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Chi Square Test

References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_test http://math.hws.edu/javamath/ryan/ChiSquare.html

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621 views14 pages

Chi Square Test

References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_test http://math.hws.edu/javamath/ryan/ChiSquare.html

Uploaded by

Hannah Aguinaldo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chi square test

Chi Square

2 ( )

Is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. Categorical data may be displayed in contingency tables. May be used to test the hypothesis of no association between two or more groups between the row and column classifications.

Chi square tests can only be used on actual numbers and not on percentages, proportions, means, etc.

There are several types of Chi Square test used depending on the way the data was collected and the hypothesis being tested.

2x2 Contingency Table


Chi Square Distribution Table probability level (alpha)
Df 1 0.5 0.455 0.10 2.706 0.05 3.841 0.02 5.412 0.01 6.635 0.001 10.827

1.386

4.605

5.991

7.824

9.210

13.815

2.366

6.251

7.815

9.837

11.345

16.268

3.357

7.779

9.488

11.668

13.277

18.465

4.351

9.236

11.070

13.388

15.086

20.517

Table 1. General notation for a 2 x 2 contingency table.


Variable 2 Data type 1 Data type 2 Totals

Category 1

a+b

Category 2

c+d

Total

a+c

b+d

a+b+c+d=N

2 =

[ ]2 + + (+)(+)

EXAMPLE:
Suppose you conducted a drug trial on a group of animals and you hypothesized that the animals receiving the drug would show increased heart rates compared to those that did not receive the drug. You conduct the study and collect the following data: : The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is independent of drug treatment. : The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is associated with drug treatment.

Table 2. Hypothetical drug trial results.


Heart Rate Increased Treated Not treated Total 36 30 66 No Heart Rate Increase 14 25 39 Total 50 55 105

[ ] = + + ( + )( + )

After acquiring the chi square, the degrees of freedom will be computed next. We can get this by the formula: df= (number of columns-1)x(number of rows-1)

Chi Square Test of Independence


For a contingency table that has r rows and c columns, the chi square test can be thought of as a test of independence. In a test of independence, the null and alternative hypotheses are: : The two categorical variables are independent. : The two categorical variables are related.

Formula to be used:
2 =

( )2

Category I

Category II

Category III

Row Totals

Sample A

a+b+c

Sample B

d+e+f

Sample C

g+h+i

Column Totals

a+d+g

b+e+h

c+f+i

a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i=N

Effects of Learning Difficulties to the High School Students Mathematical Proficiency


Below Average Mathematical Proficiency With Learning Difficulties 42 Average Mathematical Proficiency Above Average Mathematical Proficiency

Total

62

29

133

Without Learning Difficulties Total

34

50

32

116

76

112

61

249

= Learning difficulties and mathematical proficiency are independent to each other. = Learning difficulties and mathematical proficiency are related to each other.

Observed 42 62 29 34 50 32

Expected 40.59 59.82 32.58 35.41 52.18 28.42

|O-E| 1.41 2.18 3.58 1.41 2.18 3.58

( ) 1.9881 4.7524 12.8164 1.9881 4.7524 12.8164

( ) / E 0.05 0.08 0.39 0.06 0.09 0.45


=

Computing for the expected values:

1.12

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