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Presentation LEC II 01

Syntax is the branch of linguistics that describes the structure and arrangement of words in sentences. It examines the relationships between words and establishes principles and rules for how elements are organized in meaningful communication units. Syntax can be viewed as a set of guidelines governing how parts are structured in sentences. The document then categorizes sentences based on content, structure, and grammatical dependence. It also outlines types of coordination between clauses and different kinds of subordinate clauses.

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Elena Cristina
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47 views9 pages

Presentation LEC II 01

Syntax is the branch of linguistics that describes the structure and arrangement of words in sentences. It examines the relationships between words and establishes principles and rules for how elements are organized in meaningful communication units. Syntax can be viewed as a set of guidelines governing how parts are structured in sentences. The document then categorizes sentences based on content, structure, and grammatical dependence. It also outlines types of coordination between clauses and different kinds of subordinate clauses.

Uploaded by

Elena Cristina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course 1

Syntax is that branch of linguistics which describes the


phenomena of the contemporary language in point of
relations between words and their correct arrangement in
units of expression apt to reflect logical units and patterns.
Syntax describes the situations and contexts themselves,
the relations among words, deriving the principles, the
rules and the patterns governing the arrangement of
morphological elements as part of independent or
connected sense-units.
Syntax can be seen as a set of principles, rules and
indications governing the best arrangement of elements in
the structure of communication.
A. In point of content:
Declarative sentences (statements) they are used in order to affirm, declare or state
something (positive or negative) usually without emotional implications, that is
without affective participation, and denoting certainty, conviction, etc.
Interrogative sentences they are expressions of the speakers / writers curiosity and
so their form follows the standards corresponding to that modality or to its
subdivisions or associations. They are usually subdivided into:
a) General questions those which refer to the truth of an entire sentence, and so the
answer which they expect may be just one word (usually the adverbs yes or no)
b) Special / particular questions refer only to one / to a specific part of a sentence, so
that they expect a definite precise answer. They usually begin with a Wh- word.
c) Alternative questions those based on the presence of several possibilities or of one
alternative at least. They are further subdivided into: 1. limited / finite (closed list,
limitative enumeration) and 2. open / unlimited (illustrative / exemplifying)
d) Disjunctive questions - they ask for confirmation but have the opposite trend than
the statement (positive statement followed by interrogative-negative question or
viceversa)
Imperative sentences - include commands proper or requests or
invitations
Exclamatory sentences they denote either attitudes which we may
call positive or even superlative, or, on the contrary, negative
ones.
B. In point of structure:
Simple sentences it expresses just one thought at a time by means
of one predicate
Compound sentences it is made up of 2 or more main clauses
(fraza compusa prin coordonare)
Complex sentences it is made up of 1 or more main clauses + 1 or
more subordinate clauses (fraza compusa prin subordonare)

Compound-complex sentences when coordination
occurs among the main clauses, some of which having
subordinate clauses depending on them
Complex-compound sentences when coordination
occurs among the subordinate clauses
C. In point of status or grammatical dependence:
Independent sentences (isolated)
Independent clauses (as part of a compound sentence)
Main clauses (in complex sentences)
Regent clauses (as part of a complex sentence, in case there
are two degrees or three levels of subordination)
Subordinate clauses (as part of a complex sentence)

1. Simple unextended sentences made up only of S
and P
2. Simple extended sentences made up of the main
parts of the sentence (S, P, DO, IO, modifiers,
attributes)
3. Elliptical simple sentences characterized by the
absence of a part of the sentence which is otherwise
considered essential (e.g. S or P)
4. One-member sentences include just one element,
sufficient however to express something in a given
context

Types of coordination:
1. By means of coordinating conjunctions (conjunctive
coordination)
A. Copulative coordination it is based on addition (and, neither
nor, not only but also, as well as, together with)
B. Disjunctive coordination it is based on distinction (or, either
or, or else, otherwise)
C. Adversative coordination it is based on opposition (but,
nevertheless, yet, still, nonetheless, only that, while, whereas)
D. Causative consecutive coordination where a slight cause-
effect relationship can be detected (therefore, thus, then, so,
hence, consequently, accordingly)
2. By means of juxtaposition (asyndetic coordination)

Types of subordinate clauses:
1. Subject clauses
2. Predicate / predicative clauses
3. Direct object clauses
4. Indirect object clauses
5. Prepositional object clauses
6. Relative clauses
7. Adverbial clauses of manner
8. Adverbial clauses of place
9. Adverbial clauses of time
10. Adverbial clauses of comparison
11. Adverbial clauses of concession
12. Adverbial clauses of condition
13. Adverbial clauses of reason / cause
14. Adverbial clauses of result
15. Adverbial clauses of purpose

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