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Computer Communication & Networks: Interconnecting Lans

This document discusses different ways of interconnecting local area networks (LANs). It describes how hubs connect LAN segments but do not isolate collision domains, while bridges isolate collision domains to improve throughput. Bridges learn MAC addresses to determine which ports to forward traffic out of. While bridges and routers are both store-and-forward devices, routers use IP addressing and routing tables instead of filtering tables. Switches operate at the data link layer like bridges but can forward traffic simultaneously between multiple device pairs to avoid collisions.

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72 views21 pages

Computer Communication & Networks: Interconnecting Lans

This document discusses different ways of interconnecting local area networks (LANs). It describes how hubs connect LAN segments but do not isolate collision domains, while bridges isolate collision domains to improve throughput. Bridges learn MAC addresses to determine which ports to forward traffic out of. While bridges and routers are both store-and-forward devices, routers use IP addressing and routing tables instead of filtering tables. Switches operate at the data link layer like bridges but can forward traffic simultaneously between multiple device pairs to avoid collisions.

Uploaded by

Ali Ahmad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Communication & Networks

Lecture 14 Interconnecting LANs http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp

Waleed Ejaz waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk

Interconnecting LANs
Q: Why not just one big LAN? Limited amount of supportable traffic: on single LAN, all stations must share bandwidth Limited length: 802.3 specifies maximum cable length Large collision domain (can collide with many stations)

Hubs - 1

Physical Layer devices: essentially repeaters operating at bit levels: repeat received bits on one interface to all other interfaces Hubs can be arranged in a hierarchy (or multi-tier design), with backbone hub at its top

Hubs - 2

Each connected LAN referred to as LAN segment Hubs do not isolate collision domains: node may collide with any node residing at any segment in LAN Hub Advantages: simple, inexpensive device Multi-tier provides graceful degradation: portions of the LAN continue to operate if one hub malfunctions extends maximum distance between node pairs (100m per Hub)

Hub limitations

Single collision domain results in no increase in max throughput multi-tier throughput same as single segment throughput Individual LAN restrictions pose limits on number of nodes in same collision domain and on total allowed geographical coverage Cannot connect different Ethernet types (e.g., 10BaseT and 100baseT)

Bridges - 1

Link Layer devices: operate on Ethernet frames, examining frame header and selectively forwarding frame based on its destination Bridge isolates collision domains since it buffers frames When frame is to be forwarded on segment, bridge uses CSMA/CD to access segment and transmit

Bridges - 2

Bridge advantages: Isolates collision domains resulting in higher total max throughput, and does not limit the number of nodes nor geographical coverage Can connect different type Ethernet since it is a store and forward device Transparent: no need for any change to hosts LAN adapters

Bridges: frame filtering, forwarding

Bridges filter packets Same-LAN -segment frames not forwarded onto other LAN segments Forwarding: How to know which LAN segment on which to forward frame? Looks like a routing problem (more shortly!)

Backbone Bridge

Interconnection Without Backbone

Not recommended for two reasons: - Single point of failure at Computer Science hub - All traffic between EE and SE must path over CS segment
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Bridge Filtering - 1

Bridges learn which hosts can be reached through which interfaces: maintain filtering tables when frame received, bridge learns location of sender: incoming LAN segment records sender location in filtering table Filtering table entry: (Node LAN Address, Bridge Interface, Time Stamp) stale entries in Filtering Table dropped (TTL can be 60 minutes)

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Bridge Filtering - 2

Filtering procedure: if destination is on LAN on which frame was received then drop the frame else { lookup filtering table if entry found for destination then forward the frame on interface indicated; else flood; /* forward on all but the interface on which the frame arrived*/ }

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Bridge Learning: example - 1


Suppose C sends frame to D and D replies back with frame to C

C sends frame, bridge has no info about D, so floods to both LANs bridge notes that C is on port 1 frame ignored on upper LAN

frame received by D
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Bridge Learning: example - 2

D generates reply to C, sends bridge sees frame from D bridge notes that D is on interface 2 bridge knows C on interface 1, so selectively forwards frame out via interface 1
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WWF Bridges vs. Routers

Both store-and-forward devices routers: network layer devices (examine network layer headers) bridges are Link Layer devices Routers maintain routing tables, implement routing algorithms Bridges maintain filtering tables, implement filtering, learning and spanning tree algorithms

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Routers vs. Bridges - 1


Bridges + and + Bridge operation is simpler requiring less processing bandwidth - Topologies are restricted with bridges: a spanning tree must be built to avoid cycles - Bridges do not offer protection from broadcast storms (endless broadcasting by a host will be forwarded by a bridge)

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Routers vs. Bridges - 2


Routers + and + arbitrary topologies can be supported, cycling is limited by TTL counters (and good routing protocols) + provide firewall protection against broadcast storms - require IP address configuration (not plug and play) - require higher processing bandwidth Bridges do well in small (few hundred hosts) while routers used in large networks (thousands of hosts)

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Ethernet Switches - 1

layer 2 (frame) forwarding, filtering using LAN addresses Switching: A-to-B and A-toB simultaneously, no collisions large number of interfaces often: individual hosts, starconnected into switch Ethernet, but no collisions!

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Ethernet Switches - 2

cut-through switching: frame forwarded from input to output port without awaiting for assembly of entire frame slight reduction in latency combinations of shared/dedicated, 10/100/1000 Mbps interfaces

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Ethernet Switches - 3

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Five Categories of Network Devices

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