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Lecture One Way ANOVA

This document provides an overview of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). It explains that one-way ANOVA compares the means of two or more independent groups on a continuous dependent variable. It reviews the assumptions of one-way ANOVA including independence of observations, normality, and homogeneity of variance. An example is provided comparing the time taken to solve problems under conditions of low, medium, and high electric shock. The results of the one-way ANOVA on this example show that shock intensity has a significant effect on time taken. Post hoc tests further reveal that the high shock level takes significantly longer than the low or medium levels.

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153 views22 pages

Lecture One Way ANOVA

This document provides an overview of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). It explains that one-way ANOVA compares the means of two or more independent groups on a continuous dependent variable. It reviews the assumptions of one-way ANOVA including independence of observations, normality, and homogeneity of variance. An example is provided comparing the time taken to solve problems under conditions of low, medium, and high electric shock. The results of the one-way ANOVA on this example show that shock intensity has a significant effect on time taken. Post hoc tests further reveal that the high shock level takes significantly longer than the low or medium levels.

Uploaded by

Anum Shahzad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANOVA

One-Way Analysis of Variance


Two-Way Analysis of Variance
ONE WAY ANOVA
Overview
Compares two or more populations of interval
data
Extension of independent T-Test
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) determines
whether differences exist between population
means.
This procedure works by analyzing the sample
variance, hence the name.

AIM
Whether means from several (>2)
independent groups differ
E.g. if a researcher is interested whether four
ethnic groups differ in their IQ scores.
Checklist of Requirements for
ONE-WAY ANOVA

One IV (e.g., ethnicity) with more than two
levels
More than two levels for IV (e.g., Australian,
American, Chinese and African)
One DV...that is to be measured like IQ scores,
calories consumed, time taken to solve
problem.

Assumptions
The populations from which the samples were
taken are normally distributed.
Homogeneity of variance
The observations are all independent of one
another.

Example
A researcher is interested in finding out whether
the intensity of electric shock will affect the time
required to solve a set of difficult problems.
Eighteen subjects are randomly assigned to
three experimental conditions of low shock,
medium shock and high shock. The total time (in
minutes) required to solve all the problems is
the measure recorded for each subject.
Dataset
Shock Intensity
Low Medium High
15 30 40
10 15 35
25 20 50
15 25 43
20 23 45
18 20 40
State the Hypotheses
H
0
: The time taken to solve problems in each
shock level is same.
H
a
: The time taken to solve problems in each
shock level is not same., at least one is
different from the others.

H
0
: m
1
= m
2
= m
3


H
a
: Not all ms are equal
Checking for the assumptions
INDEPENDENCE is judged through the problem
statement

NORMALITY: if sample size is large: the data
tends to normal checked through
Graphically (histograms, normality plots)
Numerically (Kolmogrov, Shapiro Wilk (when sample
size is less than 50))

HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCES
Checked through levenes test
NORMALITY
The data is said to be normally distributed, as assessed
by Shapiro-Wilk Test (p>.05), so the assumption of
normality is satisfied.

Note: for sample size less than 50, Shapiro-Wilk test is displayed automatically and we
interpret through this test. For sample size larger than 50, Kolmogrov-Smirnov test is
interpreted.


HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCES
The significance value exceeds .05, suggesting
that the variances for the three shock levels
are equal, so the assumption of homogeneity
of variance is satisfied.
Output and interpretation
In one-way ANOVA, the total variation is partitioned into
two components.
Between Groups represents variation of the group means
around the overall mean.
Within Groups represents variation of the individual scores
around their respective group means.
Sig indicates the significance level of the F-test.
Small significance values (<.05) indicate group differences.
In this example, the significance level is less than .05. At
least one of the Shock level differs from the others.


Total Variability
Should be
small
Should be
large
Within group, response is
not exactly the same due
to;
1. Individual differences
2. Experimental error
different treatments
exposed to different
groups and each
group responded
differently
Interpretaion
The results from the analysis indicate that the
intensity of the electric shock has a significant
effect on the time taken to solve the problem,
F(2,15)= 40.14, p<.05.
The mean values for the three shock levels
indicate that as the shock level increased (from
low to medium to high), so did the time taken to
solve the problems (Low: Mean=17.17, SD=5.115;
Medium: Mean=22.17, SD=5.115 ; High:
Mean=42.17, SD=5.115 )

Post Hoc Comparisons (when ANOVA
results are significant)

H1 supported, then researcher is interested to
know which of the two groups differ?

Post hoc comparisons provide the answer.
Post Hoc Comparisons
Although the highly significant F-ratio (p<0.05)
indicates that the means of the three shock levels
differ significantly, it does not indicate the location of
this difference.

Whether the overall difference is due to difference
between low shock and high shock levels
between low shock and medium shock levels
between medium shock and high shock levels


Post Hoc Test
Interpretation
The results indicate that the high shock level is
significantly different from both the low shock
and medium shock levels.
The low and medium shock levels do not differ
significantly.
Graphical Representation
Conclusion
These results show that overall difference in
the time taken to solve complex problems
between the three shock intensity levels is
because of significantly greater amount of
time taken by the subjects in high shock
conditions.

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