Present/Nonpast Past

PRESENT/NONPAST
Simple Present

S + V (non aspect) Examples: I work everyday The sun rises from the East
Present Progressive/Continuous

S + Be + Present Participle/V-ing Examples: I am taking some medicines She is having lunch

 Future

Dianggap sebagai bagian dari Present Tense dan Past Tense, karena: 1. Waktu yang akan datang (futur) tidak selalu dinyatakan dengan will/shall. Ada banyak cara menyatakan waktu futur.
Kata bantu (auxiliary) will/shall tidak hanya untuk menyatakan waktu yang akan datang, tetapi juga untuk menyatakan kehendak.

2.

Cara-Cara Menyatakan Waktu Yang Akan Datang:

Be going + to-infinitive

They are going to finish their tasks.

Be + Present Participle/V-ing

He is coming
Shall/Will + V-infinitive atau Shall/Will + Be + V-ing

I will visit my grandma Hana will be celebrating her birthday

 Be + to-infinitive

They are to be married soon

Be About + to-infinitive

I am about to leave soon

PAST
Simple Past

S + Past Simple/V2 Example: I watched TV last night You had your lunch yesterday
Past Progressive

S + was/were + Present Participle/V-ing Example: We were doing our homework

Present Perfect

S + has/have + Past Participle/V3 Example: Diana has done her assignment

 Present Perfect Progressive

S + has/have + be + Present Participle/V-ing Example: We have been exercising for 30 minutes He has been waiting for you
Past Perfect

S + had + Past Participle/V3 Example: They had followed the rules

Past Perfect Progressive

S + had + be + Present Participle/V-ing We had been looking for him

 Future in the Past

- Simple Past Future (S + would + V infinitive) Example: If I had enough time, I would write letter to my parents - Past Future Progressive (S + would + be + V-ing) (S + was/were + V-ing) Examples: She would be going to the hospital that night She was going to help us
- Past Future Perfect (S + would have + Past Participle/V3) Example: I would have mentioned it if you had not interrupted me

- Past Future Perfect Progressive (S + would have + been + V-ing) Example: I would have been living in German for 2 years by the end of 2012

Usage
Simple Present

1.

2.

General time (permanent/happen regularly), general statement: - My parents live in Denpasar - Water freezes at 0 Celcius - I have English lesson once a week Series of events (completed as we speak): - First I take a bowl and break two eggs into it . (demonstration) - Lydiard passes to Taylor. Taylor to Morrison and Morrison shoots and its a goal! (commentary)

3. Habitual Action He always works at night. My dog barks a lot, but he isnt barking at the moment.
4. Newspaper Headlines Peace Talks Success 5. Planned Future Action We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive at Paris at 13.00

6. Here comesetc. - Here comes your brother NOT Here is coming. - There goes our bus, well have to wait for the next one

7. Promisesetc. - I promise never to smoke again - I swear that I will tell the truth - I agree to do that - He denies the charge
8. Formal correspondence - I write to let you know - I look forward to hearing from you

9. Instruction - You go straight on the traffic lights, then you turn left. 10.Stories, summaries of plays 11.Like, Believe, Love - I like NOT I am liking - I believe NOT I am believing - I love NOT I am loving 12.Hear, See, Say (in quotation) with perfect or past meaning - I hear you are getting married. - I see there has been trouble down at the hotel. - It says in the paper that petrol is going up again.

 Present Progressive/Continuous

1.

Around now (before, during and after the moment of speaking)/Happening now: - I am writing a letter now. - It is raining (now) Happening about this time but not necessarily at the moment of speaking: - He is teaching French and learning Greek (He may not be doing either at the moment of speaking) Changes: - That child is getting bigger everyday.

2.

3.

4.

Talking about the future (the time has been settled): - What are doing tomorrow evening? - I am going to go to Japan next week. Repeated actions (happening around the moment of speaking): - Why is he tapping on the table?

5.

Verbs Not Normally Used in the Continuous Tense

Verbs of Sense, e.g. (feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe,

look, taste)
Verbs Expressing Feeling and Emotions, e.g. (admire,

adore, appreciate, care for, desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, loathe, love, mind, respect, value, want, wish)
Verbs of Mental Activity, e.g. (agree, assume, believe,

expect, feel, sure/certain, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize, recollect, remember, suppose, trust, understand)
Verbs of Possession, e.g. (belong, owe, possess)

 Simple Past

1. -

Used to talk about many kinds of past events: short, quickly finished actions and happenings, longer situation, and repeated events. Peter broke a window last night. I spent all my childhood in Sanur. Regularly every weekend, Mita went to the spa.

2. Story Telling (when telling people about past events)

3. Past Habits

 Present Perfect
1. 2. 3. Used for a recently completed action: - He has just gone out = He went out a few minutes ago. Used for recent actions when the time is not mentioned: - I have read the instructions but I dont understand them. Recent actions in the present perfect often have results in the present: - The lift has broken down (We have to use the stairs). Used for actions or events that are still possible to be repeated in the present: - I have seen wolves in that forest (implies that it is still possible to see them). - John Smith has written a number of short stories (implies that John Smith is still alive and can write more).

4.

5.

Used for actions occurring in an incomplete period: Example: You are talking about Tom at 11 a.m. - Tom has rung up three times this morning already. (Maybe Tom will call you again after 11 a.m. but still in the morning). If you talks at 2 p.m. then you must use Past Tense

Present Perfect Continuous 1. An action which begun in the past and is still continuing. - He has been sleeping for ten hours.

2.

An action that has been started and it continuous up to the time of speaking which is apparently uninterrupted. - I have been writing letters since breakfast.

Past Perfect

It is the past equivalent of the present perfect.

Past Perfect Continuous

It bears the same relation to the Past Perfect as the Present Perfect Continuous bears to the Present Perfect.

Uses of the Future Simple

To express the speakers opinion, assumptions, speculations about the future: - They will (probably) wait for us. 2. Future habitual actions: - Spring will come again. 3. Used in sentence containing (1) clause of condition, (2) time clause, (3) clause of purpose: (1) If I drop the glass it will be break. (2) When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt. (3) Im putting this letter on the top of the pile so that he will read it first. 4. Express invitation, request or command:
1.

Future Continuous
It can be used as an ordinary continuous tense. 2. It can express a future without intention. Compare: (1) I will see John tomorrow. (2) I will be seeing John tomorrow. The 1st sentence show that you have intention to see John, maybe you have an appointment with him. The 2nd sentence implies that John and you will meet in the ordinary course of events (perhaps you study together at the same campus). 3. Future continuous can have no invitation, request or command meanings. It is just a normal question or statement.
1.

Future Perfect
It is normally used with a time expression beginning with by: by then, by that time, by the 24th, by the end, etc. 2. It is used for an action which at a given future time will be in the past or will just have finished.
1.

Future Perfect Continuous

The Future Perfect Continuous can be used instead of the Future Perfect when: 1. The action is continuous. 2. The action is expressed as a continuous action.

Perfect Forms 1. Perfect forms are used when we want to suggest a connection between a past event and the present, or between an earlier and a later past event. I have worked with children before, so I know what to expect in my new job. After I had worked with Jake for a view weeks, I felt I knew him pretty well. 2. Suggest completion I have done shopping. What shall I do now?

Past Progressive and Simple Past: 1. Background Events - As I was walking down the road, I saw Eka. - The phone rang while I was having dinner. - Mozart died while he was composing the Requiem. 2. Temporary and Permanent - The earthquake happened while I was visiting Yogya. 3. Past progressive is not the normal tense for talking about repeated or habitual past actions. - I rang the bell six times NOT I was ringing the bell six times.