Chapter 10 8051 Serial Communication

Objective
8051 (serial communication) programmer bit bit IBM PC 8051 8051 RS232 PC COM port RS232 MAX232 IC 8051 registers 8051
2

Sections
10.1 Basics of serial communication 10.2 8051 connection to RS232 10.3 8051 serial communication programming

Section 10.1 Basics of Serial Communication

8051 and PC
The 8051 module connects to PC by using RS232. RS232 is a protocol which supports half-duplex, synchronous/asynchronous, serial communication. We discuss these terms in following sections.
RS232

PC
COM 1 port MAX232

8051
UART

Simplex vs. Duplex Transmission

Simplex transmission: the data can sent in one direction.
Example: the computer only sends data to the printer. Transmitter Receiver

Duplex transmission: the data can be transmitted and receive

Transmitter Receiver Transmitter Receiver
6

Half vs. Full Duplex

Half duplex: if the data is transmitted one way at a time.
Transmitter Receiver

Receiver

Transmitter

Full duplex: if the data can go both ways at the same time.
Two wire conductors for the data lines.
Transmitter Receiver

Receiver

Transmitter

Figure 10-2. Simplex, Half-, and FullDuplex Transfers

Half Duplex

Transmitter
Receiver

Receiver
Transmitter Receiver Transmitter
8

Full Duplex

Transmitter Receiver

Parallel vs. Serial

Computers transfer data in two ways:
Parallel
data is sent a byte or more a time (fast) Only short distance between two systems The 8-bit data path is expensive Example: printer, hard disks The data is sent one bit at a time (slow) Long distance (rarely distortion) cheap The data can be transferred on the telephone line (by using modem.)

Serial

Figure 10-1. Serial versus Parallel Data Transfer (1/2)

Serial Transfer
Sender Receiver

Parallel Transfer
Sender D0 Receiver

D7

10

Figure 10-1. Serial versus Parallel Data Transfer (2/2)

Serial Transfer
D0 Sender Receiver

Parallel Transfer
D0-D7 Sender Receiver

Other control lines

Other control lines

11

Serial Communication
How to transfer data?
Sender:
The byte of data must be converted to serial bits using a parallel-in-serial-out shift register. The bit is transmitted over a single data line.

Receiver
The receiver must be a serial-in-parallel-out shift register to receive the serial data and pack them into a byte.

register parallel-in serial-out

11101000001011
1

register serial-in parallel-out

8-bit character

12

Asynchronous vs. Synchronous

Serial communication uses two methods:
In synchronous communication, data is sent in blocks of bytes. byte byte byte byte sender
01011111 01010101

preamble

receiver

In asynchronous communication, data is sent in bytes. byte sender byte stop bit byte start bit receiver
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UART & USART

It is possible to write software to use both methods, but the programs can be tedious and long. Special IC chips are made for serial communication:
USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous receiver-transmitter) UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter)

The 8051 chip has a built-in UART.

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8051 Serial Communication

The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it.
Half-duplex Asynchronous mode only.

How to detect that a character is sent via the line in the asynchronous mode?
Answer: Data framing!

15

Framing (1/3)
Each character is placed in between start and stop bits. This is called framing.
Figure 10-3. Framing ASCII A (41H) Time (D0 first)
stop bit

mark

1 start mark bit D0 goes out last

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goes out last D7

Framing (2/3)
The LSB is sent out first. The start bit is 0 (low) and always one bit. The stop bits is 1 (high). The stop bit can be one (if 8 bits used in ASCII) or two bits (if 7 bits used in ASCII).
In asynchronous serial communication, peripheral chips and modems can be programmed for data that is 7 or 8 bits.

When there is no transfer, the signal is 1 (high), which is referred to as mask.

17

Framing (3/3)
We have a total of 10 bits for each character:
8-bits for the ASCII code 2-bits for the start and stop bits 25% overhead

In some systems in order to maintain data integrity, the parity bit is included in the data frame.
In an odd-parity bit system the total number of bits, including the parity bit, is odd. UART chips allow programming of the parity bit for odd-, even-, and no-parity options.
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Data Transfer Rate (1/2)

How fast is the data transferred? Three methods to describe the speed:
Baud rate is defined as the number of signal changes per second.
The rate of data transfer is stated in Hz (used in modem).

Date rate is defined as the number of bits transferred per second.

Each signal has several voltage levels. The rate of data transfer is stated in bps (bits per second).

Effective data rate is defined as the number of actual data bits transferred per second.
Redundant bits must be removed

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Data Transfer Rate (2/2)

The data transfer rate depends on communication ports incorporated into that system.
Ex: 100-9600 bps in the early IBM PC/XT Ex: 56K bps in Pentium-based PC The baud rate is generally limited to 100kHz.

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Example of Data Transfer Rate (1/2)

Data is sent in the following asynchronous mode:
2400 baud rate each signal has 4 voltage levels (-5V, -3V, 3V, 5V) one start bit, 8-bit data, 2 stop bits Time (D0 first)
stop stop mark bit bit
start mark bit

00

11

10

01

10

00

11

11

8-bit character

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Example of Data Transfer Rate (2/2)

2400 baud = 2400 signals per second =2400 Hz 4 voltage level: Log24=2
2 bits is sent in every signal change

Data rate = 2 * 2400 Hz = 4800 bps Effective ratio = 8 / (1+8+2) =8/11 Effective data rate = data rate * effective ratio = 4800 * 8 /11=3490.9

22

RS232 Standard
RS232 is an interfacing standard which is set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960.
RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. RS232A (1963), RS232B (1965) and RS232C (1969), now is RS232E

Define the voltage level, pin functionality, baud rate, signal meaning, communication distance.
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RS232 Voltage Level

The input and output voltage of RS232 is not of the TTL compatible.
RS232 is older than TTL.

RS 232 Voltage
25V

We must use voltage converter (also referred to as line driver) such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage level, and vice versa.
MAX232, TSC232, ICL232

logic 0
3V -3V undefined

logic 1
-25V
24

MAX232
MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.
RS232
PC 8051

COM 1 port
TTL voltage level

MAX232
RS232 voltage level

UART
TTL voltage level

25

RS232 pins
Figure 10-4 shows the RS232 connector DB-25. Table 10-1 shows the pins and their labels for the RS232 cable.
DB-25P : plug connector (male) DB-25S: socket connector (female)

Figure 10-5 shows DB9 connector and Table 10-2 shows the signals.
IBM version for PC.

All the RS 232 pin function definitions of Tables 10-1 and 10-2 are from the DTE point of view.

26

Figure 10-4. RS232 Connector DB-25

13

14

25

27

Table 10-1: RS232 Pins (DB-25) for DTE (1/2)

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9/10 11 12 13 Description Protective ground Transmitted data (TxD) Received data (RxD) Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) Data set ready (DSR) Signal ground (GND) Data carrier detect (DCD) Reserved for data testing Unassigned Secondary data carrier detect Secondary clear to send
28

Table 10-1: RS232 Pins (DB-25) for DTE (2/2)

Pin 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Description Secondary transmitted data Transmit signal element timing Secondary received data Receive signal element timing Unassigned Secondary request to sent Data terminal ready (DTR) Signal quality detector Ring indicator Data signal rate select Transmit signal element timing Unassigned
29

Figure 10-5. DB-9 9-Pin Connector

30

Table 10-2: IBM PC DB-9 Signals for DTE

Pin Description

1
2 3 4

Data carrier detect (DCD)

Received data (RxD) Transmitted data (TxD) Data terminal ready (DTR)

5
6 7 8 9

Signal ground (GND)

Data set ready (DSR) Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) Ring indicator (RI)
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RS232 Handshaking Signals

Many of the pins of the RS232 connector are used for handshaking signals.
DTR (data terminal ready) DSR (data set ready) RTS (request to send) CTS (clear to send) RTS and CTS are hardware control flow signals. DCD (carrier detect, or data carrier detect) RI (ring indicator)
32

They are not supported by the 8051 UART chips.

Communication Flow (1/2)

PC (DTE)
RI DCD DTR DSR RTS CTS TxD, RxD

modem (DCE)

Telephone is ringing Connection between two modems is set PC is ready modem is ready PC wants to sent data modem is ready to receive transmit data

33

Communication Flow (2/2)

While signals DTR and DSR are used by the PC and modem, respectively, to indicate that they are alive and well. TRS and CTS control the flow of data. When the PC wants to send data, it asserts RTS. If the modem is ready (has room) to accept the data, it sends back CTS. If, for lack of room, the modem does not activate CTS, and PC will deassert DTR and try again.
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DTE and DCE

Communication Equipments are classified as
DTE (data terminal equipment)
Terminals and computers that send and receive data

DCE (data communication equipment)

Communication equipment (only for transfer data) Ex: modem

DTE view DCE view DTE

TxD RxD
PC GND Com1

DCE
RxD TxD GND modem

DCE

DTE
TxD RxD GND PC Com1
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Telephone Line

RxD TxD GND modem

IBM PC/compatible COM ports

IBM PC has 2 COM ports.
Both COM ports have RS232-type connectors. For mouse, modem

We can connect the 8051 serial port to the COM port of a PC for serial communication experiments.
DTE view PC

RS232

DTE view 8051

COM 1 port

MAX232

UART

36

Null Modem Connection

The simplest connection between a PC and microcontroller requires a minimum of three pins, TxD, RxD, and GND.
Figure 10-6 shows null modem connection DTE
TxD

DTE
TxD

DTE
TxD

DTE
TxD

RxD
ground

RxD

RxD
ground

RxD

PC Com1

8051-based board

PC Com1

PC Com1

37

RS422 & RS485

By using RS232, the limit distance between two PCs is about 15m. It works well even the distance=30m. If you want to transfer data with long distance (ex: 300m), you can use RS422 or RS485.

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Section 10.2 8051 Connection to RS232

39

TxD and RxD pins in the 8051

In 8051, the data is received from or transmitted to
RxD: received data (Pin 10, P3.0) TxD: transmitted data (Pin 11, P3.1)

TxD and RxD of the 8051 are TTL compatible. The 8051 requires a line driver to make them RS232 compatible.
One such line driver is the MAX232 chip.

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Figure 4-1. 8051 Pin Diagram

PDIP/Cerdip
P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST (RXD)P3.0 (TXD)P3.1 (INT0)P3.2 (INT1)P3.3 (T0)P3.4 (T1)P3.5 (WR)P3.6 (RD)P3.7 XTAL2 XTAL1 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 Vcc P0.0(AD0) P0.1(AD1) P0.2(AD2) P0.3(AD3) P0.4(AD4) P0.5(AD5) P0.6(AD6) P0.7(AD7) EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7(A15) P2.6(A14) P2.5(A13) P2.4(A12) P2.3(A11) P2.2(A10) P2.1(A9) P2.0(A8)

8051 (8031)

data transfer start/stop

input event

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MAX232 (1/2)
MAX232 chip converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa.
MAX232 uses a +5V power source which is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. 8051

MAX232
P3.1 TxD

11

11 14 13

2 5 3

P3.0 10 RxD

12

DB-9

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MAX232 (2/2)
MAX232 has two sets of line drivers.
Figure 10.7 shows the inside of MAX232. MAX232 requires four capacitors ranging from 1 to 22 mF. The most widely used value for these capacitors is 22mF.

MAX233 performs the same job as the MAX232 but eliminates the need for capacitors.
Note that MAX233 and MAX232 are not pin compatible. Figure 10.8 (a) shows the inside of MAX233 Figure 10.8 (b) shows the connection to the 8051

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Figure 10-7 (a): Inside MAX232

Vcc + C1 + C2 11 1 3 4 C3 + C4 + 14 13 7 8
44

16

2 6

MAX232

12
10

5 T1IN R1OUT T2IN R2OUT 15

T1OUT R1IN T2OUT R2IN

TTL side

RS232 side

Figure 10-7: (b) MAX232s Connection to the 8051 (Null Modem)

8051
MAX232
P3.1 11 TxD

11 14
12 13

2 5 3

P3.0 10 RxD

DB-9
TTL-compatible RS232-compatible
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Figure 10-8: (a) Inside MAX233

Vcc 13 14 12 17 2 3 1 20 7 11 15 16 10 5 4 18 19

MAX233

T1IN R1OUT T2IN R2OUT 6

T1OUT R1IN T2OUT R2IN

TTL side

RS232 side
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Figure 10-8: (b) MAX233s Connection to the 8051 (Null Modem)

8051 MAX233 P3.1 11 TxD
P3.0 10 RxD
2 5 2 5

DB-9
TTL-compatible RS232-compatible
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Section 10.3 8051 Serial Communication Programming

48

PC Baud Rates
110 bps

PC supports several baud rates.

You can use netterm, terminal.exe, stty, ptty to send/receive data.

150 300

600
1200 2400 4800 9600 (default) 19200
Note: Baud rates supported by 486/Pentium IBM PC BIOS.
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Hyperterminal supports baud rates much higher than the ones list in the Table.

Baud Rates in the 8051 (1/2)

The 8051 transfers and receives data serially at many different baud rates by using UART. UART divides the machine cycle frequency by 32 and sends it to Timer 1 to set the baud rate. Signal change for each roll over of timer 1
11.0592 MHz Machine cycle frequency 921.6 kHz

XTAL oscillator

12

32

28800 Hz

By UART To timer 1
To set the Baud rate
50

Timer 1

Baud Rates in the 8051

Timer 1, mode 2 (8-bit, auto-reload) Define TH1 to set the baud rate.
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz The system frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz Timer 1 has 921.6 kHz/ 32 = 28,800 Hz as source. TH1=FDH means that UART sends a bit every 3 timer source. Baud rate = 28,800/3= 9,600 Hz

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Example 10-1 (1)

With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, find the TH1 value needed to have the following baud rates. (a) 9600 (b) 2400 (c) 1200 Solution: With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, we have: The frequency of system clock = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz The frequency sent to timer 1 = 921.6 kHz/ 32 = 28,800 Hz (a) 28,800 / 3 = 9600 where -3 = FD (hex) is loaded into TH1 (b) 28,800 / 12 = 2400 where -12 = F4 (hex) is loaded into TH1 (c) 28,800 / 24 = 1200 where -24 = E8 (hex) is loaded into TH1
Notice that dividing 1/12th of the crystal frequency by 32 is the default value upon activation of the 8051 RESET pin.
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Table 10-4: Timer 1 TH1 Register Values for Various Baud Rates
Baud Rate TH1 (Decimal) 9600 -3 4800 -6 2400 -12 1200 -24 Note: XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. TH1 (Hex) FD FA F4 E8

53

Registers Used in Serial Transfer Circuit

SUBF (Serial data buffer) SCON (Serial control register) PCON (Power control register) You can see Appendix H (pages 416-417) for details. PC has several registers to control COM1, COM2.

54

SBUF Register
Serial data register: SBUF
MOV SBUF,#A ;put char A to transmit MOV SBUF,A ;send data from A MOV A,SUBF ;receive and copy to A An 8-bit register Set the usage mode for two timers
For a byte of data to be transferred via the TxD line, it must be placed in the SBUF. SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by the 8051;s RxD line.

Not bit-addressable

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SCON Register
Serial control register: SCON
SM0, SM1 Serial port mode specifier REN (Receive enable) set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception. TI Transmit interrupt flag. RI Receive interrupt flag. SM2 = TB8 = TB8 =0 (not widely used) (MSB) (LSB)

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8

TI

RI
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* SCON is bit-addressable.

SM0, SM1
SM1 and SM0 determine the framing of data.
SCON.6 (SM1) and SCON.7 (SM0) Only mode 1 is compatible with COM port of IBM PC. See Appendix A.3. SM1 SM0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Mode 0 1 2 3 Operating Mode Baud Rate Shift register Fosc./12 8-bit UART Variable by timer1 9-bit UART Fosc./64 or Fosc./32 9-bit UART Variable

57

SM2
SCON.5 SM2 enables the multiprocessor communication for mode 2 & 3. We make it 0 since we are not using the 8051 in a multiprocessor environment.
SM2=0 : Single processor environment SM2=1 : multiprocessor environment

58

REN (Receive Enable)

SCON.4 Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception.
REN=1
It enable the 8051 to receive data on the RxD pin of the 8051. If we want the 8051 to both transfer and receive data, REN must be set to 1. SETB SCON.4

REN=0
The receiver is disabled. The 8051 can not receive data. CLR SCON.4
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TB8 (Transfer Bit 8)

SCON.3 TB8 is used for serial modes 2 and 3. The 9th bit that will be transmitted in mode 2 & 3. Set/Cleared by software.

60

RB8 (Receive Bit 8)

SCON.2 In serial mode 1, RB8 gets a copy of the stop bit when an 8-bit data is received.

61

TI (Transmit Interrupt Flag)

SCON.1 When the 8051 finishes the transfer of the 8-bit character, it raises the TI flag. TI is raised by hardware at the beginning of the stop bit in mode 1. Must be cleared by software.

62

RI (Receive Interrupt)
SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware halfway through the stop bit time in mode 1. Must be cleared by software. When the 8051 receives data serially via RxD, it gets rid of the start and stop bits and place the byte in the SBUF register. Then 8051 rises RI to indicate that a byte. RI is raised at the beginning of the stop bit.
63

Figure 10-9. SCON Serial Port Control Register (Bit Addressable)

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 SCON.7 SCON.6 SCON.5 SCON.4 SCON.3 SCON.2 Serial port mode specifier Serial port mode specifier Used for multiprocessor communication. (Make it 0) Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception. Not widely used. Not widely used.

TI

RI

TI
RI

SCON.1
SCON.0

Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the beginning of the stop bit in mode 1. Must be cleared by software.
Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware halfway through the stop bit time in mode 1. Must be cleared by software.
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Note: Make SM2, TB8, and RB8 = 0.

Transfer Data with the TI flag (1/2)

The following sequence is the steps that the 8051 goes through in transmitting a character via TxD:
1. The byte character to be transmitted is written into the SBUF register. 2. It transfers the start bit. 3. The 8-bit character is transferred one bit at a time. 4. The stop bit is transferred. 8-bit char TI SBUF UART bit by bit TxD
65

Transfer Data with the TI flag (2/2)

Sequence continuous:
5. During the transfer of the stop bit, the 8051 raises the TI flag, indicating that the last character was transmitted and it is ready to transfer the next character. 6. By monitoring the TI flag, we know whether or not the 8051 is ready to transfer another byte.
We will not overloading the SBUF register. If we write another byte into the SBUF before TI is raised, the untransmitted portion of the previous byte will be lost. We can use interrupt to transfer data in Chapter 11.

7. After SBUF is loaded with a new byte, the TI flag bit must be cleared by the programmer.

66

Programming the 8051 to Transfer data Serially (1/2)

1. Use the timer 1 in mode 2
MOV TMOD,#20H

2. Set the value TH1 to chose baud rate. Look at the Table 10-4.
MOV TH1,#FDH ;Baud rate = 9600bps

3. Set SCON register in mode 1.

MOV SCON,#50H

4. Start the timer.

SETB TR1
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Programming the 8051 to Transfer data Serially (2/2)

raise when sending the stop bit

5. Clear TI flag.
CLR TI

TI=0 transfer data

6. The character byte to be transferred serially is written into the SBUF register.
MOV SBUF,#A

7. Keep monitoring the Transmit Interrupt (TI) to see if it is raised.

HERE: JNB TI, HERE

8. To transfer the next character, go to Step 5.

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Example 10-2
Write a program for the 8051 to transfer letter A serially at 4800 baud, continuously. Solution: MOV MOV MOV SETB AGAIN: MOV HERE: JNB CLR SJMP TMOD,#20H TH1,#-6 SCON,#50H TR1 SBUF,#A TI,HERE TI AGAIN ;timer 1, mode 2 ;4800 baud rate ;8-bit,1 stop,REN enabled ;start timer 1 ;letter A to be transferred ;wait for the last bit ;clear TI for next char ;keep sending A

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Example 10-3 (1/2)

Write a program to transfer the message YES serially at 9600 baud, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit. Do this continuously. Solution: MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1, mode 2 MOV TH1,#-3 ;9600 baud MOV SCON,#50H SETB TR1 AGAIN:MOV A,#Y ;transfer Y ACALL TRANS MOV A,#E ;transfer E ACALL TRANS MOV A,#S ;transfer S ACALL TRANS SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it

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Example 10-3 (2/2)

;serial data transfer subroutine TRANS:MOV SBUF,A ;load SBUF HERE: JNB TI,HERE ;wait for last bit to transfer CLR TI ;get ready for next byte RET

71

Receive Data with the RI flag (1/2)

The following sequence is the steps that the 8051 goes through in receiving a character via RxD:
1. 8051 receives the start bit indicating that the next bit is the first bit of the character to be received. 2. The 8-bit character is received one bit at a time.When the last bit is received, a byte is formed and placed in SBUF. bit by bit UART 8-bit character
72

RxD

SBUF RI

Receive Data with the TI flag (2/2)

Sequence continuous:
3. The stop bit is received. During receiving the stop bit, the 8051 make RI=1, indicating that an entire character was been received and must be picked up before it gets overwritten by an incoming character. 4. By monitoring the RI flag, we know whether or not the 8051 has received a character byte.
If we fail to copy SBUF into a safe place, we risk the loss of the received byte. We can use interrupt to transfer data in Chapter 11.

5. After SBUF is copied into a safe place, the RI flag bit must be cleared by the programmer.

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Programming the 8051 to Receive data Serially (1/2)

1. Use the timer 1 in mode 2
MOV TMOD,#20H

2. Set the value TH1 to chose baud rate. Look at the Table 10-4.
MOV TH1,#FDH ;Baud rate = 28800bps

3. Set SCON register in mode 1.

MOV SCON,#50H

4. Start the timer.

SETB TR1
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Programming the 8051 to Receive data Serially (2/2)

raise when getting the stop bit

5. Clear RI flag.
CLR RI

RI=0 receive data

6. Keep monitoring the Receive Interrupt (RI) to see if it is raised.

HERE: JNB RI, HERE

7. When RI is raised, SBUF has the whole byte. Move the content of SBUF to a safe place.
MOV A,SBUF

8. To receive the next character, go to Step 5.

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Example 10-4
Program the 8051 to receive bytes of data serially, and put them in P1. Set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit. Solution: MOV MOV MOV SETB HERE: JNB MOV MOV CLR SJMP TMOD,#20H TH1,#-6 SCON,#50H TR1 RI,HERE A,SBUF P1,A RI HERE ;timer1, mode 2 (auto reload) ;4800 baud ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled ;start timer 1 ;wait for char to come in ;save incoming byte in A ;send to port 1 ;get ready to receive next byte ;keep getting data

76

Example 10-5 (1/4)

Assume that the 8051 serial port is connected to the COM port of the IBM PC, and on the PC we are using the terminal.exe program to send and receive data serially. P1 and P2 of the 8051 are connected to LEDs and switches, respectively. Write an 8051 program to (a) send to the PC the message We Are Ready, (b) receive any data sent by the PC and put it on LEDs connected to P1, and (c) get data on switches connected to P2 and send it to the PC serially. The program should perform part (a) once, but parts (b) and (c) continuously. Use the 4800 baud rate.

77

Example 10-5 (2/4)

8051 To PC COM port Solution: TxD P1 LED

RxD 0 P2,#0FFH TMOD,#20H TH1,#0FAH SCON,#50H TR1 DPTR,#MYDATA

P2

SW

ORG MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB MOV

;make P2 an input port ;4800 baud rate ;start timer 1 ;load pointer for message

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Example 10-5 (3/4)

H_1: MOV DPTR,#MYDATA ;load pointer for message CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR ;get the character JZ B_1 ;if last character get out ACALL SEND INC DPTR SJMP H_1 ;next character MOV A,P2 ;read data on P2 ACALL SEND ;transfer it serially ACALL RECV ;get the serial data MOV P1,A ;display it on LEDs SJMP B_1 ;stay in loop indefinitely

(a)

(c) (b)

B_1:

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Example 10-5 (4/4)

;-----------serial data transfer. ACC has the data SEND: MOV SBUF,A ;load the data H_2: JNB TI,H_2 ;stay here until last bit gone CLR TI ;get ready for next char RET ;-------------- Receive data serially in ACC RECV: JNB RI,RECV ;wait here for char MOV A,SBUF ;save it in ACC CLR RI ;get ready for next char RET ;---------------The message to send MYDATA:DB We Are Ready,0 END

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Doubling the Baud Rate in the 8051

There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data transfer in the 8051:
1. To use a higher frequency crystal.
It is not feasible in many situations since the system crystal is fixed. Many new crystal may not be compatible with the IBM PC serial COM ports baud rate.

2. To change a bit in the PCON register.

This is a software way by setting SMOD=1.

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PCON Register
SMOD Double baud rate. If Timer 1 is used to generate baud and SMOD=1, the baud rate is doubled when the Serial Port is used in modes 1,2,3 GF1,GF0 General purpose flag bit. PD Power down bit. Setting this bit activates Power Down operation in the 80C51BH. (precedence) IDL Idle Mode bit. Setting this bit activates Idle Mode operation in the 80C51BH.
(MSB)
SMOD

(LSB)

--

--

--

GF1 GF2

PD

IDL
82

* PCON is not bit-addressable. See Appendix H. p410

SMOD Flag of the PCON Register

Power control register: PCON
MOV A, PCON SETB ACC.7 MOV PCON,A ;we dont want to modify other bits An 8-bit register Not bit-addressable SCOM=0: default SCOM=1: double the baud rate See Table 10-5
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Table 10-5: Baud Rate Comparison for SMOD = 0 and SMOD =1

TH1 (Decimal) (Hex) SMOD = 0 SMOD = 1

-3
-6 -12

FD
FA F4

9,600
4,800 2,400

19,200
9,600 4,800

-24

E8

1,200

2,400

Note: XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. 11.0592 MHz SMOD = 1 To Machine 57600 Hz timer 1 16 cycle freq. to set 28800 Hz baud 921.6 kHz 32 rate SMOD = 0

XTAL oscillator

12

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Baud Rates for SMOD=0

When SMOD=0, the 8051 divides 1/12 of the crystal frequency by 32, and uses that frequency for timer 1 to set the baud rate.
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz The system frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz Timer 1 has 921.6 kHz/ 32 = 28,800 Hz as source. TH1=256 - Crystal frequency/(12*32*Baud rate)

Default on reset
See Appendix A, page 363
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Baud Rates for SMOD=1

When SMOD=0, the 8051 divides 1/12 of the crystal frequency by 16, and uses that frequency for timer 1 to set the baud rate.
XTAL = 11.0592 MHz The system frequency = 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz Timer 1 has 921.6 kHz/ 16 = 57,600 Hz as source. TH1=256 - Crystal frequency/(12*16*Baud rate)

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Example 10-6 (1/2)

Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz for the following program, state (a) what this program does, (b) compute the frequency used by timer 1 to set the baud rate, and (c) find the baud rate of the data transfer. Solution:
(a) This program transfers ASCII letter B (01000010 binary) continuously. (b) and (c) With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz and SMOD = 1 11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz machine cycle frequency. 921.6 /16 = 57,600 Hz frequency used by timer 1 to set the baud rate. 57,600 / 3 = 19,200, the baud rate.
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Example 10-6 (2/2)

MOV SETB MOV MOV MOV MOV SETB MOV A_1:CLR MOV H_1:JNB SJMP A,PCON ACC.7 PCON,A TMOD,#20H TH1,#-3 SCON,#50H TR1 A,#B TI SBUF,A TI H_1 A_1

;SMOD=1, double baud rate ;Timer 1, mode 2,auto reload ;19200 baud rate ;8-bit data,1 stop bit, RI enabled ;start Timer 1 ;transfer letter B ;make sure TI=0 ;transfer it ;check TI ;do again
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Example 10-7
Find the TH1 value (in both decimal and hex) to set the baud rate to each of the following: (a) 9600 Hz (b) 4800 Hz if SMOD =1 Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. Solution: With XTAL = 11.0592 and SMOD = 1, 11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz machine cycle frequency. 921.6 /16 = 57,600 Hz frequency used by the timer 1 (a) 57,600 / 9600 = 6 TH1 = -6 or TH1 = FAH. (b) 57,600 / 4800 = 12 TH1 = -12 or TH1 = F4H.

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Example 10-8
Find the baud rate if TH1 = -2, SMOD = 1, and XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. Is this baud rate supported by IBM/compatible PCs? Solution: With XTAL = 11.0592 and SMOD = 1, we have timer 1 frequency = 57,600 Hz. The baud rate is 57,600 / 2 = 28,800. This baud rate is not supported by the BIOS of the PC; however, the PC can be programmed to do data transfer at such a speed. The software of many modems can do this. Also, Hyperterminal in Windows 95 (and higher) supports this and other baud rates.

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You are able to (1/2)

Contract and compare serial versus parallel communication List the advantages of serial communication over parallel Explain serial communication protocol Contrast synchronous versus asynchronous communication Contrast half- versus full-duplex transmission Explain the process of data framing
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You are able to (2/2)

Describe data transfer rate and bps rate Define the RS232 standard Explain the use of the MAX232 and MAX232 chips Interface the 8051 with an RS232 connector Discuss the baud rate of the 8051 Describe serial communication features of the 8051 Program the 8051 for serial data communication
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Homework
Chapter 10 Problems3,8,15,36,38,39,47

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