
2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM modules
2 slots for XC
matrices or
DWDM modules
2 slots for
xMCP control
cards


4 CCP slots for
electrical I/Os or
optical modules
6 x I/O slots for
PDH, SDH,
DATA or DWDM
cards
H
L
X
C
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R
H
L
X
C
-
L
M
E
C
P
X
M
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P
X
M
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P
1 2 3
M
O
1
5 6
M
O
2
M
O
3
M
O
4
4
XDM-500 SHELF DIAGRAM
Bitrate Port per card
XDM-500 6- I/O
slots 4-Modules
2Mbps 84 336
34Mbps 8/16 32/64
45Mbps 8/16 32E/64E/96O
STM-1 8/16 32E/64E/96O
STM-4 4 24
STM-16 1/2 6/12
STM-64 1 2
XDM-500 SHELF
XDM -PROTECTION
Path Protection
Sub Network Connection Protection :SNCP
Multiplexer Section protection
a. MSP-Liner
b. MS-Shared protection ring
XDM Hardware Protection
1 + 1 for HLXC
1:1 for xMCP
1:n for electrical I/Os (Slot 6 for E3,DS3 )
1:1 for Sync unit
1+1 for Sync I/p and o/p
1+1 for power supply
2+1 units for xFCU
XMPC :Card Features
XDM Main Control Processor

The card is main controller of the XDM

Double microprocessor

XRAM Daughter board and Flash memory card

Includes Real Time Clock for the NE
MECP-Main Equipment Control Panel
Provides fast-Ethernet HUB for management

Includes alarm indicators on the front panel

Controls XRAM indications and the I/O alarms
MEPC LEDs
Item Designation Status Function
LED CRITICAL RED Critical alarm indication
LED MAJOR ORANGE Major alarm indication
LED MINOR YELLOW Minor alarm indication
LED WARNING WHITE Warning alarm indication
HLXC Card :Main Features
High order and low order cross-connect L-Left ,R-Right

The HLXC is the cross-connect card of the XDM

Supports 192/384 STM1s traffic cross connections

Supports SONET

Houses the Timing Unit (TMU)


XDM Timing Unit :TMU
Part of the HLXC
1:1 Hot standby protection
Up to four of the following timing references can
Be monitored simultaneously by each XDM.

2MHz external timing sources (T3)
2Mbps external timing sources (T3)
STM-n Line timing from any SDH interface card
PDH line timing
Local internal CLK

XDM Fan Control Unit (XFCU)
XDM contains 3 XFCU units

Each XFCU is equipped with 2 independent
Power fans

Provides maximum airflow

Provides full equipment redundancy
XDM Input Filter Unit (XINF)
Provides filtering and environmental noise
suppression
Connects the two power lines into a single output

Provides indication of voltage source presence

Provides line power transmit protection against
voltage spikes

Holds-up line voltage to bridge short interrupts of the
voltage source

Provides over and under voltage protection.
External Connection Board :ECB


SLIP interface for management

Debug connector

Orderwire interface

T3/T4 Interfaces
IN
16
IN
15
IN
14
IN
13
IN
12
IN
11
IN
10
IN
9
O
U
T16
O
U
T15
O
U
T14
O
U
T13
O
U
T12
O
U
T11
O
U
T10
O
U
T9
IN
8
IN
7
IN
6
IN
5
IN
4
IN
3
IN
2
IN
1
O
U
T8
O
U
T7
O
U
T6
O
U
T5
O
U
T4
O
U
T3
O
U
T2
O
U
T1
4.11 XDM 400 Shelf view
XDM400
Low cost
Compact Shelf
2 slots for
XC matrice
2 slots for
xMCP control
cards
2 CCP slots for
electrical I/Os
or amplifiers
5 x I/O slots for PDH, SDH,
DATA cards or amplifiers
Concatenated STM-4c/16c/64c or OC-12c/48c/192c for IP
and ATM
DIO Data I/O card - GbE layer 1 and GbE over optics
EIS: XDM FE and GBE layer 1 & 2 card
ASM ATM Service Matrix
Lan/ : Fast Ethernet layer 2 and E1 access
4.12 ECIs Ethernet Solutions
Most Legacy Networks do not support concatenated signals !
X
X
The solution - Virtual Concatenation !
But what about the legacy networks ?
The solution - Virtual Concatenation !
The solution - Virtual Concatenation !
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 4 3 2 1
Towards the clients Contiguous Concatenation
Towards the Network regular VC4s
But what about the legacy networks ?
BroadGate mLAN
2xFE or
6xFE I/Fs
16xE1 or
21xE1 I/Fs
Next Generation ADM-1
with FE L1/2 services
2xSTM-1o
4.21 ALCATEL - Products
STM-1/4/16, Eth, GbE, PR
STM-16 to 64, Eth, GbE, Packet Ring
Alcatel Optical Multi-Service
Nodes
Compact Metro Edge
Metro Edge/Core
Alcatel 1660 SM
STM-1, Eth
Low End CPE
Alcatel 1662 SMC
OMSN family concept
Very compact, high density hardware
Minimization and reuse of commercial items
Synergy in spares, repairs, training
Symmetric architecture => Flexibility in all topologies
All the STM-n ports are functionally equivalent (no more aggregate and
tributary)
Termination of multiple SNCP rings or MS-SPRings (Stacked Ring
Configuration)
Full cross-connect capability in all configurations
High availability
Protection mechanisms (equipment protection, MSP, SNCP, MS-SPRing)
Optical features (DWDM interworking, Intra office to Very
Long haul applications)
Common Network Management platform (for different
technologies)
Multi-Service concept in OMSN: ISA

Integrated data-aware features: ATM, Ethernet, GigE, Packet Ring,
IP/MPLS transport and aggregation functions on proper data layer
Multi-Service SDH as confluent platform
Optimal resource utilisation
Single network infrastructure for aggregation and transport of voice and
data
reduces CAPEX and OPEX
Incremental introduction of new competitive services by adding
modules when and where needed
scalable, fast provisionable
Carrier Grade solution: protects high revenues on traditional services,
maximizes revenues on new services
ISA-ATM Gb switch
ISA-Eth 10/100 rate-adaptive transport
ISA-GbE 1000 rate-adaptive transport
ISA-PR Packet Ring
ISA-PR_EA Packet Ring Edge Aggregator
4.22 1642 Edge Multipexer
The Equipment consists of the following sub systems.
1.SDH VCi cross connection Matrix,
2.Clock Reference
3.Equipment Control,
4. 2 x STM-1 Interfaces
5.Traffic port subsystem
6.Auxiliary and Overhead sub system
7.Power sub system

1642 Edge Multiplexer Sub system
The 1642 Edge Multiplexer SDH cross-connect is built upon a non-blocking matrix that
can interconnect VC3s and VC12s between any SDH and PDH ports accessing the
system.
Several types of connections may be established, such as:
unidirectional point-to-point
bi-directional point-to-point
unidirectional point-to-multipoint
SNCP Drop & Continue
The capacity of the matrix is up to 6x6 STM-1 equivalent ports at the Low Order VC
level
(378 X 378 VC12s).

SDH Cross-Connect Subsystem
The synchronization subsystem provides the timing reference required by all
components in the network element and represents the SDH Equipment
Clock (SEC). The subsystem performs the functionality identified by the ITU-
T recommendation G.783 as SDH Equipment Timing Source (SETS). The
SETS function is realized by the SDH Matrix unit. A functional view of the
SETS function in 1642 Edge Multiplexer is given
Clock reference
The control subsystem realizes the Synchronous Equipment Management
Function (SEMF) defined by ITU-T Recommendation G.783. It communicates
with external management systems through a standard QB3 CMIP interface.

The management information model is compliant to the ITU-T G.774 series of
recommendations.Communication with the local craft terminal is also based
on the same interface.

The control subsystem is responsible for applying the configuration
requested by the element manager or craft terminal and to report the status of
the equipment as well as alarm and performance information. It is also
responsible to drive automatic protection switching. 1642 Edge Multiplexer
has a Centralized control architecture, built upon a two-level model:

Equipment Controller (EC) for DCC networking, CT/OS interface and data-
base management
Shelf Controller (SC) for provisioning, alarm detection, performance
monitoring.

Control subsystem
4.23 Traffic port Subsystem
SDH and PDH traffic ports are available through the
following units:
8x2Mbit/s Retiming unit (Coaxial Interface)
8x2Mbit/s unit (2mm Interface)
28x2Mbit/s unit (2mm Interface)
1x34Mbit/s unit
1x45Mbit/s unit
1xSTM-1 optical unit
6xE/FE unit

INTERFACES
Network interfaces: STM1
6x6 STM-1 equivalent full non-blocking
SDH matrix (LO) in all configurations
Traffic interfaces
2Mbit/s (112 max)
34M (4 max)
45Mbit/s (4 max)
155Mbit/s (6 max)
10/100M Ethernet (24 max)
Alcatel 1642 Edge Multiplexer: Multi-service CPE solution
2 Mbit/s
34/45 Mbit/s
10/100 Ethernet
155 Mbit/s
Metro CPE
Metro access network
STM-1
Alcatel 1642 Edge Multiplexer

Advantages
Full-ADM capabilities at end-customer premises:
It can be used to deliver 2Mb/s and Ethernet/Fast Ethernet leased
lines as well as higher-end services such as 34Mb/s, 45Mb/s, STM-1.

ADM-1 card supports 2 x STM-1interfaces,
SDH matrix,
clock reference and equipment control
functions.
4 slots dedicated to traffic ports, for 2Mb/s
services


The system can be configured for example as STM-1Terminal Multiplexer
with 8x2Mb/s plus 6 x Ethernet/Fast Ethernet for office interconnect
services or as STM-1 ADM with 112x2Mb/s.

The 1642 Edge Multiplexer can be used for transmission over G.652,
G.653 and G.654 fibers. The
main applications can be identified in the following areas:
Delivery of SDH/Ethernet services to customer premises
Local and metropolitan rings
point to point links with intermediate drop/insert and/or regeneration
stations;
Alcatel 1642 Edge Multiplexer
Applications
4.24 Alcatel 1642 Edge Multiplexer
Add Drop Features
The ADM-4 and ADM-16 units provide the following functionality:
2xSTM-1 optical/electrical or 2xSTM-4 or 1xSTM-1 + 1xSTM-4 or 1xSTM-
16 (SFP)
Matrix Function (32x32 for Compact ADM-4 at Low Order and High
Order level or 64x64 STM-1 for Compact ``ADM-16 at Low Order
VC level)
CRU Function
Equipment Controller Function
All electrical traffic ports can be optionally protected in N+1
configuration.


ISA
Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
Network protection
SNCP at all VC layers
Dual Hubbing or Ring configurations
Management:
Local/Remote craft terminal
OS through DCN or LAN interface
Powering from AC mains through
external AC/DC converter and battery backup
Slim mechanics for customer premises
(desktop/wall-mount)
4.25 Alcatel 1642 EM - Main product
Features
1642 EM: Mechanical Architecture




FAN


Tributary slot



Tributary slot


PS Tributary slot



Tributary slot


CMCB board

Interfaces:
2x STM-1
One 2M clock input/output
Q3 Ethernet, F,
Housekeep,Orderwire, Auxiliary
Each slot can contain
1 STM-1 board
8 E1 board
28x E1 board
1 E3/DS3 board
6 E/FE board
-48V DC power interface board
or
220V AC power interface board
1642 Edge Multiplexer Mechanical Layout
The equipment consists of the following subsystems:

SDH VCx Cross-Connect subsystem
Clock Reference subsystem
Equipment Control subsystem
Compact ADM interfaces
Protection of central functions
Traffic port subsystem
Integrated ATM switch/Ethernet subsystem
Auxiliary and overhead subsystem
Power subsystem


4.26 Alcatel 1662 SMC
The Alcatel 1662 SMC operating at 155 (STM-1), 622 (STM-4) and 2488 (STM-
16) MBit/s bit rate.
It can be configured as Multi Line Terminal Multiplexer, as an Add/Drop
Multiplexer or as small cross-connect for applications in linear links, rings, and
meshed networks.

The traffic ports can be 2Mb/s, 34Mb/s, 45Mb/s, 140Mb/s, STM-1 electrical and
STM-1 / STM-4 / STM-16 optical.

A non-blocking matrix function allows full access to 64xSTM-1 equivalent
payloads at the Low Order VC level.







Alcatel 1662 SMC
The plug-in cards can be of the following types:
63x2Mbit/s unit
3x34/45Mbit/s switchable unit
4x140Mbit/s-STM-1 switchable electrical unit
4xSTM-1 electrical unit
4xSTM-1 electrical/optical unit 1
1xSTM-4 optical unit
1xSTM-16 optical unit
ISA-ATM switch unit (4x4 VC-4 or 8x8 VC-4 unit)
ISA-Ethernet rate adaptive unit
ISA-Gigabit Ethernet rate adaptive unit
Packet Ring Edge Aggregator 4xE/FE
Packet Ring Edge Aggregator 1xGbE
2xSTM-1 or STM-4 optical + central functions unit (named Compact ADM-4
unit)
1xSTM-16 optical SFP + central functions unit(named Compact ADM-16 unit)
Alcatel 1662 SMC Plug in Cards
The equipment consists of the following subsystems:

SDH VCx Cross-Connect subsystem
Clock Reference subsystem
Equipment Control subsystem
Compact ADM interfaces
Protection of central functions
Traffic port subsystem
Integrated ATM switch/Ethernet subsystem
Auxiliary and overhead subsystem
Power subsystem


Alcatel 1662 SMC
Alcatel 1662 SMC SDH cross-connect is built upon a non blocking
matrix that can interconnect AU4s, TU3s and TU12s between any
SDH and PDH ports accessing the system. Several types of
connections may be established, such as:

Unidirectional point-to-point
Bi-directional point-to-point
Unidirectional point-to-multipoint
SNCP Drop & Continue
MS-SPRing Drop & Continue

The capacity of the matrix is up to 96x96 STM-1 equivalent ports at
the High Order VC level and up to
64x64 STM-1 equivalent at the Low Order VC level (4032VC12s).

Alcatel 1662 SMC Cross-Connect Subsystem
4.27 Traffic Port Subsystem
21 x 2Mb/s unit

Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 21x2Mb/s units and 8 21x2Mb/s
access modules in the shelf.
Possible configurations:
Unprotected 8+0
2 x (N+1,N<=3) EPS protection

63 x 2Mb/s unit

Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 63x2Mb/s units and 8 21x2Mb/s or
63x2Mb/s access modules in the shelf.
Possible configurations:
Unprotected 8+0
2 x (N+1,N<=3) EPS protection


Traffic Port Subsystem
3 x 34Mb/s / 45Mb/s unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 3x34M/45M units and 8 3x34Mb/s
or 3x45Mb/s access modules.
Possible configurations:
Unprotected 8+0
7+1 EPS protection
4 x (1+1) EPS protection
M x (N+1) EPS protection

4 x 140Mb/s / STM-1 unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 4x140/155Mb/s units and 8
4x140/155Mb/s access modules.

4 x STM-1 electrical / optical unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 4xSTM-1 units.

1 x STM-4 optical unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 1xSTM-4 units.




4 x STM-1 electrical unit
Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 8 4xSTM-1e units and 8 4x155Mb/s
electrical access modules.
Possible configurations:
Unprotected 8+0
7+1 EPS protection
4 x (1+1) EPS protection
M x (N+1) EPS protection
1 x STM-16 optical unit

Alcatel 1662 SMC can house up to 4 1xSTM-16 units.

Traffic Port Subsystem

Clock Reference Subsystem
The synchronization subsystem provides the timing reference required by all
components in the network element.The subsystem performs the
functionality by SDH Equipment Timing Source (SETS). The SETS function
is realised by the SDH Matrix function. The SETS accepts synchronization
inputs from a number of sources:
STM-n lines
2Mb/s traffic ports
1x2MHz / 2Mb/s external input
Internal oscillator
The SETS function produces two outputs. The NE clock reference is used as
internal timing source and to time the outgoing SDH STM-n signals. One
external 2MHz or 2Mb/s output is generated as a possible source for external
devices. Up to 6 candidate references may be selected among all STM-n and
2Mb/s traffic ports in the system. One 2MHz or 2Mb/s external input and one
output are available.When configured as 2Mb/s, the external I/Os can carry
the SSM timing marker information.

1662 SMC: Physical View
CONGI
63xE1
access
120 Ohm
HM
21xE1
access 75
Ohm
1.0/2.3
Compact
ADM 1/4
or 16
2Mbit/s
boards
STM-
1/4/16
plug ins
HS or LS
PROT
card
Alcatel 1662 SMC :Optical Metro Access
Network interfaces:
STM1/4/16
Coloured STM-16
Integrated boosters (from 10 up to 17 dBm)
96x96 STM-1 (HO) and 64x64 STM-1 (LO) equivalent full
non-blocking SDH matrix
ATM and Ethernet(PR/MPLS) Switches
Traffic interfaces
STM-1/4 and 16
2Mbit/s, 34Mbit/s, 45Mbit/s and 140Mbit/s
GbE
E/FE
Applications
1662 SMC: Main Features
Network:
SNCP
2f-MS spring on STM-16 (up to 2 rings terminated in the same node)
D&C functionality
MSP 1+1 STM-1/STM-4
MSP 1:N on STM-1/STM-4 (max N=7)
AU4-4c and AU4-16c cross-connection
QoS:
Performance monitoring according to G.784, G.826, G.821
POM (LO/HO), TCM
ATM switching modules
application
1662SMC with ISA ATM Architecture
1662 SMC: Mechanical Architecture
21
FAN
P
O
R
T

#
1
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6
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8

Free for air circulation
Free for cable/fiber handling
347mm
Depth = 259mm (standard for port)
Depth = 120mm (standard for access)
a
i
r

f
l
o
w


<12U
1662 SMC: Compact STM-16 Access Aggregation
STM16 ring
Up to 504 E1 in one shelf
For massive voice service penetration
areas
STM1/4 ring
STM1/4 ring STM1/4 ring
HUB node
Compact ADM solutions
Alcatel 1660 SM
STM-1/4/16 Multi-Service Metro Node
96 VC-4 HO, 64 VC-4 LO SDH fabric
ATM switch Packet Ring/MPLS
4 x STM-16, 16 x STM-4, 64 x STM-1
378 x 2Mbit/s in a single shelf (up to 1512 2Mbit/s in a 600mm
deep rack)
Ethernet, GbE rate-adaptive
4/3/1 DXC
STM-1
STM-4
2 Mbit/s
34/45 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
10/100 Ethernet
STM-16
Metro Edge
GigE
4.28 Alcatel 1660 SM - Product
Features
ISA:
1.2Gb/s ATM cell switch, Ethernet, GbE, Packet Ring/MPLS
AU4-4c and AU4-16c concatenation
Full EPS protection on traffic ports and centralized units
Network protections:
MSP on STM-n ports, SNCP at all VC layers
2fibers MS-SPRing at STM-16 in one shelf
D&C functionality
Full Performance Monitoring support
Coloured 2.5G to DWDM and integrated optical amplifier
4 x Any
GE, ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel etc.
Integrated CWDM
Upgradeable to 10 Gbit/s
E
Q
U
I
C
O

M
A
T
R
I
X

A

M
A
T
R
I
X

B

C
O
N
G
I

A

C
O
N
G
I

B

S
E
R
V
I
C
E

CONGI A: Remote alarms, Station
alarms, Housekeeping, QB3
(10base2 and 10baseT),
Q2/RQ2, Power A
CONGI B: Remote alarms,
Housekeeping, Power B
SERVICE: AUX and Synch interfaces
MATRIX : 96x96 STM-1 Matrix & CRU
EQUICO : Equipment Controller
Traffic units except STM-16
ATM Matrix
LAN interfaces
19
6
5
0

Traffic units except 2Mbit/s
ATM Matrix
LAN interfaces
Electrical access modules
2xSTM-1 Optical Access Module
Electrical protection for High Speed
interfaces
STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-16
Alcatel 1660 SM: Layout
1660SM Rel 4 Rel 5
Reuse of current back panel @ 2.5Gb/s
Extended matrix both on HO and LO
HO 384x384 VC4 eq.
LO 256x256 VC4 eq.
New line ports at 10Gb/s
improve single slot bandwidth (4x)
Guarantee backward compatibility with existing HW
Direct Evolution of an established product
(1660SM @2.5G):
Alcatel 1660 SM: Applications
1660 SM
1660 SM
1660 SM
1660 SM
1660 SM
Eth GE
Eth
ESCON
G
E
G
E
STM-n
STM-n
E1
STM-1
FC
DSLA
M
Node-B
Exchange/GW
RN
C
CWDM 2.5G
STM-4/16
STM-16
SA
N
BRAS
STM-4
Broadband PoP
Enterpris
e Branch
Enterprise HQ
SP Central Office
ASP/ISP
FC
GE
1660 SM
GE
The 1696 Metro Span provides managed and protected
channels for transport services such
Synchronous Transmission Services (SDH/SONET):
STM-1/OC-3, STM-4/OC-12, STM-16/OC-48, STM-64/OC-
192

Switched Data Services
ATM 155, 622 and 2488 Mb/s

Data Centre Services:
ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel (FC, 2FC), Digital Video

LAN Services:
FDDI, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
4.29 1696 Metro
Span
1.Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)

2.Up to 32 optical channels

3.100 GHz (0.8 nm) channel spacing based on ITU-T G.692 standardized
frequencies

4.Universal 3R multi-rate transponder accepting all bit rates between
5.100Mb/s and2.5Gb/s (MCC: Multi-Clock Channel Card)

5.4xAny TDM module combining any mix of up to 4 client signals (100
Mb/s-1.25Gb/s) into a 2.5 Gb/s optical channel, compliant to the
SDH/Sonet framing standard (STM-16/OC-48)

6.18 dB span budget without optical amplifier for Metro Access
applications

7.Optical amplification for Metro Core applications

8.8 ch. + 8 ch. + 8 ch. + 8 ch. modular hub node structure

9.Low loss 1 ch., 2 ch. 4 ch. and 8 ch.
1696 Metro Span key
features
1696 Metro Span key
features
The 1696 Metro Span supports a wide range of network topologies:
Point-to-point
Point-to-point with linear add-drop
2-fiber ring with single hub-node
Fully meshed 2-fiber ring
Inter-connected rings with drop and continue


Example of metropolitan 2-fiber ring network
Network Topology
Hub node
Hub nodes are designed to provide a node architecture that can be
upgraded in-service up to 32 channels with individual access to all
channels. They consist of four 8 channel multiplexers/demultiplexers
that can be combined in a modular way.

The 1696 Metro Span supports 1 ch., 2 ch., 4 ch. and 8 ch.
optical add and drop multiplexers.These OADMs are designed
to provide a solution for small size add/drop nodes, minimizing
optical loss for the optical channels in transit. The maximum
loss of a 4 ch. OADM for the pass through channels is 4 dB
(including optical supervision). OADMs of different types can be
cascaded in a modular way to achieve cost-optimized solutions
on day one and future flexible upgrades.

4.30 OADM node

This Multi-Clock Card is a bi-directional 3R-transponder that
supports all bit rates from 100 Mb/s to 2.5 Gb/s: e.g. Fast Ethernet,
FDDI, ESCON, Digital Video, STM-1/OC-3, STM-4/OC-12,Fiber
Channel (FC), 2FC, Gigabit Ethernet, 2 Gigabit Ethernet, STM-
16/OC-48.

MCCs are also available without optical receiver and transmitter
on the client side to reduce cost for pure opto-electronic
regeneration.

MCCs support non-intrusive performance monitoring for
SDH/SONET signals, based on the B1byte.

MCCs have a 3 200 ps/nm tolerance to chromatic dispersion,
corresponding to 160 km on standard single-mode fiber (G.652).

MCCs support an on-board variable optical attenuator to adjust
their output optical power.
Multi-Clock Card (MCC)

Both multi-rate transponders (MCCs) and 10 Gb/s transponders
(OCC10) support an onboard electrical matrix that can be
remotely configured by the Network Manager so that the
transponders can be used for the following applications:
- Traffic add/drop
- O/E/O regeneration
- Drop and continue
- Local or remote loop back (for testing & fault identification)


Flexible OADMs
The matrix can be configured initially so that the transponder can
add and drop traffic at node A and, later on, be reconfigured so
that the same transponder provides a regenerated pass through
in node A and the traffic can be added and dropped in another
node
Flexible OADMs
The 1696 Metro Span amplifiers provide optical amplification over the
entire C-band.

Both Metropolitan and Regional amplifiers come as a single-slot card
supporting a preamplifier and a booster. This card fits into the 1696
Metro Span shelf together with transponders (4xAny concentrators,
MCCs or OCC10s) and mux/demux or OADMs.

4.31 Optical amplifiers
A single shelf can therefore host a complete 16 channel terminal
with 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s channels with an optical amplifier or an
amplified 8 channel OADM (8 ch. East + 8 ch. West).

Optical amplifiers
The main features of the optical protection supported by the 1696 Metro Span are:

Detection and protection switching on optical loss < 50ms
Applicable for point-to-point, linear add-drop links and ring configurations
Optical protection can be independently configured on a per-wavelength basis
4.32 Optical Layer Protection
O-SNCP/UPSR Protection with the 4xAny TDM concentrator can be
implemented either with or without redundancy of the 4xAny card.

Optical protection options with 4xAny TDM
concentrator


O-SNCP/UPSR Protection
Remote Spur: 4xANY

In the case of a remote 4xAny, there is no need for an OADM because
the data signal is
carried by a black & white 1310nm wavelength. The SPV channel is
inserted/extracted
to/from the 1310nm data signal with the SPV_F_C card. The SPV
signal is managed by the
SPVM board.
The 1310nm data signal acts as client of the MCC in the main ring.


The 4xAny is connected in the Metro Span Compact to a MCC, so the
data signal is carried by a colored 15XYnm wavelength.

The SPV channel is inserted/extracted to/from the 15XYnm data signal
with the SPV_F_C card. The SPV signal is managed by the SPVM
board.

The 15XYnm data signal acts as client of another MCC in the main ring
or it can enter directly in the ring if the power budget is sufficient.


Remote Spur: 4xANY + MCC
The 4xAny is connected in the Metro Span Compact to an OPC card
protecting two MCCs cards. Two SPV channels are inserted/extracted
to/from the 15XYnm data signals with two SPV_F_C cards. The two
SPV signals are managed by one SPVM board.

The two 15XYnm data signals acts a client of other two MCCs in the
main ring or they can enter directly in the ring if the power budget is
sufficient.


Remote Spur:
4xANY + Protected MCC (dual hubbing)
OADM 1 channel
When in a node its requested only an OADM 1 channel, the use of a
Metro Span Compact gives a footprint-optimized configuration.


Line Terminal 2 Channels (2 MCCs)

When a 2 channels Line Terminal is requested, the use of a Metro
Span Compact gives a footprint-optimized configuration.


Remote Spur:
4xANY + Protected MCC (dual hubbing)

The line terminal can also support two different data channels, one from
the 4xAny board (B&W) and one from the MCC (colored). The
SPV_F_1310_1550 board enable to insert/extract the SPV channel so
that the fiber carries 3 wavelengths: 1510nm, 15XYnm, 1310nm.

Line Terminal 2 Channels (1 MCC + 1 4xANY)
In the case in a node its necessary only to extract the supervision
channel, the use of a Metro Span Compact gives a footprint-optimised
configuration.


SPV Manager
4.33 Alcatel TMN
architecture
Multi-Service Network
STM-16
DXC Radio WDM SDH ATM Ethernet
STM-1
ADM
1355VPN
1353DCN 1353SH
1354RM 1354BM
1355BonD 1356NT
1354NP 1354SY
IOO, ISN
Element Manager Layer: 1353SH
Element Manager for OMSNs, OMSGs , WDM, SDH,
MWs and Submarine Equipment, Data Cards
Main Features:
> NE Configuration (provisioning,commissioning)
> NE Software download (feature upgrade on NEs)
> NE Alarm Surveillance (NE maintenance)
> NE Performance Data Collection
(Quality of Service)
> Security Management
1353SH GUI interface
Card view
Equipment view
Network Management Layer: 1354RM
> End-to-end path management
Path provisioning
Path protection provisioning
> Path alarms management
Path alarm handling
> Path performance data collection
Quality of service
(path lifetime, threshold crossing,)
Security Management


1354RM GUI interface
Northbound interfaces
NML
1354RM
ISN
I
OO
: ASCII format based on TCP/IP, it permits
to an External OS to retrieve the network
alarms (e.g. path alarms) elaborated by
1354RM.
Raw PM data, elementary alarms, NE
inventory data are available as well via Ioo,
taken from 1353SH
EML
1353SH
I
SN
: ASCII format based on TCP/IP , it
provides
A Service Management Layer view and it
permits to an external OS:
to manage paths
(creation/deletion/retrieval)
To manage PM and retrieve PM data
Aggregated on path basis
To perform Network Resource inventory
IOO
A
l
a
r
m

S
u
r
v
e
i
l
l
a
n
c
e

Upper Layer OSS
Chapter-5
Transmission Network Architecture
5.01 Protection Switch Architecture & Basics
5.02 Types of Ring Systems
5.03 SNCP / 2 Fiber UPSR
5.04 4 Fiber MSSP
5.05 2 Fiber MSSP
5.06 4 / 2 Fiber
5.07 Inter Locked Ring
5.08 Ring Architecture
Transmission Network Architecture
Path protection switch (PPS) / Line protection switch (LPS)

1+1 protection switch / 1:N (1:1) protection switch

Stand-by Line Access (SLA)

Unidirectional switch / Bi-directional switch

Unidirectional ring / Bi-directional ring

Revertive switch / Non-revertive switch

Manual switch operation

Wait to restore (WTR) time
5.01 Protection Switch Architecture
(Basics)
Path protection switch Line protection switch
Line Protection Switch (LPS)
Working
Protection
Path SW
Path SW
Path SW
Path (VC-n)
Line (STM-n)
Path Protection Switch (PPS)
Working
Protection
Line SW (equivalent)
Path SW
equivalent
Note : only one direction is shown.
TX
TX
RX
RX
1+1
Protection
Switch
TX
TX
RX
RX 1:1
Protection
Switch
TX
TX
TX
TX
RX
RX
RX
RX
1:N
Protection
Switch
Working
Protection
Working
Protection
Working 1
Working 2
Working N
Protection
1+1, 1:1 and 1:N Protection Switch
TX RX
TX RX
TX RX
TX RX
Working
Protection
Working
Protection
Extra Traffic
Normal Traffic
Extra Traffic
Normal Traffic
Extra Traffic service
is stopped.
Note : only one direction is shown.
Stand-by Line Access (SLA)
TX
RX
TX
RX
RX
TX
RX
TX
Working
Protection
TX
RX
TX
RX
RX
TX
RX
TX
Working
Protection
Unidirectional Switch
Bidirectional Switch
Unidirectional Switch and Bidirectional Switch
Unidirectional Ring Bidirectional Ring
The drawing shows the traffic routing under normal (no failure) condition.
Unidirectional Ring and Bidirectional
Ring
Working Line normal failure
Protection Line
normal
normal failure
Working Line normal failure
Protection Line
normal
normal failure
Non-reverteve Switch
Reverteve Switch
Traffic flow
Revertive Switch and Non-reverteve
Switch
1. MSW Manual Switch

2. (SF) Signal Failure

3. FSW Forced Switch

4. LKOW Lock Out of Working

4. LKOP Lock Out of Protection

Note: Larger number has higher priority.
Manual Switch Operation
Hold-Off & Wait to Restore (WTR) times
Working Line normal failure
Protection Line
normal
normal
WTR time
Traffic flow
HOLD OFF time
Ring Architecture
Node B Node A
Node C
East West
East
West East
West
STM-N
Ring System
Unidirectional
Ring / Switch
Bidirectional
Ring / Switch
PPS
LPS
PPS
LPS
2-fiber
2-fiber
2-fiber
4-fiber
2-fiber
Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring (SNCP-ring)
(2F-UPSR)
MS Dedicated Protection Ring
(2F-ULSR) (for further study, G.841)
Subnetwork Connection Protection Ring (SNCP-ring)
(2F-BPSR) (for further study, G.841)
4F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)
(4F-BLSR)
2F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)
(2F-BLSR)
5.02 Types of Ring System
LPS:Line Protection Switch (MS protection)
PPS:Path Protection Switch (VC trail protection)
MS:Multiplex Section
Subnetwork Connection Protection (SNCP) Ring

(2 Fiber Uni-directional Path Switch Ring - UPSR)

5.03 SNCP(Unidirectional Ring) / 2F-UPSR (1)
SNCP (Unidirectional Ring) / 2F-UPSR (2)
Any Physical Structure
(Mesh,Ring or Mixed)
TCP
PPS PPS
TCP
Path
Case 1
Any Physical Structure
(Mesh,Ring or Mixed)
PPS PPS
TCP TCP CP
Path
SNC-P SNC
Case 2
Any Physical Structure
(Mesh,Ring or Mixed)
PPS PPS
TCP TCP CP CP
Path
SNC-P SNC SNC
Case 3
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
1
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
1
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
2
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
2
Tributary
Tributary
Tributary 1 Tributary 2
Aggregate - Aggregate
PPS
Aggregate - Tributary
PPS
Trubutary - Tributary
PPS
TCP : Termination Connection Point
CP : Connection Point
Subnetwork Connection Protection
(SNCP)
5.04 4-Fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection (MS-SP) Ring

(4 Fiber Bi-directional Line Switch Ring - BLSR)

- Terrestrial Application -

4 Fiber MS-SPRing / 4F-BLSR (1)
- Terrestrial Application -
4 Fiber MS-SPRing / 4F-BLSR (2)
- Terrestrial Application -
4 Fiber MS-SPRing / 4F-BLSR (3)
- Terrestrial Application -
5.05 2-Fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection (MS-SP) Ring

(2 Fiber Bi-directional Line Switch Ring -
BLSR)

- Terrestrial Application -

2 Fiber MS-SPRing / 2F-BLSR (1)
- Terrestrial Application -
2 Fiber MS-SPRing / 2F-BLSR (2)
- Terrestrial Application -
Node ID Map of 4F/2F MS-SPRing
A/D
at C ?
yes
no
TU AIS
no AU AIS
A/D
at C ?
AU AIS
MS-SP switch
no
yes
yes
no
Squelch Control
VC-4
path ?
The ring-switch is applied after
AU AIS insertion at B and D.
For VC-12/3, AU AIS is inserted
at B and D first, then it is
stopped after TU AIS
completion, in order to avoid
short termmisconnections.
A
B
C
D
E
F
A-E
A - E
E-F
E-F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A- C
A- F
with AIS
A- C C-F
C-F
A- F
with AIS
misconnection
no misconnection
working channel
protection channel
on the same channel
of the STM-N.
on the same channel
of the STM-N.
for individual AU
at B and D
for individual TU
at A, E and F
no TU AIS
MS-SPRing Misconnection and Squelch Control
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
VC-3/VC-12
in AU-4
VC-3/VC-12
Add/Drop
VC-3/VC-12
all through
VC-4 (VC organized AU)
through
VC-4 (VC organized AU) through
(at intermediate nodes)
AU-4
?1 k
West East
?2
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n j
-*
West East
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
West East
?4
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n j i k
i ?3
Squelch Table
AU-4 through node : The node where VC-4 cross connect level is applied to the AU-4.
AU-4 termination node :The node where VC-3/VC-12 cross connect level is applied to the AU-4 in question,
regardless cross connections, either all through or several add/drop connections.
* VC-4 cross connect level requires
no squelch table.
-*
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n AU-4 #n
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #n
AU-4 Path
(i ) (j) (k)
Node ID No.
i
Node ID No.
j
Node ID No.
k
STM-N STM-N STM-N
MS-SP
Ring
West East West East West East
Squelch Table of MS-SPRing
5.06 4/2-Fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection (MS-SP) Ring

(4/2 Fiber Bi-directional Line Switch Ring - BLSR)

- Transoceanic Application -

4/2 Fiber MS-SPRing / 4/2F-BLSR
- Transoceanic Application -
Primary
node
Secondary
node
Primary
node
Secondary
node
No. 1 Ring No. 2 Ring
ring failure
link failure
5.07 Inter Locked Ring
(ILR)
Inter Locked MS-SPRing (1)
(P-S Connection: on working channel)
Inter Locked MS-SPRing (2)
(P-S Connection: on working channel)
SS
SS
Secondary node
Primary node
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
MS-SP Ring No.2 MS-SP Ring No.1
working
protection
Inter Locked MS-SPRing (3)
(P-S Connection: on protection channel)
Inter Locked MS-SPRing (4)
(P-S Connection: on protection channel)
Inter Locked MS-SPRing
(SNCP Ring - SNCP Ring)
Primary
node
Secondary
node
Primary
node
Secondary
node
SNCP ring
or
MS-SP ring
SNCP ring
PPS
unprotected bouble failure
protected bouble failure
Double Failure on Link and Ring (SNCP/ILR)
Inter Locked Ring (SNCP - MS-SP)
5.08 KLK SNT VSB New STM16 Ring
KLK&VSB Config3;SNT Config1 of H1&H2 order
STM16 Ring
XDM1000
VSB
XDM1000
KLK
XDM100
SNT
STM 4 Cell Site
Acess ring 1
homed to KLK
STM 4 Cell
Site Acess
ring 2
homed to
SNT
Cross Connect
XDM 1000
At KLK
Towlichowki ECI
XDM 100
Hitech ECI
XDM 100
KLK SNT
DWDM Ring
Bowenpally ECI
XDM 100
nallakunta ECI
XDM 100
Nacharam ECI
XDM 100
XDM
2000
SNT
XDM
2000
KLK
Cross Connect
XDM 1000
At SNT
STM4 Cell Site Access Rings
Homed on CC XDM 1000 at KLK & SNT
DWDM Ring
STM 4 Rings on STM4 Tribs
STM 16 Rings on STM 16 Tribs
XDM 1000
STM1 Rings on STM1
Tribs
STM 4 Rings on STM 4 Tribs
STM 16 Rings on STM 16 Tribs
XDM 1000

STM1 Rings on STM 1
Tribs
STM16 , STM 4, STM1 Rings connected in either cascaded or
homed on to Cross connect XDM 1000
XDM 1000
At KLK
ECI
DWDM
SNT
ECI
DWDM
KLK
KLK SNT
DWDM Ring
STM 4 Cellsite Acess
Ring 1 homed to KLK
STM 4 Cell Site Acess
ring 2 homed to SNT
Towlichowki
bubble Ring 2
MW STM1 ECI
Towlichowki
bubble Ring 1
MW STM1 ECI
Bowenpally MW
STM1 ECI+Lucent
bubble Ring
Nacharam MW
STM1 ECI bubble
Ring
Nallakunta fibre+
MW STM1 ECI
bubble Ring
XDM 1000
At SNT
Hitech MW STM1
ECI bubble Ring
Hitech ECI
XDM 100
Towlichowki ECI
XDM 100
Bowenpally ECI
XDM 100
Nacharam ECI
XDM 100
nallakunta ECI
XDM 100
Formation of Bubble Rings In Order

MSC/
/BSC
15 / 18 GHz PDH MW
7/8 GHz PDH / SDH MW
15 / 18 GHz
SDH
Microwave Ring
15 / 18 GHz
SDH
Microwave Ring
7/8
GHz
PDH
/
SDH
MW
15 /
18
GHz
PDH
MW
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
DMR RING Network Using FOTS Mux
Chapter-6
Network Management System
6.01 NEC NMS Management Functions
6.02 DCC & Interfaces
6.03 ECI Management Functions
Network Management System
6.01 NEC NMS - Management Functions
Configuration
Management
Fault
Management
Performance
Management
System
Management
Functions Content
Provisioning, Identification, and Control of the SDH
Network Equipment and Services (Managed Objects)
Required Actions to Ensure Uninterrupted Service and
Data Protection of the INC-100MS System
Evaluate and Report the SDH Network Equipment and
Services Performance Behavior
Detection, Isolation, and Correction of Reported SDH
Network Equipment and Services Abnormal Operation
Security
Management
Create IDs, Passwords, and assigned privileges for
authorized User/Operator access.
System
Navigation
Using the Graphic User Interface for Ease of Operation
NEC NMS
1. NNM Screen Layout

2. Window Navigation

3. Window Toolbar and
MO Symbols

4. Symbol Location Setup
1. MO Registration

2. MO Modification, Deletion

3. Network Map Update

4. Path Creation (Graphical)

5. Path Information Retrieval
Configuration Management
Fault Management
5.1 New Event (Fault) Notification
5.2 Event Journal
5.3 Alarm Status List Display
5.4 Alarm Status Detailed Information
5.5 Alarm Acknowledgement
5.6 Current Alarm Copy
5.7 Alarm Inhibit
5.8 Event Log
5.9 NE Detail Setup
5.10 Automatic Verify
Performance Management
1. Current Performance
Management

2. Long Term Performance
Management
Security Management
1. Assigning User IDs
and Privileges

2. Default Security
Access Levels

3. Customized Security
Access Levels
System Management
1. Server Status

2. Server Redundancy
and Control

3. Database Backup
Other Operations
1. Status View
2. NE View
3. NE Connectivity
4. License Information
5. System Time Set
6. Used Disk Space Ratio
7. Map Tool
8. Network Map Update
9. Network Map Save
10. Symbol Location Setup
Management of SDH equipment is implemented in general
through the SDH standard DCC bytes in the Multiplexer or
Regenerator sections of the SDH frame. The protocol used for
NEs management is TCP/IP or CLNP/OSI.

The SDH equipment which does not pass another vendors
DCC information over the SDH path, it is necessary to use an
out band DCN connection to bridge between the various
portions of the network containing NEs of a particular make
i.e. ECI.
The DCN connection implemented should provide fluent
management for all NEs and provide the maximum redundancy
option available.
6.02 DCC
The following diagram illustrates the management of ECI equipment in a
mixed ECI and Marconi SDH ring, using an external DCN equipment the
FCD-IPD.
Interfaces
The FCD-IPD is an IP Router/Switch (can work in both layers 2 and 3),

which has three interfaces: two E1 interfaces and one 10baseT Ethernet.

The suitable configuration for managing this type of mixed network, as will

be explained later, is to use the FCD equipment as a layer 2 switch, creating

a virtual LAN on the entire ring. The FCD-IPD also supports spanning tree

algorithm to allow closing a ring of FCDs.



Interfaces
In some cases, such as the one described below, a chain of ECI
equipment is located between Marconi equipment. Then its required to
provide redundancy to all NEs, for un-interrupted monitoring incase there
is a fiber brake anywhere within the chain.

The Gateway Protection feature
The protection is achieved by using the Gateway Protection
feature of the eNM. A routing entry for each NE is entered in
the eNM from Gateway A, and an alternative route (if the first
is not responding), from Gateway B. A checkpoint is defined
with the IP address of the destination NE.
The Gateway protection feature will check connectivity to both
the checkpoint (NE) and the gateway. If one does not respond, it
will switch to the defined alternative gateway.


The Gateway Protection feature
The uSDM1s CH22 feature allows passing the DCC information on an E1
link (22
nd
channel). This feature allows connecting between two remote
uSDM1 NEs when no DCC direct link exists. This feature, however has the
following limitation: The connection is a Point To Point Layer 1 connection
there is no possibility to connect the same uSDM1 to two different NEs.

In Tata networks it is possible to implement a solution using the CH22
feature in several cases such as the one described below:
Management connection through CH22 link
In this configuration, a ring of DCC communication can be created by

connecting pairs of uSDM1 NEs over other vendors equipment.

However, in some situations implementing the CH22 feature will not provide

a good solution, such is described bellow:

Since uSDM A uses the CH22 feature to connect to uSDM C, it is not

possible to connect it to uSDM B. this means that uSDM B remains isolated.





Management connection through CH22 link

6.03 ECI Management Functions


Alarm and Fault Management


Performance Monitoring

Configuration Management

HOVC and LOVC Management

Data Management

Maintenance Operations


Security Management
System Administration Operations
Chapter-7
Transmission Testing Concepts
7.01 SDH Network
7.02 DWDM Network
7.03 XDM Product Line
7.04 ITUT Standards
7.05 SDH Mapping & NGSDH
7.06 POI Testing
7.07 Jitter & Wander Testing
7.08 BER Measurement
7.09 Alaram testing
Transmission Testing Concepts
7.10 APS & Stability performance measurement
7.11 FEC
7.12 TMI Instruments
Transmission Testing Concepts
7.01 SDH Network
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADM
ADM
ATM
Switch
STM-4/-16/
-64
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DSC
E1, F1, D1 ... D3 E2, D4 ... D12
Comm.
Channels
M
U
X

/

D
E
M
U
X

M
U
X

/

D
E
M
U
X

back-up line
PDH
SDH SDH SDH
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
Reg.
CC
clock
clock
clock
B1 B1
B3
B2 B2
P a t h
Parity Bytes
B1
Reg. Section
SDH Network
BTSOL
(Proposed)
Microsoft AM 1+
with DS3 STM 4
Via Ramanthapur,
Nallakunta
Vannenberg
AM 1+
with DS3 STM
4
GE Uppal
63
E1
63 E1
E3+DS3
63 E1
STM 16
STM 16
63 E1
63 E1
E3+DS3
STM 16
STM 16
63 E1
E3+DS3
STM 16
STM 16
ST
M
16
63
E1
E3
+
DS
3
63
E1
ST
M
16
63
E1
ST
M
16
63
E1
63
E1
63
E1
63
E1
E3
+
DS
3
63
E1
ST
M
16
63 E1
STM 16
63 E1
63 E1
63 E1
STM 4
STM 4
E3+DS3
63 E1
STM 16
KLK
VSB
16/1 Sr
TTL POP
@ HT2
Sanat Nagar
16/1 Sr
16/1 Comp
16/1 Comp
16/1 Comp
16/1 Sr.
63 E1
63 E1
63 E1
GE @ HT 2
TTL POP
@ HT 1
Link for extending GE E3s upto
GE Office PO Yet to be released
63 E1
E3+DS3
63 E1
STM 16
STM 16
16/1 Comp
STM 16
AM 1+
with STM 4
STM16 MSSP Ring
STM4 ring
TCS
AM1+ AM1+
GE POP at HT2
To GE Eqpt
To GE Eqpt
Via Punjagutta Via Tarnaka,Sangeet
Via Mehdipatnam, Gatchibowli
SDH Network - Example
7.02 Transmission of multiple channels
using DWDM systems
7.03 XDM Product line
XDM-400
DWDM/CWDM
Access Metro-Core
LH/Regional/
National
Metro-Edge
XDM-400
XDM-2000
XDM-1000 XDM-500
LAN
BroadGate
GF-155
-SDM1
STM-1
CWDM
STM-4
STM-16/
CWDM
STM-64/
DWDM
XDM-100
XDM-200
1 The m-SDM-1 supports up to 21 E1 tributaries.
2 The m-SDM-1E module is up-gradable from 21 E1 to 63 E1
tributary interfaces via Tributary Expansion (TEX) cards.
3 Channel 22 is used for DCC Cross connect and also used for Traffic
4 STM 1 interface modules
Optical: short-haul 1310 nm (35km), long haul 1550 nm (100km)
Electrical
Micro SDM
5 Automatic path protection switching
6 Automatic performance monitoring
7 NVM(Non Volatile -Memory) card for
8 software and configuration back up
9 Dual input power
10 Variety of timing sources
11 Alarm in/out connectors
1. Aggregates traffic arriving over Ethernet, E1, E3, DS-3 and
STM-1/4 signals directly over STM-1/4/16
2 Can be configured as a Terminal Multiplier (TM) with a single
port for the line aggregates, as an ADM with two aggregate
ports
3 Is suitable for indoor or outdoor installations
4 Supports an extended operating temperature range up to 55
C
XDM-100
1. Aggregates traffic arriving over Ethernet, E1, E3, DS-3 and STM-
1/4 signals directly over STM-1/4/16
2 Can be configured as a Terminal Multiplier (TM) with a single port
for the line aggregates, as an ADM with two aggregate ports
3 Is suitable for indoor or outdoor installations
4 Supports an extended operating temperature range up to 55 C
XDM-100

SDH has been standardized by ITU-T in November 1988.
The CCITT (International Consultative Committee on Telephony &
Telegraphy) " recommendations G.707,
G.708 & G.709 covering the SDH standards.

G.702 - Digital Hierarchy Bit Rates

G.703 - Physical/Electrical Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital
Interfaces

G.707 - SDH Bit Rates

G.708 - Network Node Interface for the SDH

G.709 - Synchronous Multiplexing Structure

G.773 - Protocol Suites for Q Interfaces for Management of
Transmission Systems

7.04 ITU-T Standards
G.781 - (Formerly G.smux-1) Structure of Recommendations on
Multiplexing Equipment for the SDH

G.782 - (Formerly G.smux-2) Types and General Characteristics
of SDH Multiplexing Equipment

G.783 - (Formerly G.smux-3) Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing
Equipment Functional Blocks

G.784 - (Formerly G.smux-4) SDH Management

ITU-T Standards
SONET/
SDH
S
O
N
E
T


M
U
X
/
D
E
M
U
X


N
a
t
i
v
e


I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
s

Edge
?
Thats New SONET/SDH
VC

Virtual
Concatenation
LCAS

Link
Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
GFP

Generic
Frame
Procedure
LAPS
Ethernet
Ficon
Escon

Fibre
Channel
Edge Core
Adaptation
Customer Operator
New Generation SDH
GFP
Provides an elegant framing procedure with low overhead and
support for both packet services and storage services
Virtual Concatenation
Improves on current models of contiguous concatenation by
supporting much finer granularity of circuit provisioning and
management from the edge of the network. Right-sized
pipes for packet services (Ethernet, in particular). Both higher
order (STS1 granularity) and low order (VT1.5 level) are
available, supporting a range of high- and low-speed service
assignments.
LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)
A tool to provide operators with greater flexibility in
provisioning virtual concatenation groups (VCGs), adjusting
their bandwidth in service and providing flexible end-to-end
protection options
The Building Blocks of Next-Gen SDH
B1 LEVEL TESTS

OPTICAL Tx POWER OF ADM.
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY OF ADM.
CLOCK FREQUENCY (CLOCK).
OUTPUT JITTER IN SDH TO PDH LEVEL.
JITTER FROM TRIBUTARY MAPPING & POINTER ADJUSTMENTS.
INSERTION LOSS OF PCM CABLE

B2 LEVEL TESTS

OUTPUT JITTER IN 2 Mb LEVEL.
INPUT JITTER TOLERANCE.
BER WITH FREQUENCY OFFSET (10 Min.DURATION)
RETURN LOSS MEASUREMENT AT Tx PORT.
OUTPUT PULSE CHARACTERISTICS AT Rx PORT.
48 HOURS BER.
7.06 POI TESTING PARAMETERS
OPTICAL Tx POWER AT ADM

DSX

Rx


Tx

Rx


Tx
ADM
Tx
Rx
OPTICAL POWER METER

DSX
DTA
IN OUT I
N
O
U
T

ELECTRICAL PORTS
OPTICAL PORTS
PATCH CHORD

Rx




Tx

Rx



Tx
ADM
Tx
Rx
Rx OF ADM
OPTICAL ATTENUATOR
INCREASE THE ATTENUATION UPTO ERRORS WE GET IN DTA
CHECK FOR ERRORS UPTO 1E-6 AFTER THAT CHECK THE Rx
LEVEL
OPTICAL METER
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY


DSX

Rx


Tx

Rx


Tx
ADM
Tx
Rx
FREQUENCY COUNTER
2Mb CLOCK 15 PIN
D CONNECTOR
CLOCK OUT PUT
ACTUAL PULSE
MASK FROM
PCM CABLE
G.703 PULSE
MASK LIMITS
F1 F2 F3 F4
G.703 RESTART
PULSE MASK TEST
OCONNECT BNC PATCH CHORD TO THE DDF POI Rx SIDE.
OCONNECT THE BNC CONNECTORS TO THE L1 Rx, PORTS IN E - 8. TESTER
(MARKED AS A & B IN EACH PORT)
AFTER POWER ON
STEP 1 : GO TO OTHER MEASUREMENTS
STEP 2 : GO TO PULSE MASK MEASUREMENTS, PRESS
ENTER
STEP 3 : PRESS F1 FOR G. 703 MASK TO CHECK THE
LIMITS OF ACTUAL PULSE MASK
NOTE DOWN THE READINGS
PARAMETERS TO BE CHECKED FOR POI TESTING
PULSE WIDTH (nS)
RISE TIME (nS)
FALL TIME (nS)
OVER SHOOT (%)
UNDER SHOOT(%)
LEVEL (dB)
Timing Jitter is short term variations of the significant instants of a
digital signal from their ideal positions in time

Timing Wander is long term variations of the significant instants of a
digital signal from their ideal positions in time

A significant instant is any convenient, easily identifiable point on the
signal such as a rising or falling edge.
Jitter and Wander
Jitter/Wander = unwanted phase modulation
Jitter >10Hz; Wander <10Hz
ideal pulse position
Jittered Signal
Unjittered Signal
Jitter Waveform
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
4
0
5
0
0
4
t
Jitter
Amplitude
0 (t)

7.07 Jitter and
Wander
% jitter = T x 100%
Jitter amplitude (peak-
peak)
t
T
0.5 UI
T
1 UI
Clock period
o
j
j
T
o
Jitter/Wander Measurements: Unit Interval
(UI)
Jitter From Electrical Components
7 Random electrical noise resulting in intrinsic phase
noise on the signal output from oscillators
7 Phase noise in logic circuits resulting in transition
uncertainties
Input Signal
to logic gate
Output Signal
from logic gate
Transition
Uncertainty
Logic Threshold
Jitter due to
noise input
Time
Causes of Jitter
Mapping Jitter due to justification process.
Accumulated Jitter (& Jitter Gain) due to multiple retiming imperfections.
Tributary Jitter due to SDH pointer adjustments.
Wander (low frequency jitter) due to clock instability & noise.
R R
R DXC ADM
ADM
PDH STM-N
STM-N PDH
2M Ref
2M Ref 2M ref
What causes jitter in transmission networks?
Jitter Tolerance of network interfaces

Jitter Transfer of Regenerative Repeaters

Output Jitter a) Line Rate
b) Tributary Rate

Tributary Jitter due to pointer movements

Wander versus Reference Clock
Jitter Test
Categories
ADM
SDH/
SONET
T-Carrier
PDH
Apply Jitter
at Input
Measure BER
at Output
Jitter Tolerance
Jitter Transfer = 20log10
Jout
Jin
----
SDH
Regenerator
STM-4
STM-4
STM-N
STM-N
Jin
Jout
Applied Jitter
Measured
Jitter Gain
Jitter Transfer
Jitter accumulates when regenerators are
cascaded and it's essential to minimize this accumulation.

Measured during installation of
line (long haul) systems i.e SONET & DSn regenerators.
Jitter Transfer = 20log10
Jout
Jin
----
REGENERATOR CHAIN
Jin Jout
Why measure jitter transfer?
SDH
52 Mb/s
155 Mb/s
622 Mb/s
2.5 Gb/s
1.5 Mb/s
45 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
Measured Jitter
SDH/SONET
Network
Element
PDH MUX

PDH

No
Applied
Jitter
No Applied
Jitter
Output Jitter
DSX
DTA
IN OUT
I
N

O
U
T

ELECTRICAL PORTS
PATCH CHORD

Rx


Tx

Rx


Tx
ADM
Tx
Rx
OPTICAL PORTS

MAPPING & POINTER JITTER SETTING
CONNECT DTA
PREPARE SETTINGS IN DTA AS SHOWN IN FIGURE SETTINGS
THE TESTING DURATION WILL BE ONE MINUTE, FOR EACH E1 TWO FILTERS (LP +
HP1, LP + HP2 ) TO BE USED, JITTER VALUE IN TERMS OF PEAK TO PEAK TO BE
NOTED (AS SHOWN IN MPJTR1,MPJTR2)

MAPPING JITTER TESTING
20Hz
LP FILTER
HP1 FILTER
100KHz
18KHz
OHP2 FILTER

OCONNECT DTA
OPREPARE SETTINGS IN DTA
OTHE TESTING DURATION WILL BE ONE MINUTE, FOR EACH E1 TWO FILTERS (LP + HP1,
LP + HP2 ) TO BE USED, JITTER VALUE IN TERMS OF PEAK TO PEAK TO BE NOTED (AS
SHOWN IN PNTJTR1,PNJTR2,PNJTR3,PNJTR4,PNJTR5, PNJTR6,PNJTR7)
20Hz 100KHz
LP + HP1 LP + HP2
18KHz 100KHz
POINTER JITTER TESTING


DSX
DTA
IN OUT
I
N

O
U
T

ELECTRICAL PORTS
OPTICAL PORTS
PATCH CHORD

Rx


Tx

Rx


Tx
ADM
ALL OTHER FIBRE CONNECTIONS AT ADM ARE NORMAL
Tx
Rx
THERE SHOULD NOT BE ANY CONNECTIONS AT THE OPTICAL SIDE OF DTA
Tx & Rx OF ADM

JITTER TOLARANCE SETTING
OUTPUT JITTER SETTINGS
DSX
DTA
IN OUT
I
N

O
U
T

OPTICAL PORTS
PATCH CHORD

Rx


Tx

Rx


Tx
ADM
ALL OTHER FIBRE CONNECTIONS AT ADM ARE NORMAL
Tx
Rx
THERE SHOULD NOT BE ANY CONNECTIONS AT THE OPTICAL SIDE OF DTA
Tx & Rx OF ADM
ELECTRICAL PORTS
NE 2
Adjust Pointer
DSn
Check BER
Check Tributary Jitter
Note: test set must
maintain lock in
presence of jitter
transients
OC-n
Tributary Jitter

1. Is measured relative to an externally supplied reference clock.
2. Is measured by sampling the signal bit rate and accumulating
the discrete phase steps implied by the samples.
3. Jitter (>10Hz.) is filtered off before measuring the wander samples.
Wander Clock
Reference Clock
Divider
Counter
50Hz
Sample
rate
Step size = Count
Wander (Jitter at < 10Hz.)
What Causes Bit-Errors? Bit-errors are the result of incorrect decisions
being made in a receiver due to the presence of noise on a digital signal
7.08 BER Measurement
The Back T o- Back Measurement
The back- to- back measurement characterizes the receiver
We assume that the transmitted signal quality is high(negligible noise and
distortion) Shot noise is negligible at data comm. rates ROP is controlled by
attenuating the output of the transmitter For each value of ROP, the decision
threshold is optimise3d, and the BER measured Receiver sensitivity is the ROP
required to achieve a specific BER

The System Measurement
We now add the system under test and repeat the
measurement
If the system adds noise, or other wise degrades or modifies the signal, we expect
to see the effects in the BER curve
Note that the attenuation of the optical signal with in the system does not,by
itself,cause any degradation, since BER is measured as a function of ROP

However, attenuation followed by a process which adds noise will result in a reduction
in Q
OFFSET BER SETTINGS
ALL OTHER FIBRE CONNECTIONS AT ADM ARE NORMAL
DSX
DTA
IN OUT
I
N

O
U
T

OPTICAL PORTS
PATCH CHORD

R
x


Tx

R
x


Tx
ADM
Tx
Rx
THERE SHOULD NOT BE ANY CONNECTIONS AT THE OPTICAL SIDE OF DTA
Tx & Rx OF ADM
ELECTRICAL PORTS
Activate
Line-AIS
ON
Line-AIS
OFF
5 Frames
Initializ
e
Test Holding
Sequence
4 Frames
1 Frame
Example: Below AIS threshold alarm stress test
sequence
5 Frames
7.09 Alarm Stress Testing
Correct alarm operation is critical to a network elements
performance and is fully exercisable with the OmniBER OTN.
De-activate
Alarm Stress
Testing
5
Frames
5
Frames
Initialize Test
Holding
Sequence
4
Frames
1
Frame
Activate
Line-
AIS
ON
Line-
AIS
OFF
Example: At AIS threshold alarm stress test sequence
Detection
Generation
LO Path
HO Path
MS
RS RS
REI
(V5)
BIP-2
(V5)
REI
(G1)
B3
(BIP-8)
(G1)
REI
(V5)
B2
(BIP-24)
B1
(BIP-8)
B1
(BIP-8)
REI
MS-
REI
In Service Performance
Monitoring
NE
Add B1,B2,B3 errors,
Check NE counts errors
NE
STM-N
STM-N
Check REIs
in return path
Performance Monitoring
Tributary
AIS
Low Order Path
Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section
RSI
(V5)
RAI
(G1)
MS
RDI
(K2)
LOS
LOF
AIS
(K2)
LOP
LOS
LOF
MS
RDI
(K2)
RAI
(G1)
AIS
(H1H2)
LOP
AIS
(V1V2)
LOP
RAI
(V5)
High Order Path
In Service Alarms
Check NE
Reports
Alarms
Check Downstream
Alarms
Check Upstream
Alarm
NE
OC-n OC-n
Add Alarm
Conditions
NE
Alarm Detection / Generation and
Reporting
NE
Compare B1,B2, B3 and Alarm registers
n
Check line frequency
pointer movements
Check
tributary
jitter
NE
Maintenance (Preventative)
MS
Terminal
MS
Terminal
STM-N
1
+
1
STM-N
1
+
1
B2 error
detector
Multiplexer Section Protection Switching
(MSP)
MS
Terminal
Check that pattern
changes from A to B
NE or 2nd Test Set
Standby
Add B2 errors
or send K1 / K2
messages
A
A
B
B
Multiplexer Section Protection Switching
Test

Direct measurement of network protection switching time Supports testing of ALL
network protection switching architectures

Resolution: 1us
Accuracy: 50us
ITU-T G.783/ G.841: < 50ms
Bellcore GR.253: < 50ms
ADM ADM
Working
Protection
APS (Service Disruption Test)

Tx via working fibre/path
ADM
Working
Protection
ADM
Tx via protection fibre/path
Failure on
working fibre
Switch to protection fibre
complete
Transmission:
Network Event:
Detected error burst:
actual protection
switching time
HP 37718/19A:
measured protection
switching time
Pattern sync.
regained
Error: < 50 us
Equivalent to less than 1% of
maximum acceptable switching
time
MSP - Service Disruption Test
7.10 Automatic Protection Switching
(Linear or Ring)
Passive APS testing = no response sent (3), B enters
oscillation
Active APS testing = confirmation response sent, B is
kept alive
B
TX
OmniBER
Rx
TX
OmniBER
Rx
A
1) Fault Occurs
3) Confirmation + Traffic
2) Request to switch
Event triggers - Transmit and Receive
A. TX-
LOS
B. RX-AIS
C. Response time test
Network
element
A) Send a stimulus signal into the DUT at the same time generating a
TX trigger pulse
B) Receiving a response signal back from the DUT and generating a
RX trigger pulse.
C) Measuring the time between pulses on an outboard scope.
Trigger
outputs
Networks no longer just carry voice; now
different payloads thru an ADM is normal

An ADM carrying mixed payloads will be
configured with different add/drop cards.

Presenting a test signal without the correct
mixed payload signal structure causes alarms
and errors in the ADM.
Essential for Network Operators
ADM
ADM ADM
DS-1 DS-1
VT-1.5 VT-1.5
DS-3 DS-3
SPE SPE
DS-1 DS-1
VT-1.5 VT-1.5
DS-3 DS-3
SPE SPE
TU-12
2Mb/s
TU-12
2Mb/s
TU-3
34Mb/s
TU-11
DS-1
Mixed payloads
2
OC-48
STM-1
3........................... 1
TUG
16
Example: STM-1 (TU-11,TU-12,TU-3) structure copied into all 16 STM-1s (TU-12s)
OR the 15 background STM-1 (TU-12s) can be set to unequipped.

Highlighted foreground TU-12 contains framed TU-12 test pattern. Background TU-12's
have same framing with different test pattern (2^9, 2^15, 1100 or numbered)
Copy of
foreground
Test Signal
Copy of
foreground
Test Signal
2 3 1
Background
TU-12
Structure
Background
TU-3
Structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
TU-3
Foreground
Test Signal
2 3 1
Background
TU-12
Structure
Background
TU-3
Structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
TU-3
2 3 1
Background
TU-12
Structure
Background
TU-3
Structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
TU-3
2 3 1
Background
TU-12
Structure
Background
TU-3
Structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
| | | | | | |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
TU-3
Mixed Payload Structure
OC-N
Auto-discovers mixed payload structures
Identifies unequipped channels
Identifies channels containing Alarms/BIPs
HP 37718A / HP 37719A
ADM
ADM ADM
DS-1 DS-1
VT-1.5 VT-1.5
DS-3 DS-3
SPE SPE
DS-1 DS-1
VT-1.5 VT-1.5
DS-3 DS-3
SPE SPE
SDH Mixed Payloads Detection
No access to ADM during maintenance or
provisioning of new services.

Need to break the fiber and insert tester.

Standard test mode is to insert a VT-1.5/DS-3 test pattern
into the ring and send round ring to verify BER.

Thru mode is essential to maintain the integrity of the
N/W mgmt systems (i.e. pass thru the DCC bytes)
OC-12
STM-1
ADM
STM-4
DS-3,
DS-1
ADM
ADM
ADM
STM-16
Thru-mode
Testing
Thru Mode Provisioning Procedure
1. Configure Ring using N/W Mgr. to provision required path round
the ring
2. Insert DS-1/DS-3 PRBS into ring using VT/SPE Insert mode
3. Receive DS-1/DS-3 PRBS using VT/SPE Drop mode
4. Set/Monitor C2/V5 Signal label
5. Set/Monitor J1/J2 Path Trace

Other requirements
Access to K1K2 for APS messages
Pass thru DCC transparently
Access to defined and undefined bytes

Protect yourself against future
ITU-T/Bellcore standards changes and
possible re-definition of bytes

RSOH: All bytes except B1

MSOH/LOH: All bytes except B2,H1,H2, H3
(SS bits in H1 col. 1 are settable)

POH: J1, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3, N1

LPOH/ VT POH: V5, J2, N2, K4
Full SDH and POH Overhead Access
Complete Overhead
Access
Select RSOH, MSOH or POH overhead channel of interest:
SOH: A1A2,J0, Z0,E1,F1,D1-D3,4 Media
MSOH/LOH: D4-D12, K1-K2, S1, M1, M0,
Z1, Z2, E2
POH: J1, C2, G1, F2, H4, Z3, Z4, N1

Program values for up to 5 different elements

Each element can be transmitted for 1-64000 frames

Sequence can be transmitted singly or repeated indefinitely
Stress Framing Synchronisation Algorithms etc
Overhead Sequence
Generation
Select SOH, MSOH/LOH or POH channel of interest

SOH: A1-A2, J0, Z0, E1, F1, D1-D3,
4 Media bytes
MSOH/LOH: H1,H2 D4-D12, K1-K2, S1, M1, M0,
Z1, Z2, E2
POH: J1, C2, G1, F2, H4, Z3, Z4, N1

Trigger can be manual or programmed value

Capture will display the first 16 / 8 different values
received and the number of frames that each value
has persisted.
Intermittent fault finding
Overhead Sequence
Capture
Overhead Access: Fast access pages - Textual Message
based Setup & Decode of S1 Sync Status & C2,V5 Path
Labels
APS Messages: Fast access page - Textual decodes of APS
messages
Access Overhead Bytes
Defined Byte Labels
APS Textual Decodes
Message Based Overhead Access
BER(Stability
Test)
The measure of transmission quality is determined by bit error rates (BER)
The BER depends on the amount of noise as well as other impairments that
are present in the system.
BER = Q
R(P
1
P
0
)

1
+
0

P
1
optical power received during one bit
P
0
power received during a 0 bit without any system impairment
Corresponding electrical currents are given by R P
1
and RP
2

1
and
0
denote the noise standard deviations during a bit and a 0 bit respectively.


Usually the required BER are of the order of 10
-9
to 10
-15

BER(Stability
Test)
9.11 Forward Error Correction Testing
FEC is a key element of the OTN. OmniBER OTN generates
structured OTN frames and can also generate frame errors (after
calculated FEC).
Useful in validating the FEC functionality in new designs.
Add
Errors
Check for
No Errors
10.71Gb/s OTN
with mapped
SDH/SONET
10.71 Gb/s OTN
with mapped
SDH/SONET
G.709
DUT
Forward Error Correction
Improves the BER performance of an existing link without adding
signal power.
Increases the maximum span of a link, optimizing span
engineering parameters.
Improves the overall quality of the link by diagnosing link
problems early


FEC Generation - A 5 Step Process
The FEC code is generated in one OTN Frame row at a time.
Step 1: To ensure low-latency, each Frame Row is demuxed
into 16 individual sub-rows before FEC is generated.
Step 2: Blank FEC bytes are added to each sub-row.
Step 3: 16 sub-rows are independently connected to 16 FEC
encoders, FEC calculated and populated in blank FEC
bytes.
Step 4: 16 sub-rows are remultiplexed to the original row with
the addition of the newly generated FEC values.
Step 5: 4 rows = OTN Frame
4 Rows
16 Bytes 3808 Bytes 256 Bytes
82 kHz
4080 Bytes
2
FEC Generation - Step 1 (Frame Row De-Mux)
1 2 3 4 18 17 16 3824 19 33
1
3
16
17 33 49
18 50 34
3809
3824
32 48 64
Overhead
Payload
Row 1
Sub
Row 1
Sub
Row 16
Each Frame Row
(Overhead + Payload) is
demuxed into
16 individual sub-rows
before
FEC is generated.
FEC Generation - Step 2 (Add blank FEC bytes)
16 bytes 239 bytes
Sub
Row 1
Sub
Row 16
Blank FEC bytes are added to each sub-row.
16 blank
FEC
bytes
added
per sub-
row

FEC Generation - Step 3 (FEC Calculated and Added)
FEC Encoder 16
FEC Encoder 15
FEC Encoder 14
FEC Encoder 13
FEC Encoder 12
FEC Encoder 11
FEC Encoder 10
FEC Encoder 9
FEC Encoder 8
FEC Encoder 7
FEC Encoder 6
FEC Encoder 5
FEC Encoder 4
FEC Encoder 3
FEC Encoder 2
FEC Encoder 1
LIVE FEC
16 sub-rows are independently connected to 16 FEC encoders,
FEC calculated and populated in blank FEC bytes.
FEC Generation - Step 4

(Reconstitute original Frame row + FEC)
3824
Valid
FEC
1 2 3 4 18 17 16 19
Payload
OTU Frame
Row
Overhead
382
5
4080
16 sub-rows are remultiplexed to the
original row with the addition of the
newly generated FEC values.
MUX
Portable Product Positioning
2.5G 10G
OmniBER
718/725
Jitter Binary I/F
ATM
P.O.S
Overhead Sequences
OmniBER OTN
Rich O/H testing
Rear Connector Option
All channel testing
Upgrade to jitter
Upgrade to 40G
J2126A OTN
Light Weight
Low Cost
Field Focussed
Feature Set
All channel testing
F
a
c
t
o
r
y

F
i
e
l
d

J2127A
Light Weight
Low Cost
Field Focussed
Feature Set
All channel testing
9.12 Agilent TMI for Transmission Testing
SONET
SDH
1310
1550
PDH & T-Carrier Testing
Synchronous Electrical
Interfaces (52/155Mb/s)
Synchronous Binary
Interfaces
ATM
POS
Jitter/Wander
Detailed Mapping
Bulk Mapping
Service Disruption
718

719 720 725











































Comments
SONET framing structures
Detailed ATM payload generation & analysis
Detailed POS payload generation & analysis
Comprehensive Jitter and Wander generation
and analysis
Structured payloads down to 56/64Kb/s
Concatenated payloads (bulk-filled VCn-c)
Automatic Protection Switching time with
realistic payloads
Electrical transmitter & receiver at 52/155Mb/s
Comprehensive test capability for 2,8,34,140Mb/s
and DS1(1.5Mb/s) / DS3(45Mb/s)
1550nm optics
Electrical (differential & single-ended) and
optical interfaces to 2.5G
SDH framing structures
1310nm optics
Agilent TMI for Transmission Testing
Omni BER-718
The Front Panel

VGA
Output
SMART
TEST
Pop Up
Menu Keys
Bright
Alarm
LEDs
Printer
Control
Keys
Large Colour
Display with
Single or Multi-
Windows Mode
Transmit, Receive
Results, Graphics
Menu Driven
Soft Keys
Lid Printer
Output
Cursor
Navigation
Keys
Omni BER-718 Features
1 - Smart Test, Smart Setup
Fast identification of signal types.fast test equipment set up.
Capture all results in one test period.
2 - APS/Service Disruption Technique, Accuracy
Only independent verification tester for linear APS switch mechanism.Ensures
correct operation and interoperability in the network.
3 - ATM/POS (Jitter, OC48c, Channelized)
Stresses packet processing H/W.Simulates live traffic.Gives more realistic
performance results.Less failures in the Network.
Single box solution to measure and characterize the speed of protection
switching time.
OmniBER 718 Interfaces
Optical
Interface
Multirate
Analyzer
Clock I/F
Jitter Tx
Transmit
Receive
Jitter Rx
Remote
control
Floppy Disk
Power
OmniBER OTN 2.5G
OmniBER OTN 2.5G
Multi-rate up to 2.5G
Ethernet mappings into SONET/SDH
GFP
LAPS
Mixed mappings
Contiguous concatenations of STS-3c, AU-4-2c,
AU-4-3c, AU-4-4c, AU-4-8c and AU-4-16c as well
as non-contiguous AU-3

Future upgrade-ability to
Virtual concatenation, LCAS and GbE physical
interface
OTN (OTU-1)
Upgrade of all the above features at 10G rate
OTN
OTN
SONET
SDH
GFP
LAPS
Ethernet
Agilents Next Generation SONET/SDH Test Solution
Ethernet
GFP (G.7041)/ LAPS(X.86)
SONET/SDH &
OTN (G.709)
The ONLY tester that provides insight into all the layers of a structured
signal
Resulting in
Comprehensive debug & reduced test
times,
Which Ensures

Interoperability & standards compliance
saurabh.srivastava@vsnl.co.in