Principle

of
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Mr. Charnchai Suracheep
Introduction
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,
which are standard instruments for
the determination of metal elements,
are widely applied of samples, such as
agriculture chemical, clinical and
biochemistry, minerals, food and
drugs, environmental and other.

Principle of Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer
Principle of the Atomic Absorption
Method
Atomized elements each absorb energy of a
wavelength that is peculiar to that element. The
atomic absorption method uses as its light source a
hollow cathode lamp which emits light of a
wavelength that is peculiar to each element.
Elements within a solution are heated in a flame or
electrically (2000K to 3000K) and subsequently
determined using the fact that the degree of
absorption will vary with its concentration.
Light absorption
process of atoms
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, AAS
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, AES
Principle of Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer
Ground state E
0
Excited state E
1
e
Absorption
Ground state E
0
Excited state E
1
e
Emission
e e
Sodium (Na) energy states
Ground state 0.0 eV
Excited state (I) 2.2 eV
Excited state (II) 3.6 eV
589.0 nm
330.3 nm
Electronic Transition
Relation between light absorption
and density
When light of a certain intensity is given to
many atom in ground state, part of this light is
absorbed by atoms.
Density C
l
I
0
I
Lambert-beers Law
Density C
l
I
0
I
I = I
0
e
-k .l .C
Abs = -logI/I
0
= k .l. C
k : proportional constant
l : path length
C : density (concentration)
Relation between light absorption
and density
Calibration curve
Graph show the relation between absorbance and concentration
A
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e


Concentration (ppm)
Absorbance of
unknown sample
Concentration of
unknown sample
Relation between light absorption
and density
Atomization method
Atomic absorption spectrometry measures
absorption of free atom.
Free atom means an atom not combined with
other atoms.
Elements in the sample to be analyzed are not in
the free state, and are combined with other
elements invariably to make a so-called molecule.
The combination must be cut off by some means to
free the atoms.
This is called atomization
2 types:
- Flame method
- Flameless method
Atomization method
Flame Method
Flame Atomization Method
With the Flame Method, the sample
solution is converted into mist-form using a
nebulizer, and then introduced into the
flame. It is atomized by the temperature of
the flame.
Measurement time: A few dozen seconds
Optical diagram of Flame Atomic
Absorption Spectrometers
Flame selection
These flames vary in temperature, reducibility and
transmission characteristics.
Selected according to the element being analyzed,
and properties of the sample.
Flame Method
Argon-hydrogen : Max. temp. 1,577
0
C
Air-hydrogen : Max. temp. 2,045
0
C
Air-acetylene : Max. temp. 2,300
0
C
Nitrous oxide-acetylene : Max. temp. 2,955
0
C
(For elements are hard to combine with oxygen (Al, Si, V, Ti, etc.))
Flame selection
Flame Method
Flameless Method (Graphite Furnace)

Graphite cap Graphite holder
Cooling block
Aperture
plate socket
Sample
inlet
Seal
Graphite tube
Eject arm Spring Fixing knob
Graphite tube
Sample is injected in the formed graphite tube.

An electric current of 300 ampere (maximum) is
applied to the tube.


Flameless Method (Graphite Furnace)
Flameless Method (Graphite Furnace)
In an actual measurement heating is done in 3 stage.
- Ashing stage (400-1000
o
C)
- Atomizing stage (1400-3000
o
C)
- Drying stage (100
o
C)
Other atomic absorption methods
Methods having higher sensitivity than
normal flame atomic absorption or electro-
thermal atomic absorption
Used for special elements including arsenic,
selenium and mercury.
Use chemical reactions in the process of
atomization to vaporize in the form of an
atom or simple molecule.
Structural Diagram of Hydride Vapor Generator
Absorption Cell
NaBH
4
Gas Liquid
Separator
Peristaltic
Pump
Manifold
Reaction
Coil
Sample
Carrier Gas Ar
HCl

Drain
Burner Head
of AAS
As, Se, Sb, Sn, Te, Bi, Hg and other metals produce a metal hydride by this method
6BH
4
-
+As
3+
+ 3H
+
3B
2
H
6
+3H
2
+AsH
3
(gas)
Hydride Vapor Generation
Technique
Elements Concentration (ppb)
As 5~20
Sb 5~20
Te 5~20
Bi 5~20
Se
10~40
Hg 20~80
Sn
30~90
Cold Vapor Technique
SnCl
2
+ Hg
2+
Hg
o
(gas)
reduce
5%KMnO
4

5%H
2
SO
4

SnCl
2

253.6 nm
H
o
Limit of Quantitative
Element Detection Limit
Flame (ppm) Furnace (ppb)
Ag 0.04 0.01
Al 0.5 0.03
As 0.02 ppb (HVG) 0.2
As 0.4 -
Cd 0.012 0.003
Cr 0.08 0.015
Cu 0.04 0.008
Hg 0.01 ppb (cold vapor) -
Hg 0.2 ppb (HVG) -
Mg 0.0035 0.003
Mn 0.025 0.01
Ni 0.08 0.13
Pb 0.2 0.06
Se 0.3 ppb (HVG) 0.2
Sn 2 N
2
O-C
2
H
2
2
Zn 0.01 0.01
Interference effects
Physical interference
Spectral interference
Chemical interference
Physical interference
Flame
Spray efficiency fluctuations due to difference in
viscosity and surface tension between the standard
and sample.
Furnace
Sample dispersion ;
Measurement value fluctuations due to tube temperature distribution
Viscosity within the graphite furnace ;
Adherence to sample tip causing errors in collection quantity.
Example: samples, such as blood or juice, containing numerous
organic components.


Spectral interference
Spectral absorption line overlapping with the
absorption line of the target element.

Absorption and scattering by molecules
Target element Spectral line
(nm)
Interfering
element
Spectral line
(nm)
Al 308.215 V 308.211
Ca 422.673 Ge 422.657
Cd 228.802 As 228.812
Co 252.136 In 252.137
Cu 324.754 Eu 324.753
Fe 271.903 Pt 271.904
Ga 403.298 Mn 403.307
Hg 253.652 Co 253.649
Mn 403.307 Ga 403.298
Sb 217.023 Pb 216.999
Si 250.690 V 250.690
Zn 213.856 Fe 213.859
Spectral interference
Spectral absorption line overlapping with the absorption
line of the target element.
Spectral interference
Absorption and scattering by molecules
Molecules absorption
Alkaline metals + Halogens = Alkali halides
(Na, K)+(F, Cl, Br, I) = (Ex: NaCl, KI)
Chemical interference
Generation of non-separable compounds by coexisting
matrices
Example : influence of PO
4
-
, SO
4
-
, SiO
2
relative to Ca, Mg
in flame analysis
(generation of Ca
2
PO
4
)
Generation of low boiling point compounds by
coexisting matrices
Example: influence of chloride ions relative to Cd in
furnace analyses
(generation of CdCl
2
)
Matrix modifier effect
Masking of obstructing matrices
Influence of phosphate on Ca is masked by La
Conversion of obstructing matrices to compounds
that easily undergo sublimation or evaporation
Sublimation agent
Example: removal of chloride ion by ammonium salt of nitric
acid or phosphoric acid
Conversion of measured elements to stable oxides
or metallic intermediary compounds
Stabilizing agent:
Example: creation of measured element alloy using white
metals (Pd, Pt, Rh)
Application
examples of the matrix modifier method
Standard Addition Method
Mg concentration
after filled up
X X+0.1 X+0.2 X+0.3
100 ml
Solvent
No.1 No.2 No.4 No.3
10 ml
Unknown sample
10 ml
10 ml 10 ml 10 ml
1.0 ppm X Standard solution (ppm : mg/1000ml)
20 ml
30 ml
10 ml
Standard Addition Method
Calibration Curve of Standard Addition Method
Concentration of
unknown sample
2-Way Background Correction is
Standard
D
2
lamp method ( 190-430 nm) Molecular absorption

Background Correction
Self-Reversal (SR) method Spectra interference

Elements/ wavelengths where spectral
interference becomes problematic
Target element Spectral line
(nm)
Interfering
element
Spectral line
(nm)
Al 308.215 V 308.211
Ca 422.673 Ge 422.657
Cd 228.802 As 228.812
Co 252.136 In 252.137
Cu 324.754 Eu 324.753
Fe 271.903 Pt 271.904
Ga 403.298 Mn 403.307
Hg 253.652 Co 253.649
Mn 403.307 Ga 403.298
Sb 217.023 Pb 216.999
Si 250.690 V 250.690
Zn 213.856 Fe 213.859
Spectral interference
Background Correction
Self-Reversal Method
Background Correction
Self-Reversal Method
10 mA
100 mA
Background Correction
Signal
Background
AA-6300
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Optical diagram of Double Beam System
High Performance Optical System
Easy Switching between Flame and Furnace
Flame -> Furnace: All that is involved is to remove the burner head,
place the furnace unit, and fix it with the screw. No tools are required.
Remove the burner head.
Fit the furnace.
Remove the furnace.
Fit the burner head.
New Flame Atomizer
For chemical resistance
Neburizer w/ Ceramic
made Impact Bead
Polypropylene-made
Chamber
Solid Titanium-made
Burner Head
High Productivity
Full Auto ASC
- Auto measurement up to 60 samples
- Reagent addition 8 position
- Automatic dilution
Optimize Flame analysis
- Automatic search the best fuel gas flow rate
- Automatic search the Optimize Flame
analysis best burner height
Enhanced Safety
High Temp. Burner
Auto Gas Leak Check
Gas pressure monitoring to prevent flashback
Automatic flame monitoring
Automatic flame extinguish when
power failure
Safety interlock for burner misuse
Auto Air/N
2
O flame changeover
Drain level sensor
Drain level sensor
Wizard Software System
* Select
elements
*Set the calibration curve
and samples condition
*Connect to PC
*Set the spectrophotometer
* Set the atomizer
Automated/ Optimized
Effectiveness of the automatic
Line Search/Beam Balance
Effectiveness of the automatic
burner height
(Cr : 4ppm standard solution used)
Automated/ Optimized
Burner height & Sensitivity (Cr)
Search for the optimal fuel flow rate
(Cu : 4ppm standard solution used)
Automated/ Optimized
Calibration
curve
Display of
saved signal
The 4 newest
signals
Signals in real-time
Screen during measurement
The Login ID and password need to be entered when the software is started up.
Records of who logged in at what time are preserved in the Event Log.
User Management
User Management

Authority can be set in detail for each user
Initial Validation Screen
Summary Validation Report
Application
of
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Application of AAS
Pretreatment (dissolution) is required for solid samples.
AAS
Precautions for pretreatment:
Dissolve all the elements into the same solution evenly.
(Check with certified reference material.)
Ensure that elements are not lost in the solution. i.e., due to vaporization
or sedimentation (Check with recovery test.)
Contamination : Purified water, reagent (e.g., acid), container,
environment. (Check with blank operation.)
Ensure that the solution to be analyzed is stable for a long time (i.e., no
hydrolysis or sedimentation).
Consider the interference effect of the reagent on the analysis values.
Pretreatment
Dilution
Dilute the sample with purified water, dilute acid, or organic solvents.
Examples: food products (e.g., dairy products), pharmaceuticals, and biological
samples (e.g., blood, urine).

Types of Pretreatment
Dry Decomposition
Heat the sample to a high temperature (400 to 500C), Decomposition is possible in a
short time (a few hours) and operation is simple.
Elements with low boiling points (e.g., Hg, As, Se, Te, and Sb) will vaporize
Wet Decomposition
Heat the sample together with acid to a low temperature (approx. 300C). Suitable for
volatile elements.
A long time is required for the decomposition of organic substances.
Microwave Decomposition
Decompose the sample at high pressure by heating it together with acid to a
temperature in the range 100 to 200C in a sealed Teflon container.
The decomposition process is sealed; there is little vaporization of elements with low
boiling points; the decomposition time is short; there is little contamination from the
operating environment and the reagent; and only a small amount of acid is required.
Examples: Sediment, soil, dust, ceramics, living organisms, food products, etc.


Wet Decomposition Method
Sample+
Sulfuric acid
Nitric
acid
Heating

Cooling
tube
Waste
gas
Simple method
(no cooling)
Kjeldahl flask wet decomposition method
Decompose the sample together with an acid in a sealed container.

Decomposition possible in a short time with little vaporization or contamination.
- Ideal for the pretreatment of trace elements and trace samples.
- Food products, living organisms, pharmaceuticals, airborne dust, soil, etc.
Pretreatment
Microwave Decomposition
High-pressure Decomposition Container
Microwave Digestion
Temperature
measurement
internal PC or
Controller
Control by
Tmax and Pmax
Microwave
power
Digestion Vessels 1 - 12
Pressure
measurement
Real-Time Display
Sample Preparation using Pressure Digestion
with Microwave heating
Pretreatment
Solubility of Elements in Samples
Total Content

Inorganic compounds
with low solubility

Sulfides, oxides,
silicates, etc.
Simple soluble metals
& compounds

Carbonates, oxides, etc.
Organic
compounds



Simple
water-soluble
ions



Pretreatment Methods
Dilution, Elution
Purified water,
solvents, etc.
Wet Decomposition
Hydrochloric acid,
nitric acid, etc.
Dry/Wet Decomposition
Microwave Decomposition
Nitric acid,
sulfuric acid, etc.
Wet/High-pressure
Decomposition
Hydrofluoric acid, nitric
acid, etc.
Example
Application of AAS
EU Regulation for Hazardous Substances
IEC Recommendation for RoHS
RoHS : Restriction of Hazardous Substance in Electrical and Electronic equipment.
Substances
Polymers Metals
Electronics
PBB/PBDE :
1000 ppm
GC-MS NA GC-MS
Cr
6+
: 1000 ppm
Colorimetric Method
(Spectrophotometer)
Spot-test
procedure/boiling=water-
Extraction procedure
(Clause8)
Colorimetric Method
(Spectrophotometer)

Hg : 1000 ppm
Cold Vapor-AAS, ICP
Pb : 1000 ppm
Cd : 100 ppm
AAS, ICP AAS, ICP

AAS, ICP

EU Regulation for Hazardous Substances
Preparation of circuit boards
Vibratory Disc Mill RS 100
Pre-Cutting with the
Heavy Duty Cutting Mill
, bottom sieve 6 mm
Heavy Duty Cutting Mill SM 2000
after a grinding time of 2 min.
endfineness 90 % < 125 m
Sample Preparation
Target
Element

Pretreatment Methods

Polymer

Metals

Electronics

Hg


Microwave digestion
(
HNO
3
+
HBF
4
+
H
2
O
2
)

Cd


Pb

Microwave digestion

(
HNO
3
+
H
2
O
2
)
(
If contain ing Si, Ti add
HF
)
a) Common method
(HCl : HNO3 : water ; 2 : 1 : 2)
b) If containing Zr, Hf, Ti, Ta, Nb, W
(HNO3 : HF ; 1 : 3)
c) If containing Sn
(HCl :HNO3 ; 3 : 1)


Microwave digestion Step
A (HNO
3
+HBF
4
+H
2
O
2
)
Microwave digestion Step B
(add HCl)

Pretreatment method, which follow by IEC 62321
Analyzing Cadmium (Cd) in Rice
Pretreatment Using Wet Decomposition
Put 5 g of the sample in a beaker.

Add 30 mL of nitric acid (1+1) and 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid.
Warm on a hot plate until the violent reaction subsides.


Perform thermal decomposition until the contents approach a hardened and
dried state.

When the contents turn dark brown, add 1 mL of nitric acid. Repeat this process.
When the contents turn light yellow or become transparent, expel the white smoke of
the sulfuric acid and leave to cool.

Add nitric acid.
Heat on the hot plate to dissolve the salt content.

Leave to cool.
Dilute for measurement.

Level suggested by FAO/WHO Codex Committee ; 0.2 ppm max. in polished rice (proposed)
Polished rice:
0.118 ppm
Unpolished rice:
0.070 ppm
0.1 ppm
Furnace method
Injected amount: 10 L
Interference inhibitor: Pd 50ppm 5 L
Ashing: 400C; Atomization: 1,800C
Results of Quantitative
Analysis of Cd in Rice
Flame method
Air-C2H2

0.5 ppm
Polished rice :
0.118 ppm
Unpolished rice :
0.073 ppm
The following 2 methods can be used to analyze unpolished and polished rice decomposed using acid:
Summary of Methods for
Analyzing Cd in Rice
Comparison of Pretreatment Methods
Wet oxidation: 3 to 5 hours; Dry ashing: 5 to 10 hours;
Microwave: 1 hour; Acid extraction: 2 hours
Expected Lower Limits for Quantitative Measurement
Flame method : 0.100 ppm
Furnace method : 0.001 ppm
Comparison of Measurement Times for Each Measurement
Method (n=3)
Flame method : 30 s
Furnace method : 360 s
of
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Preventive Maintenance / Calibration
Maintenance
1. Cleaning the Burner head
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
Weekly check

Clogged
(by carbide or salt etc.)

Normal
Maintenance
2. Cleaning the Chamber with diluted water or alcohol
Weekly check
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
Burner Head
O-ring Chamber
Disperser
O-ring Fixing Plate
Nebulizer
Drain
Sample Suction
Nebulizer Construction
Sample Solution
Air
Maintenance
3. Cleaning the Nebulizer
Weekly check
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
Nebulizer
Cleaning wire
Do not apply the ultrasonic cleaner to the nebulizer
Hardware Validation
1. Wavelength Accuracy
- Using Hg hollow cathode lamp set at Emission mode
- Measure peaks should be within + 0.7 nm
(253.6nm 365.0nm 435.8nm 546..1nm 585.2 640.2nm)
(12 Month)
Calibration
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
3. Baseline Drift
- Using Cu hollow cathode lamp ( 324.8 nm)
- Measuring time 1800 sec
- Measured value less than 0.006 Abs

2. Noise Level
- Using Se hollow cathode lamp ( 196 nm)
- NON-BGC Noise level should be < 0.015 Abs.
- BGC-D2 Noise level should be < 0.035 Abs.
5. Repeatability
- Using Cu hollow cathode lamp
- Standard Cu 2 ppm
- Measure 5 time and CV value < 2%
(12 Month)
Calibration
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
4. Absorption
- Using Cu hollow cathode lamp
- Standard Cu 2 ppm
- Measured value more than 0.23 Abs
(12 Month)
Calibration
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
6. Detection Limit
- Using Cu hollow cathode lamp
- Standard Cu 2 ppm
- Measure Standard is 3-5 time and calculate the mean value (A)
- Measure Blank solution is 3-5 time and calculate the standard
deviation (S)
- Take the obtained value as the detection limit < 0.004 Abs.
Detection limit = (2.0 x 3 x S) / A
(12 Month)
Calibration
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration
7. Stability
- Using Se and Cu hollow cathode lamp
- Standard Cu 2 ppm
- Measure std. Cu around 5 sec (B)
- Measure std. Cu continuous around 30 sec and measure
amplitude of Abs. value (W)
- Take the ratio of W to B
Stability = W/B < 6.0 %
Preventive Maintenance/Calibration