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Philosophy of Science

This document provides an overview of philosophy of science. It discusses how philosophy of science clarifies the quest for scientific knowledge and the results of that quest by exploring the logic of scientific evidence, the nature of scientific laws and theories, and the relationships between different scientific fields. The document also lists some traditional and special subfields of philosophy, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of science. It notes some uses of philosophy for general problem solving, communication skills, and understanding other disciplines.

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354 views10 pages

Philosophy of Science

This document provides an overview of philosophy of science. It discusses how philosophy of science clarifies the quest for scientific knowledge and the results of that quest by exploring the logic of scientific evidence, the nature of scientific laws and theories, and the relationships between different scientific fields. The document also lists some traditional and special subfields of philosophy, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of science. It notes some uses of philosophy for general problem solving, communication skills, and understanding other disciplines.

Uploaded by

Al TaMira
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Philosophy of Science

Yuwono, M.D., PhD.


Departement of Clinical Microbiology Sriwijaya University School of Medicine-Moh. Hoesin Hospital Palembang E-mail: yon1010id@yahoo.com

Introduction
Philosophy is quite unlike any other field: unique both in its methods and in the nature and breadth of its subject matter Philosophy pursues questions in every dimension of human life, and its techniques apply to problems in any field of study or endeavor. No brief definition expresses the richness and variety of philosophy. It may be described in many ways. It is a reasoned pursuit of fundamental truths, a quest for understanding, a study of principles of conduct.

It seeks to establish standards of evidence, to provide rational methods of resolving conflicts, and to create techniques for evaluating ideas and arguments. Philosophy develops the capacity to see the world from the perspective of other individuals and other cultures; it enhances one's ability to perceive the relationships among the various fields of study; and it deepens one's sense of the meaning and variety of human experience.

Traditional Subfields of Philosophy


Logic is concerned to provide sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasoning. It helps us assess how well our premises support our conclusions, to see what we are committed to accepting when we take a view, and to avoid adopting beliefs for which we lack adequate reasons. Ethics takes up the meanings of our moral conceptssuch as right action, obligation and justiceand formulates principles to guide moral decisions, whether in private or public life. Metaphysics seeks basic criteria for determining what sorts of things are real. Epistemology concerns the nature and scope of knowledge. What does it mean to know (the truth), and what is the nature of truth? The History of Philosophy studies both major philosophers and entire periods in the development of philosophy such as the Ancient, Medieval, Modern, Nineteenth Century, and Twentieth Century periods.

Special Fields of Philosophy


Philosophy of Mind. This subfield has emerged from metaphysical concerns with the mind and mental phenomena. The philosophy of mind addresses not only the possible relations of the mental to the physical (for instance, to brain processes), but the many concepts having an essential mental element: belief, desire, emotion, feeling, sensation, passion, will, personality, and others. Philosophy of Religion. Another traditional concern of metaphysics is to understand the concept of God, including special attributes such as being all-knowing, being all-powerful, and being wholly good.

Philosophy of Science. This is probably the largest subfield generated by epistemology. Philosophy of science is usually divided into philosophy of the natural sciences and philosophy of the social sciences. It has recently been divided further, into philosophy of physics, biology, psychology, economics, and other sciences. Philosophy of science clarifies both the quest for scientific knowledge and the results yielded by that quest. It does this by exploring the logic of scientific evidence; the nature of scientific laws, explanations, and theories; and the possible connections among the various branches of science. How, for instance, is psychology related to brain biology, and biology to chemistry? And how are the social sciences related to the natural sciences.

Subfields of Ethics: Political Philosophy concerns the justification,Social Philosophy, often taught in combination with political philosophy (which it overlaps), treats moral problems with large-scale social dimensions. The Philosophy of Law explores such topics as what law is, what kinds of laws there are, how law is or should be related to morality, and what sorts of principles should govern punishment and criminal justice in general. Medical Ethics addresses many problems arising in medical practice and medical science. Business Ethics addresses such questions as how moral obligations may conflict with the profit motive and how these conflicts may be resolved. Philosophy of Art (Aesthetics). This is one of the oldest subfields. It concerns the nature of art, including both the performing arts and painting, sculpture, and literature. Philosophy of Language. This field has close ties to both epistemology and metaphysics. Other Subfields. Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy of History, Philosophy of Mathematics, Philosophy of Medicine, Philosophy of Education, Philosophy of Feminism, Philosophy of Linguistics, Philosophy of Criticism, Philosophy of Culture, and Philosophy of Film.

General Uses of Philosophy


General Problem Solving. The study of philosophy enhances, in a way no other activity does, one's problem-solving capacities. Communication Skills. Philosophy also contributes uniquely to the development of expressive and communicative powers. Persuasive Powers. Philosophy provides training in the construction of clear formulations, good arguments, and apt examples. Writing Skills. Writing is taught intensively in many philosophy courses, and many regularly assigned philosophical texts are unexcelled as literary essays.

The Uses of Philosophy in Educational Pursuits


Understanding Other Disciplines. Philosophy is indispensable for this. Many important questions about a discipline, such as the nature of its concepts and its relation to other disciplines, do not belong to that discipline, are not usually pursued in it, and are philosophical in nature. Philosophy of science, for instance, is needed to supplement the understanding of the natural and social sciences which one derives from scientific work itself. Development of Sound Methods of Research and Analysis. Still another value of philosophy in education is its contribution to one's capacity to frame hypotheses, do research, and put problems into manageable form.

Terima Kasih
Sukses

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