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Basic Science and Modeling of Solar Energy: by Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

This document summarizes the basic science and modeling of solar energy. It first discusses the science behind solar energy, explaining that nuclear fusion in the sun's core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing energy in the form of photons. It then describes how photons can create electron-hole pairs in semiconductor materials like silicon, allowing solar cells to generate electricity. Specifically, it explains how doping silicon with phosphorus or boron creates an n-type or p-type semiconductor and how the junction between these types leads to electron flow and current. Finally, it outlines different types of solar cell technologies and provides a brief overview of modeling optimal conditions and data collection methods.

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Sanjeev Dhariwal
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264 views33 pages

Basic Science and Modeling of Solar Energy: by Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

This document summarizes the basic science and modeling of solar energy. It first discusses the science behind solar energy, explaining that nuclear fusion in the sun's core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing energy in the form of photons. It then describes how photons can create electron-hole pairs in semiconductor materials like silicon, allowing solar cells to generate electricity. Specifically, it explains how doping silicon with phosphorus or boron creates an n-type or p-type semiconductor and how the junction between these types leads to electron flow and current. Finally, it outlines different types of solar cell technologies and provides a brief overview of modeling optimal conditions and data collection methods.

Uploaded by

Sanjeev Dhariwal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Science and Modeling of Solar Energy

by Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

SCI 322U Energy and Society II Presentation By Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

Topics:
Science of Solar Energy Technology Using Solar Energy

SCI 322U Energy and Society II Presentation By Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

Science of Solar Energy


Resources: Energy Flows: Chemistry and Physics background:

SCI 322U Energy and Society II Presentation By Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

The pp-chain (proton-proton chain) involves a series of nuclear reactions that are responsible for the generation of energy in the sun. The basis for the suns energy is that four hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom whose mass is slightly less than the mass of the combined four hydrogen atoms. The missing mass is what was converted to energy. In the pp-chain, two protons (moving at very fast velocities) fuse together to create deuterium. A neutrino and a positron are expelled in the process. Deuterium (one proton and one neutron) fuse with one more proton creating Helium-3. A photon is released in this process and this is what gives the sun it's energy. After Helium-3 is created, it fuses with another of its type and 2 hydrogen atoms are expelled. The result is one atom of Helium-4 and 2 atoms of Hydrogen to start the process all over again. Even though the photons are accountable for most of the sun's energy, about 5% of the energy is given off in neutrinos. -bib. 1

Solar fusion

Fig. 1 (copied ,bib.1)

Hydrogen
Hydrogen(one proton)

H
electron

Deuterium
positron neutrino Deuterium(one proton one neutron) 2

H
electron

Helium

photon

Helium(two protons one neutron)

3 3

He

Yield
H
3

He

Sun Light

Photon
If when a photon strikes an electron it has the amount of energy to break the electronelectron bond( band gap) a free electron will result. This results in a positive hole and a negative electron.

Photon

Free electron

Hole

Semiconductors
A semiconductor has electrical conductivity greater that insulators but less than good conductors. Silicon has four valence electrons.
Pure silicon is in a perfect state of valence(has no free electrons).

Si

Silicon

electrons

nucleus

hole

Free electron

Semiconductors
When phosphorous is substituted for a silicon atom, there is one electron left The remaining electron is very loosely bound by the slightly more positive charge of the nucleus of the phosphorous atom. This electron travels easily around the phosphorous atom. Silicon that contains a large number of atoms with an extra valence electron is called n type silicon (n is for negative).

N-Type
Extra Electron Si Si P

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Semiconductors
If a boron atom is substituted for a silicon atom, there is one valence electron which has no partner. This missing electron is a hole. This yields a positive charge (the absence of an negative electron). This is a p-type

P-Type
Hole

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

The binding force of electron pairs is much stronger than the electromagnetic force between an electron and the nucleus The extra electron moves from the n-type to the p-type And these electrons form valence pairs with the electrons that were missing a pair This results in a shift in charge that creates an electric field in the material. Now the n-side(doped with phosphorus) gains a positive charge. When the electron moved it left a proton Similarly, the boron atom is surrounded by one more electron than there are positive protons in the boron nucleus.

The n-type side doped with Phosphorus easily lends its free electron to the positive side (doped with boron). This leaves the n-type with one more proton than electron giving the n-type a positive charge. And the p-type now has one more electron the proton yielding a negative charge. This creates an electric field. With out this electric field the freed electron(freed by a photon) would just return to the same hole. But because of the electric field the freed electron will move from the negative area to the positive area creating an electric current. And the holes will move in the other direction.

Technology Using Solar Energy


Types of cells: 1. Crystalline Silicon
a. Single crystal b. Multi-crystalline c. Ribbon d. Film

2.

Thin films materials


a. Amorphous Silicon b. Cadmium Telluride c. Copper Indium Diselenide

3. Concentrators Components: 1. PV 2. DC-AC Converter 3. Backup Power Generator 4. Stabilizer 5. Electrical Panel
Source:DOE/GO-10097-377 FS 231 - March 1997

SCI 322U Energy and Society II Presentation By Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

23

Types of PV Cells
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Monocrystalline Silicon Cells Multicrystalline Silicone Cells Thick-film Silicon Amorphous Silicon Other thin films: Cadmium telluride Copper indium diselenide Gallium arsenide Tandem cells

1. Monocrystalline Silicon
Most efficient PV tech Complicated process High Cost to manufacture

2. Multicrystalline Silicon
Cheaper Simpler process Less efficiency Granular texture

3. Thick-film Silicon
Continuous process Fine grained Bounded to aluminum frame

4. Amorphous Silicon
A thin homogenous layer More effective in absorbing lights Also known as thin film PV Efficiency about 6%

5. Other Thin Films


a. Cadmium telluride and Copper indium diselenide Still in research Very inexpensive process Expected efficiency quite high b. Gallium arsenide High efficiency Relatively temperature independent For special purpose only c. Tandem cells Made of two different cells Usually from silicon and gallium arsenide Better use of incoming light

Manufacturing

How It Works

Math Modeling
1. Optimal Conditions
a. Equations b. Independent Variables

2.

Method of Data Collection


a. Software b. Units

Source:DOE/GO-10097-377 FS 231 - March 1997

Source:DOE/GO-10097-377 FS 231 - March 1997

SCI 322U Energy and Society II Presentation By Jeremy Parra and Sandrio Elim

32

Bibliography
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) http://cosmos.colorado.edu/~hairgrov/Sun's_Energy_Generation http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/1.html http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/2000/public.html http://www.scolar.org.uk/html/pdf-page.html http://sol.crest.org/renewables/re-kiosk/solar/pv/theory/index.shtml http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/pvt/pvbasics/ http://www.ips-solar.com/basics/solarbasics.htm http://acre.murdoch.edu.au/refiles/pv/text.html

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