Networks: ATM 1

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode
Networks: ATM 2
Issues Driving LAN Changes
Traffic Integration
Voice, video and data traffic
Multimedia became the buzz word
One-way batch Web traffic
Two-way batch voice messages
One-way interactive Mbone broadcasts
Two-way interactive video conferencing
Quality of Service guarantees (e.g. limited jitter,
non-blocking streams)
LAN Interoperability
Mobile and Wireless nodes
Networks: ATM 3
Stallings High-Speed Networks
Networks: ATM 4
Stallings High-Speed Networks
Networks: ATM 5
A/D
Voice
s
1 ,
s
2

Digital voice samples
A/D
Video

Compression
compressed
frames
picture frames
Data
Bursty variable-length
packets
cells
cells
cells
Figure 9.3
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AAL
AAL
AAL
Networks: ATM 6
MUX
`
Wasted bandwidth
ATM
TDM
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
4 3 1 3 2 2 1
Voice
Data
packets
Images
Figure 7.37
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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Networks: ATM 7
ATM
ATM standard (defined by CCITT) is widely
accepted by common carriers as mode of operation
for communication particularly BISDN.
ATM is a form of cell switching using small fixed-
sized packets.
Header
Payload
5 Bytes
48 Bytes
Figure 9.1
Basic ATM Cell Format
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM 8
ATM Conceptual Model
Four Assumptions
1. ATM network will be organized as a hierarchy.
Users equipment connects to networks via a UNI (User-
Network Interface).
Connections between provided networks are made through
NNI (Network-Network Interface).
2. ATM will be connection-oriented.
A connection (an ATM channel) must be
established before any cells are sent.
Networks: ATM 9
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Private
UNI
Public
UNI
NNI
Private
NNI
Private ATM
network
Public
UNI
B-ICI
Public ATM
network A
Public ATM
network B
Figure 9.5
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Networks: ATM 10
ATM Connections
two levels of ATM connections:
virtual path connections
virtual channel connections
indicated by two fields in the cell header:
virtual path identifier VPI
virtual channel identifier VCI
Networks: ATM 11
Physical Link
Virtual Paths
Virtual Channels
Figure 7.40
ATM Virtual Connections
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Networks: ATM 12
ATM Conceptual Model
Assumptions (cont.)
3. Vast majority of ATM networks will run on
optical fiber networks with extremely low error
rates.
4. ATM must supports low cost attachments
This decision lead to a significant decision to
prohibit cell reordering in ATM networks.
ATM switch design is more difficult.
Networks: ATM 13
GFC (4 bits) VPI (4 bits)
VPI (4 bits)
VCI (4 bits)
VCI (8 bits)
VCI (4 bits) PT (3 bits)
CLP
(1 bit)
HEC (8 bits)
ATM cell
header
Payload
(48 bytes)
Figure 9.7
UNI Cell Format
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Networks: ATM 14
2
3
N
1
Switch
N
1

5
6
video
25
video
voice
data
32
32 61
25
32
32
61
75
67
39
67
N
1
3
2
video 75
voice 67
data
39
video
67
Figure 7.38

ATM Cell Switching
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Networks: ATM 15
c
ATM
Sw
1
ATM
Sw
4
ATM
Sw
2
ATM
Sw
3
ATM
DCC
a
b
d
e
VP3
VP5
VP2
VP1
a
b
c
d
e
Sw = switch
Figure 7.39
Digital Cross Connect
Only switches virtual paths
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM 16
ATM Protocol Architecture
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) the protocol
for packaging data into cells is collectively
referred to as AAL.
Must efficiently package higher level data
such as voice samples, video frames and
datagram packets into a series of cells.
Design Issue: How many adaptation layers
should there be?
Networks: ATM 17
P
l
a
n
e

m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

Management plane
Control plane User plane
Physical layer
ATM layer
ATM adaptation layer
Higher layers Higher layers
L
a
y
e
r

m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

Figure 9.2
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Networks: ATM 18
AAL
ATM
User
information
User
information
AAL
ATM
PHY PHY
ATM
PHY
ATM
PHY

End system
End system Network
Figure 9.4 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM 19
Original ATM Architecture
CCITT envisioned four classes of
applications (A-D) requiring four distinct
adaptation layers (1-4) which would be
optimized for an application class:
A. Constant bit-rate applications CBR
B. Variable bit-rate applications VBR
C. Connection-oriented data applications
D. Connectionless data application
Networks: ATM 20
ATM Architecture
An AAL is further divided into:

The Convergence Sublayer (CS)
manages the flow of data to and from SAR sublayer.

The Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR)
breaks data into cells at the sender and reassembles
cells into larger data units at the receiver.

Networks: ATM 21
Original ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM 22
Transmission
convergence
sublayer
Physical medium
dependent sublayer
Physical
medium
ATM layer
Physical layer
Figure 9.6 Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM 23
The AAL interface was initially defined as classes A-D
with SAP (service access points) for AAL1-4.
AAL3 and AAL4 were so similar that they were
merged into AAL3/4.
The data communications community concluded that
AAL3/4 was not suitable for data communications
applications. They pushed for standardization of AAL5
(also referred to as SEAL the Simple and Efficient
Adaptation Layer).
AAL2 was not initially deployed.
Original ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM 24
Revised ATM Architecture
Networks: ATM 25
Revised ATM Service Categories
Class Description Example
CBR Constant Bit Rate T1 circuit
RT-VBR Real Time Variable Bit
Rate
Real-time
videoconferencing
NRT-VBR Non-real-time Variable Bit
Rate
Multimedia email

ABR Available Bit Rate Browsing the Web
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate Background file
transfer
Networks: ATM 26
QoS, PVC, and SVC
Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are
handled at connection time and viewed as
part of signaling.
ATM provides permanent virtual connections
and switched virtual connections.
Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC)
permanent connections set up manually
by network manager.
Switched Virtual Connections (SVC)
set up and released on demand by the end user
via signaling procedures.
Networks: ATM 27
(b) CS PDU with pointer in structured data transfer
AAL 1
Pointer
1 Byte 46 Bytes
47 Bytes
Figure 9.11
AAL 1 Payload
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optional
(a) SAR PDU header
CSI
SNP
Seq. Count
1 bit 3 bits 4 bits
Networks: ATM 28

Higher layer User data stream
Convergence
sublayer
SAR sublayer
ATM layer
CS PDUs
SAR PDUs
ATM Cells
47
47
47
1 47
1 47 1 47
H H H
5 48
H
5 48
H
5 48
H
b
1
b
2
b
3
Figure 9.10
AAL 1
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Networks: ATM 29
(a) CPCS-PDU format
(b) SAR PDU format
CPI Btag BASize
CPCS - PDU Payload
1 1 2 1 - 65,535 0-3 1 1 2
(bytes) (bytes) (bytes)
AL Etag Length Pad
Header
Trailer
ST SN MID
SAR - PDU Payload
2 4 10 44 6 10
(bits) (bytes) (bits)
LI CRC
Header
(2 bytes)
Trailer (2
bytes)
Figure 9.16
AAL 3/4
CS and SAR PDUs
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Networks: ATM 30
Higher layer
Common part
convergence
sublayer
SAR sublayer
ATM layer
Service specific
convergence
sublayer
Information
Assume null
T
PAD
User message
Pad message to multiple
of 4 bytes. Add header
and trailer.
Each SAR-PDU consists
of 2-byte header, 2-byte
trailer, and 44-byte
payload.
H
4 4
2 44 2 2 44 2
2 44 2


Information
Figure 9.15
AAL 3/4
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Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM 31
Information
0 - 65,535 0-47 1 1 2 4
(bytes) (bytes)
UU CPI Length CRC Pad
Figure 9.19
AAL 5
Convergent Sublayer Format
SAR Format
48 bytes of Data
ATM
Header
1-bit end-of-datagram field (PTI)
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Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
Networks: ATM 32
Higher layer
Common part
convergence
sublayer
SAR sublayer
ATM layer
PTI = 0
Service specific
convergence
sublayer
Assume null
48
(1)
Information
T
PAD


Information
48
(0)
48
(0)
PTI = 0
PTI = 1
Figure 9.18
AAL 5
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Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies