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Ethical Theories: Guide To Ethical Leadership

The document discusses four major ethical theories: Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, Rawlsian ethics, and Aristotelian ethics. It provides brief descriptions of each theory, comparing their perspectives on the rightness or morality of actions, the role of consequences, duties, rights, justice, and virtues. The theories represent different approaches to ethics including consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics.

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Mark Robbiem Barco
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86 views10 pages

Ethical Theories: Guide To Ethical Leadership

The document discusses four major ethical theories: Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, Rawlsian ethics, and Aristotelian ethics. It provides brief descriptions of each theory, comparing their perspectives on the rightness or morality of actions, the role of consequences, duties, rights, justice, and virtues. The theories represent different approaches to ethics including consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics.

Uploaded by

Mark Robbiem Barco
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ethical Theories

Guide to Ethical Leadership

Major Ethical Theories

Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good Kantian Ethics: Duties and Rights Rawlsian Ethics: Justice or Fairness Aristotelian Ethics: The Virtuous Life

Major Ethical Theories Utilitarianism: The Greatest Good Argues that the conse!uences of an action ma"e that action either moral or immoral# An action that leads to $eneficial conse!uences is right or moral% one that leads to harmful conse!uences is wrong or immoral# Known as a conse!uentialist theor&#

Major Ethical Theories Kantian Ethics: Duties and Rights Argues that the conse!uences of an action are irrele'ant to a moral e'aluation of that action# (t is the moti'ation $ehind an action that matters# Actions that are moral are those that are underta"en out of a sense of dut&# )ne does it $ecause it is the *right thing to do#+

Major Ethical Theories Rawlsian Ethics: Justice or Fairness Justice is another im,ortant ethical standard# Justice in'ol'es ,rotecting indi'idual rights- or ,re'enting an in.ustice to an indi'idual# Re!uires us to com,are cases to a'oid discriminating or treating ,eo,le differentl& who are ali"e in rele'ant res,ects# /eans treating ,eo,le fairl&#

Major Ethical Theories


Aristotelian Ethics: The Virtuous Life Virtues ena$le human $eings to act in accordance with our *essence+ or human nature# The thing that distinguishes humans from all other creatures is our a$ilit& to reason# As"s what "ind of character must a ,erson ha'e to $e a moral human $eing# A lifetime of 'irtuous li'ing and a'oidance of 'ice forms a morall& 'irtuous character# A good character is an achie'ement- not a natural endowment#

Comparison of Ethical Theories

Consequentialism example /ill0s utilitarianism An action is right if it ,romotes the $est conse!uences#

Deontology Kantian ethics An action is right if it is in accordance with a moral rule or ,rinci,le#

Virtue Theory Aristotle0s moral theor& An action is right if it is what a 'irtuous agent would do in the circumstances#

abstract description

more concrete specification

The $est conse!uences are those in which ha,,iness is ma1imi2ed#

A moral rule is one that is re!uired $& rationalit&#

A 'irtuous agent is one who acts 'irtuousl&that is- one who has and e1ercises the 'irtues# A 'irtue is a character trait a human $eing needs to flourish or li'e well#

Classification of Ethical Theories

Ethical Theories

Ethics of Conduct
3hat sort of actions should we ,erform4

Ethics of Character
3hat sort of ,eo,le should we $e4

Consequentialism
The right action is the one that ,roduces the most intrinsic good

Deontology
The good is defined inde,endentl& of the right

For the agent:

Ethical Egoism

For e'er&one affected:

Consequentialism
The right action is the one that ,roduces the most intrinsic good

!restotelianism
Virtues is a mean $etween e1treme of action or ,assion

tilitarianism

Detailed Comparison of Ethical Theories

Consequentialism example model of practical reasoning utilitarianism means5ends reasoning: how do ( get what ( want6what0s good4

Deontology "antianism how do ( determine what0s rational4 will 7 reason 9desires are thought of as outside forces with the ,otential to thwart rationalit&: doing what reason re!uires 9at a minimumnot ha'ing inconsistent or self5contradictor& ,olicies: what ought ( to do4 9act orientation:

Virtue Ethics !ristotelianism what ha$its should ( de'elo,4

personal identity #$hat is essential to the self%&

will 7 reason 8 desires

will7 reason 8 desires 8 character traits

rationality

getting what &ou want

ha'ing the "inds of desires which reason determines are $est what0s the $est sort of ,erson to $e4 9agent orientation: ,eo,le 9agents:

central question

what ought ( to do4 9act orientation: conse!uences 9states of affairs:

primary object of e'aluation

acts

Detailed Comparison of Ethical Theories

Consequentialism example utilitarianism (!)*C +,T*,+ the good 9for most conse!uentialistsma1imum ha,,iness or something similar: actions that ma1imi2e the good $eing dis,osed to ma1imi2e utilit& 9for sim,le 'ersions of conse!uentialism- there will $e .ust one $ig 'irtue% more com,le1 'ersions might ha'e man&:

Deontology "antianism right action itself 94 or ,ossi$l& states of affairs $rought a$out $& right action4 or states of affairs in which ,eo,le who act rightl& are rewarded4: (!)*C +,T*,+

Virtue Ethics !ristotelianism whate'er results from the actions of good ,eo,le4 ha,,iness4 ac!uisition of goods internal to ,ractices 9/ac(nt&re:4 the sort of thing a 'irtuous ,erson would do in the situation (!)*C +,T*,+

the right

'irtue

,ositi'e attitude toward doing one0s moral dut&94:

9$ut ma& $e anal&2ede#g# as those dis,ositions necessar& for the attainment of ha,,iness

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