COMPLETE DENTURE

PROSTHODONTICS
1. Denture bearing areas Maxillary & Mandible
2. Stress bearing & Relief Areas
3. Histology & Anatomy of Basal Seat
4. Retention, Stability & Support in
prosthodontics
5. Importance of Atmospheric Pressure
6. Soft Palate types & Tongue Positions
7. Residual Ridge Resorption (RRR)
8. Influence of Saliva on Dentures
9. Epulis & Tori
10. Impression Techniques
11. Impression Techniques:
a. Compressive v/s Selective
Pressure v/s Non-Pressure techniques
b. Primary v/s Secondary v/s Wash Impression
technique
c. Impression Materials Elastic & Inelastic
d. Mucostatic & Mucocompressive
12. Posterior palatal seal
13. Materials Used & Techniques
14. Vibrating Lines
15.Jaw Relations Orientation, Horizontal &
. Vertical Relations
16.Rest Position Physiologic
17.Realeff
18. Hinge Axis & Face Bow Types
19. Articulators & their classification
20. Selection of teeth
21. Dentogenic concept
22. Phonetics & Esthetics
23. Arrangement of Teeth
24. Theories of Occlusion
25. Freeway space
26. Closest speaking space
27. Articulators based on Occlusal
schemes
28. Increased Vertical Dimension v/s
Decreased Vertical Dimension
29. Denture Defects
30. Complete Denture Occlusion
31. Centric Occlusion v/s Centric Relation
32. Balanced Occlusion
33. Organic Occlusion
34. Neutral zone
35. Benett Movement & Benett Angle
36. Compensating curves Anteroposterior
& Lateral
37. Hanaus Quint
38. Freedom in centric
39. Combination syndrome & Burning Mouth
Syndrome
40. Denture Cleansers
41. Gagging
42. Relining & Rebasing
43. Tissue Conditioners & Soft Liners
44. Anatomic, Semi-anatomic & Non-
anatomic Teeth
45. Selective Grinding
46. Types of Mandibular Movements
47. Envelope of motion in frontal plane
48. Envelope of motion in sagittal plane
49. Differences between Natural &
Artificial Teeth
1. Ans. B : Ref. Nallaswamy 1st Ed Pg
113 To 116]
Bennett Movement is the bodily lateral movement or
lateral shift of the mandible resulting from the
movements of the condyles along the lateral inclines of
the mandibular fossae during lateral jaw movement.
This lateral movement may have a retrusive, protrusive
component, or it may move straight laterally.
The movement may end up at any point in the 600
triangle.
The opposing or balancing condyle moves downwards
,forwards and inwards and makes an angle with the
median plane when projected perpendicularly on the
horizontal plane .this angle is known as bennet angle.
(Ref. Bouchers 10th Ed Pg-176 &
Winkler 2nd Ed Pg-50): The denture
should be shaped and polished such
that the tongue and cheek tends to
seat rather than unseat the dentures.
If the posterior teeth are too wide
buccolingualy the tongue and
cheeks will unseat the dentures.
2. Ans. B :
Wright's classification of tongue
positions:
Class I Tongue lies in the floor of the mouth with
tip forward and slightly below the incisal
edges of the mandibular anterior teeth.
Ideal position of the tongue.
Class II The tongue is flattened and broadened but
the tip is in a normal position.
Class III The tongue is retracted and depressed into
the floor of the mouth, with the tip curled
upward or assimilated into the body of the
tongue.
3. Ans. A
(Ref. Bouchers 10th Ed Pg-151) The
compact bone in combination with
tightly attached dense sub-mucosa
and keratinized mucosa makes the
alveolar ridge area resistant to
occusal forces.
Primary Stress-bearing Areas
Name of the
Area
Anatomy &
Histology of the
Area
Reasoning and
Concept
Most of the
hard palate
Compact bone
made up of
haversian
systems
Resistance to
resorption
The residual
ridge
The fibrous
connective tissue
covering the
crest of the
residual alveolar
ridge
Firmness and
positions.
4. Ans A :
Soft palatal tissue :The anterior
vibrating line is an imaginary line
located at the junction of the attached
tissues overlying the hard palate and
the moveable tissues of the
immediately adjacent soft palate.it is
not synonymous with anatomic
junction of hard and soft palate.it
always lies on the soft palate.can be
visualized when patient says ah in
short,vigorous bursts.
Ref. B.D.Chaurasia 3rd Ed/ 3rd vol
/ p 187, 188 & B.D.Chaurasia 4th
Ed Pg 221, 222]
All the constrictions of the pharynx
are inserted into a median raphe on
the posterior wall of the pharynx. The
upper end of the raphe reaches the
base of the skull where it is attached
to the pharyngeal tubercle on the
basilar part of the occipital bone.
5. Ans. D
6. Ans. C
In 1972, Ellesworth Kelly observed that
all patients wearing an upper complete
denture against lower posterior
Removable partial denture exhibited
similar symptoms. He termed the
syndrome as combination syndrome.
Otherwise called Kelly's
syndrome/anterior-post combination
syndrome.
7. Ans. A
Ref. B.D.Chaurasia 3rd Ed/ 3rd vol / p 187, 188 &
B.D.Chaurasia 4th Ed Pg 221, 222
All the constrictions of the pharynx are inserted into a
median raphe on the posterior wall of the pharynx.
The upper end of the raphe reaches the base of the
skull where it is attached to the pharyngeal tubercle
on the basilar part of the occipital bone.
When border molding a mandibular custom tray
that will be used for a final denture impression:
The distobuccal extension is determined by the
position and action of the masseter muscle.
The distolingual extension is limited by the action
of the superior constrictor muscle.
8. Ans. B :
Ref. Bouchers 12th Ed. Pg-239, Winkler
2nd Ed. Pg-90
Retromolar pad
Gives peripheral seal of lower denture.
Gives distal extension limit.
Gives height of occlusal plane.
Relieving area since it contains 3 muscles.
Through retromolar pad provides stability,
support and retention, the main objective of
covering it is retention.
9. Ans. D :
[Ref. Bouchers 12th ED Pg-247] Anteriorly
the lingual flange is determined by
genioglossus, by mylohyoid in molar region
and by superior constrictor and palatoglossus
in the posterior region.
The lingual flange of lower denture is limited by
In the anterior region by Genioglossus
In the middle region by Mylohyoid
In the posterior region by Palatoglossus and superior constrictor
10. Ans. B :

[Ref: Bouchers 9th ed/503, & 12th Ed Pg 44 & Winklers 2nd
ed/107, 108] "Most often the gagging may relate to the posterior
border of upper denture. The border may be improperly extended,
or the posterior border seal may be inadequate. The gagging
seems to be caused most often from making & breaking of the
posterior palatal seal as the tissue posterior to the vibrating line
moves upward & downward during function" - Boucher / 303
Gag Reflex is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat that
prevents something from entering the throat except as part of
normal swallowing.
This helps prevent choking.
It is also known as a pharyngeal reflex.
Touching the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people,
although people can train themselves to resist the gag reflex, for
example as part of the act of sword swallowing.
The gag reflex can also be used to induce vomiting.
11. Ans. A :
12. Ans. D :
a) Philosophical
(ideal attitude)
Accept the judgement of dentist without
question.
b) Indifferent Little concern for their oral health and
seeks treatment because of their families.
Requires some more time to understand and
their attitude is very discouraging to
dentists.
c) Critical / Exacting Previously has many CD sets and finds fault
with everything.
Medical consultation is always advisable.
d) Skeptical /
Hysterical
Previously had bad results with treatment
and are doubtful about everything.
These are in poor oral health with resorbed
ridges and other unfavourable conditions.
13. Ans. A:
Class I Tongue lies in the floor of the mouth with tip
forward and slightly below the incisal edges of
the mandibular anterior teeth. Ideal position
of the tongue.
Class II The tongue is flattened and broadened but
the tip is in a normal position.
Class III The tongue is retracted and depressed into
the floor of the mouth, with the tip curled
upward or assimilated into the body of the
tongue.
Wright's classification of tongue positions:
14. Ans. C :
15. Ans. B :
Ref: Boucher's 12th pg. 262, 263
Modiolus consists of
A. Depressor anguli oris B. Levator anguli oris
C. Quadratus labii superioris D. Quadratus labii inferioris
E. Risorius F. Buccinator
G. Orbicularis oris H. Zygomaticus major
The meeting plane of these eight muscles called as the
modiolus ("hub of a wheel" in latin) forms a distinct
conical prominence at the corner of mouth.
Modiolus becomes fixed every time the buccinator
muscle contracts, which is a natural accompaniment of
all chewing effort.
16. Ans. A
(Ref. Bouchers 10th Ed. / 16V. Nallaswamy Ist Ed. /64)
Lets discuss each option separately:
A. Stability:
Stability refers especially to the ability of denture to resist
horizontal forces that tend to alter the relationship between the
denture base and its supporting foundation in a horizontal or
rotatory direction..
B. Pressure: Atmospheric pressure is the factor for Retention of
denture.
It is also called as the Emergency retentive force.
C. Support: Support is defined as The resistance to vertical forces
of mastication, oclusal forces and other forces applied in a
direction towards the denture bearing area.
D. Retention: The quality inherent in the prosthesis which resists the
force of gravity, adhesivenes of food, and the forces associated with
the opening of the jaws GPT So as per the definitions given
above the answer stability is certain.
17. Ans. B :
Size of maxillary denture bearing area is about
22.96 cm2 & size of mandibular denture bearing
area about 12.25 cm2.
Posterior palatal seal area is the soft tissues along the
junction of the hard and soft palates on which pressure
within the physiologic limits of the tissues can be applied
by a denture to aid in the retention of the denture.
18. Ans. A : 30 [Ref: Winklers 2nd ed/118
19. Ans. C :
[Ref. Bouchers 12th Ed Pg 263]
Modiolus is a point where eight muscles meet at the
ANGLE OF MOUTH
Depressor anguli oris (or) triangularis
Levator anguli orris or caninus
Risorius
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus major
Quadratus labii superioris
Quadratus labii inferioris
20. Ans. B :
Vertical axis Ref: GPT Nallaswamy pg- 827
Vertical axis of mandible An imaginary line around
which the mandible may rotate through the horizontal
plane
Saggital axis an imaginary anteroposterior line
around which the mandible may rotate when viewed
in the frontal plane
Horizontal axis An imaginary line around which the
mandible may rotate within the saggital plane.

21. Ans. D :
[Ref. Heartwell 5th Ed Pg 131]
The best mental attitude for denture
acceptance is the philosophical type. These
patients are rational, sensible, calm and
composed in difficult situations. Their
motivation is generalized as they desire
dentures for the maintenance of the health
and for appearance and feel that having
teeth replaced is a normal, acceptable
procedure. Philosophical patients overcome
conflicts and organize their time and habits,
in an orderly manner. Also, they eliminate
frustration and learn how to adjust properly.
22. Ans. C :
(Pg 108, Winkler, 2
nd
Edition) The correctly
placed palatal seal will not impinge upon the
non displaced tissues of the hard palate,nor will
it limit the muscular movements of the soft
palate.it will however create a partial vacuum
beneath the maxillary dentures.this partial
vacuum is activated when horizontal or tipping
forces are directed against the denture base.
[Ref. Bouchers 10 Ed Pg-224] Passive
impression or mucostatic or pressure less
impression technique records the tissues
with minimal distrortion and cause least
possible displacement of tissues. There will
be large amount of space between the tray
and soft tissues and it uses very fluid type
of impression material.
23. Ans. C:
Impression plaster is the common
material used in this technique.
Impression
technique
Mucostatic or
passive
impression
techniques:
Mucocompressive
impression
technique:
Selective pressure
impression
technique:
Proposed by Proposed by
Richardson
and Henry
page.
Proposed by
Carole Jones.
Proposed by
Boucher.
State of the
oral mucous
membrane
at the time of
impression
Impression is
made when
the oral
mucous
membrane
and jaws are
in normal
relaxed
condition.
Records oral
tissues in a
functional and
displaced form.
Impression is made
to extend over as
much denture
bearing area as
possible without
interfering with the
limiting structures at
function and rest.

Impression
technique
Mucostatic or
passive impression
techniques:
Mucocompressive
impression
technique:
Selective
pressure
impression
technique:
Tray used Utilizes an oversized
tray.
Special tray without
any spacer for relief.
Designing special
tray such that the
tissues contacted by
the tray are
recorded under
pressure and the
tissues not
contacted with the
tray are recorded at
a state of rest.
Resulting
denture
It results in a denture
which provides intimate
with tissues but has
poor peripheral seal.
Dentures have good
stability but poor
retention.
Dentures made by
this technique tend to
get displaced due to
the tissue rebound at
rest. It also leads to
residual ridge
resorption.
It confines the
forces acting on the
denture to the stress
bearing areas.
24. Ans. A :
Genioglossus, Pg 203, Bouchers prosthodontic
treatment for edentulous patients.ninth edition.
Anteriorly the submucosa of the mucous membrane
lining the alveololingual sulcus contains components of
the sublingual gland and is attached to the genioglossus
muscle.in the molar region the submucosa attaches to
the mylohyoid muscle ,and the mucous membrane
covering of the retromylohoid curtain is attached by its
submucosa to the superior constrictor muscle.the length
and form of the lingual flange of the lower final
impression tray must reflect the physiological activity of
these structures,otherwise their normal movement will
be restricted or they will tend to dislodge the lower
denture.
Muscles limiting the denture borders
Distobuccal flange of the
mandibular denture is limited by
Masseter
Distobuccal flange of the
maxillary dentures is limited by
Coronoid process
Ramus
Masseter
Pterygomandibular raphae is
formed by fibres of
Buccinator
Superior constrictor
Retromolar pad contains the
fibres of
Temporalis
Buccinator
Superior constrictor
Pterygomandibular
raphae
25. Ans. B :
[Ref. Bouchers 12th Ed Pg -239]:
Labial flange of mandible determined
by buccinator and masseter. The
action of buccinator occurs in a
horizontal direction, so it cannot lift
the denture. The distobuccal borders
of mandible must converge rapidly to
avoid displacement of denture
because of masseter muscle action.
26. Ans. A:
27. Ans. A:
Class I It is horizontal and
demonstrates little
muscular movement.
Soft palate makes a 30
angle to the hard palate
It is the most
favourable
condition as it
allows more tissue
coverage for the
palatal seal.
Class II Tissue coverage for
posterior palatal seal
is less than that of a
class I condition
Soft palate makes a 45
angle to the hard palate
Less favourable
than class I soft
palate
Class III Tissue coverage for
posterior palatal seal
is minimum. A 'V
shaped palatal vault
is usually associated
with a class III soft
palate.
Soft palate makes a 70
angle to the hard palate.
Least favourable
for denture
retention and
support due to
minimum tissue
coverage.
Classification of Soft Palates:
28. Ans. A:
Impression
technique
Mucostatic or
passive
impression
techniques:
Mucocompressive
impression
technique:
Selective pressure
impression
technique:
Proposed
by
Proposed by
Richardson
and Henry
Page.
Proposed by
Carole Jones.
Proposed by
Boucher.
State of
the oral
mucous
membrane
at the time
of
impression
Impression
is made
when the
oral mucous
membrane
and jaws are
in normal
relaxed
condition.
Records oral
tissues in a
functional and
displaced
form.
Impression is
made to extend
over as much
denture bearing
area as possible
without
interfering with
the limiting
structures at
function and rest.
Impression
technique
Mucostatic or
passive impression
techniques:
Mucocompressive
impression
technique:
Selective pressure
impression
technique:
Tray used Utilizes an oversized
tray.
Special tray without
any spacer for relief.
Designing special tray
such that the tissues
contacted by the tray
are recorded under
pressure and the
tissues not contacted
with the tray are
recorded at a state of
rest.
Resulting
denture
It results in a
denture which
provides intimate
with tissues but has
poor peripheral seal.
Dentures have good
stability but poor
retention.
Dentures made by
this technique tend
to get displaced due
to the tissue
rebound at rest. It
also leads to
residual ridge
resorption.
It confines the forces
acting on the denture
to the stress bearing
areas.
29. Ans. A :
30. Ans. A:
Ref: Implantology by Hubertus
spiekermann pg-94 by (google books)
Atwoods classification of bone resorption
Class I Tooth bearing alveolus
Class II Alveolus after extraction
Class III High alveolar process
Class IV High narrow alveolar process (knife edge
Class V Rounded, flat alveolar ridge (process)
Class VI Concave, flat alveolar process
31. Ans. A:
For maxillary impression labial flange is recorded
by pulling the lip outward, downward & inwards.
Ref: Phillips 11th/ed pg-244
Most alginate impression material are not capable of
reproducing the finer details that are observed in
impression with other elastomeric impression
materials.
If concentration of Alginate is increased to make the
material more accurate the dimensional stability
decreases The roughness of the impression surface is
sufficient to cause distortion at the margin of prepared
teeth
32. Ans. B:
33. Ans. A:
[Ref. Winkler 2nd Ed pg 341]
Relining is the process of adding some
material to the tissue side of a denture to fill
the space between the tissue and the denture
base. Thus relining is the correction of
denture base and tissue relationship without
changing the occlusal relation.
Rebasing is process of replacing all the
material of the denture. The main
disadvantage of relining and rebasing the
complete denture is change in centric relation.
34. Ans. B :
35. Ans. A:
(P-66 Nallaswami) There should be at
least 2-3 mm clearance between the
stock tray and the ridge. It should
have 5-6 mm clearance for
impression compound.
Protrusive interocclusal record is defined as, "The
influence of the contacting surfaces of the
mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth during
mandibular movements".GPT
Materials used as interocclusal check records are:
Waxes
Zinc oxide eugenol
Impression plaster
Impression compound

36. Ans. A:
37. Ans. A :
38. Ans. D:
Condylar guidance is defined as, "Mandibular guidance
generated by the condyle and articular disc traversing
the contour of the glenoid fossa."GPT. The glenoid
fossa and the condyle are the articulating surfaces of
the temporomandibular joint. The slope of the glenoid
fossa is a 'S' bend. Hence, the condyle also moves
along a 'S' shaped path. This shape of the glenoid
fossa, which determines the path of movement of the
condyle, is called the condylar guidance.
39. Ans. C:
It usually is 2 to 4 mm when observed at the
position of the first premolars.
KINEMATIC FACE BOW ARBITRARY FACE BOW
Opening axis is located
physiologically
Rotational points located by
attaching to mandible as
patient opens & closes his
mouth . A pointer is adjusted
until axis of rotation is located
Used in F.P.D & full mouth
rehabilitation
Requires elaborate equipment
& is time consuming
Locates the true hinge axis with
exceptional accuracy
Axis is located using anatomic
landmarks
Centers of rotation are located
13mm anterior to EAM on lines
towards outer canthus of eye
Used in fabrication of complete
dentures
Not as complicated as
kinematic
Locates the rods within 5mm of
true hinge axis
40. Ans. D:
41. Ans. D
42. Ans. C
Terminal hinge axis Ref: Nallaswamy pg-111, Boucher's
12/ep. 283
This is a purely rotational movement of the joint which
takes place around a horizontal axis till the patient opens
his mouth to about 20 to 25 mm.
The presence of a transverse or terminal hinge axis
was proposed by Mc collum & verified by Kohno.
This kind of movement usually occurs while crushing
food or taking in food
The hinge movement is produced by the action of the
lateral pterygoid & suprahyoid muscles & is aided by
gravity.

Freeway space
Described by Thompson and Niswonger
It establishes vertical dimension when the muscles and
mandible are in rest position
It is static position established when muscles are in
state of rest.
It is about 2-4 mm when measured in the premolar area
The free way space increases when there is reduced
vertical dimension.
43. Ans. D:
44. Ans. A:
The interocclusal distance is 2 to 4
mm when observed position of the
first premolars.
Free-way space
THIS SPACE IS WEDGED SHAPED . IT
VARIES FROM 1- 7 mm AND THE
NORMAL RANGE IS AS MEASURED AT
FIRST PREMOLAR REGION ARE
CLASS I 2 4 mm
CLASS II 4 mm
CLASS III 1 mm
IT IS BETTER KEPT GREATER THAN
SMALLER. THE IOG MAY BE KEPT MORE
FOR PEOPLE WITH GREATER SPEAKING
NEEDS.

45. Ans. D:
(P-158 Nallaswamy): Fully adjustable articulator are
Stuart instrument inatnoscope, simulator by
E.Granger
Semi adjustable articulator accept facebow, centric jaw
relation & protrusive records while fully adjustable
articulator accept face bow, centric, protrusive & lateral
jaw records.
46. Ans. A:
(P-126 Nallaswamy) Kinemetic face bow locate hinge
axis more accurately than arbitrary face bow in kinematic
face bow bite fork is attached to maxillary occlusal rim
both face bow record orientation jaw relation.
47. Ans. C:
Ref. Bouchers 12th Ed Pg 285 & Nallaswamy 1st
Ed Pg 123]
Face-Bow (Snow 1802) - It is defined as, "A caliper
like device which is used to record the relationship
of the maxillae and/ or mandible to the
temporomandibular joints".
"A caliper like device which is used to record the
relationship of the jaws to the temporomandibular
joints and to orient the casts on the articulator to the
relationship of the opening axis of the
temporomandibular joint"-GPT
48. Ans. A:
49. Ans. D :
50. Ans. c :
Post palatal seal Ref: Boucher's 12th/ed pg-441
Retention due to atmospheric pressure is directly
proportionate to the area covered by the denture base.
Atmospheric pressure is called as Emergency retentive
force" or temporary restraining force". The weight of
atmospheric pressure is about 14.7 lb/inch2.
It is effective only when there is adequate peripheral seal
or posterior palatal seal.
Proper border moulding with physiological, selective pressure
techniques is essential for taking advantage of this retentive
mechanism.

51. Ans. D :
From cuspid to cuspid, the rim is inclined
slightly forward remaining within the
border of the recording base. Posterior to
cuspid area, the rims should be located
over the centre of the crest of the ridge.
52. Ans. A :

Class I

Normal size, development and function.
Sufficient teeth are present to maintain this
normal form.


Class II

Teeth have been absent long enough to permit
a change in the form and function of tongue.


Class III

Excessively large tongue.

House's classification of tongue size:
53. Ans. C :
Facial orthopedics and temporomandibular arthrology, Volume
3 Page 21
Freedom of centric means that the lower jaw is able to move
from centric relation (CR) to centric occlusion (CO) without
restrictions in an area with a diameter of 1-2 mm.
In the natural dentition this movement has naturally a vertical
component but a lateral slide should, according to some
clinicians, be avoided and corrected if larger than 1-2 mm.
Freedom in centric occlusion is also called as long centric
occlusion.
Freedom in centric occlusion occurs when the mandible is able
to move anteriorly for a short distance in the same horizontal
and sagittal plane while maintaining tooth contact.
Alternatively there will be no freedom in centric occlusion if
either the front teeth or the posterior occlusion do not allow this
horizontal movement

54. Ans. D :
The maxillomandibular relationship in which
the condyles articulate with the thinnest
avascular portion of their respective discs with
the complex in the anterosuperior position
against the shapes of the articular eminences.
Opening & Closing
Opening & Closing
Opening & Closing
Opening & Closing
MP
MO
ICP
RCP
HA
MP = Maximal protrusion
ICP = Intercuspal position
RCP= Retruded Contact position
HA = Hinge axis
MO = Maximum opening
Posselts Figure
55. Ans. A :
Ref: Boucher's 12th /ed pg-383
Labiodental sounds
Labiodental sounds 'f & V are made b/w
the upper incisors & the labiolingual
center to the post third of the lower lip
If upper ant. teeth are too short, the V
sound will be more like an f
If they are too long the 'f ' sound will be
more like V
Labiodental sounds
Labial sound - b, p, m
Labiodental sound - f, v, ph
Alveolar sound - t, d, n, s & z
Sibilants - s, z, sh, zh, ch & j
Dental / linguodental - th
Palatal sound - (year, she etc)
Velar sounds - K, g & ng
56. Ans. A :
Centric occlusion can be made to coincide with centric
relation to provide a broad area of tooth contact - Freedom
in centric in dentures. In natural dentition it may not
coincide because of habitual occlusion.
FREEDOM IN CENTRIC : Either centric occlusion can be
made to coincide with centric relation or range of tooth
contact in this area called relation or a range of tooth
contact in this area called freedom in centric can be given.
In centric occlusion only the working occlusal units are in
contact. The first bicuspids, the cuspids and the incisors
have at least 1 milinetre clearance when the teeth are in
centric occlusion In the mediolateral direction the buccal
surfaces of the posterior teeth that extend over the lateral
half of the residual alveolar ridge are ground to have at
least 1 milimetre clearance with their antagonists.
57. Ans. A :
58. Ans. A :
59. Ans. A:
In natural tooth interferences in CR initiates
impulses that direct mandible away from
deflective contacts into CO. Once tooth is lost
there are no proprioceptive impulses to guide
the mandible away from deflective contacts
and hence centric occlusion cannot be
reproduced by the patient.
In natural dentition the centric occlusion is
usually anterior to centric relation (0.5 to 1
mm).
60. Ans. D:
61. Ans. D :
62. Ans. A:
If the anterior teeth necessitates a vertical overlap,
compensating horizontal overlap should be set to
prevent anterior interference from upsetting the occlusal
balance on the posterior teeth.
Buccolingually the lingual cusps of the mandibular teeth
are located within a line drawn from the distal of canine
to the buccal and lingual sides of the retromolar pad.
The maxillary posterior teeth are set with the palatal
cusp in the central groove of the mandibular tooth. The
maxillary buccal cusp are elevated off the occlusal plane
more as one moves posteriorly.
63. Ans. A :
64. Ans. A:
It is defined as the lower teeth moving
over the surface of the upper teeth as over
the surface of a sphere with a diameter 8
inches (20 cm). Centre of the sphere
being the centre of glabella and the
surface of the sphere passes through the
Glenoid fossa. This theory was based on
the findings of Von Spee.
65. Ans. B:
66. Ans. B:
This is similar to the monoplane occlusion used to set
non-anatomic teeth. The neutrocentric concept of
occlusion maintains that anteroposterior plane of
occlusion should be parallel with plane of the denture
foundation and not inclined to form compensating
curves. In a mediolateral direction the teeth are set flat
with medial or lateral inclination. The horizontal
condylar guidances and the lateral condylar guidances
of the articulator are set at zero as the teeth are not
arranged for balancing contacts. The condylar
elements of the articulator may be secured function in
the opening and closing
movements to direct force toward the centre of the
support. The buccolingual width of the teeth is reduced
and the number of teeth is reduced to direct the forces
in the molar and bicuspid area of support.
67. Ans. A :
68. Ans. A :
69. Ans. A :
Anteroposterior Compensating Curves
They compensate for the curve of Spee seen in natural
dentition and incorporated in a anteroposterior direction.
Curve of Spee is defined as, Anatomic curvature of the
occlusal alignment of the teeth beginning at the tip of the
lower canine and following to the buccal cusps of natural
premolars and molars, continouing to the anterior border of
the ramus as described by Graf von Spee GPT. It is an
imaginary curve joining the buccal cusps of the mandibular
posterior teeth starting from the canine passing through
the head of the condyle.
70. Ans. D :
71. Ans. A :
72. Ans. A :
[Ref. Bouchers 12th Ed Pg 262 & Winkler 2nd
Ed Pg 141]
The plane of occlusion is modified it is
parallel with ala-tragus line or campers line
and the edge of occlusal rim should be inch
below stensons duct.
When viewed from the front, the occlusal
plane should be parallel to nter papillary plane
and the edge of rim should be 1 to 2 mm
below the lower edge of upper lip.
73. Ans. D :
74. Ans. A :
75. Ans. C
Ref: Shillingburg 3rd /ed pg-19
Group function occlusion also called as unilateral
balanced occlusion is characterized by -
No balancing side contacts
Working side contacts from canine to third molar
Distribution of occlusal load
Widely accepted & used method of organization of
occlusion in restorative dental procedures
Canine protected or mutually protected or organic
occlusion is characterized by -
Cuspid rise in protrusion
Working side contact mostly occurs on canine
Disocclusion of posterior teeth on working side
76. Ans. D :
Ref: Philiphs 11th /ed pg-246
Disinfection Since hydrocolloid
impression should be poured within a short
time after removal from the mouth, the
disinfection procedure should be relatively
rapid to prevent dimensional change.
Recommended disinfecting agent are
iodophor, bleach, glutaraldehyde
Disinfection by immersion method should
not exceed by 10 min.
77. Ans. A:
Ref: Boucher 12th/ed pg-252
NEUTRAL ZONE
In the absence of all natural teeth, there exists a
space called potential denture space bounded
by maxilla and soft palate above, mandible and
floor of the mouth below, tongue on the side.
The Neutral Zone or the Neuromuscular
Approach (Sir Wilfred Fish, 1933)
Objective
a. Maximum comfort.
b. Maximum efficiency.
c. Aesthetic appearance.
78. Ans. B:
Cheeks 1. Masseter: It affects the distodental border.
2. Buccinator: It helps to place food over the occlusal
surface and the teeth in co-ordination with the tongue.
Lips 1. Orbicularis oris: It exerts force against teeth and
alveolar process which is counteracted by the tongue.
2. Caninus: Pulls lower lip. Helps in sucking and
swallowing.
3. Quadratus labii superioris.
4. Zygomaticus major.
5. Risorius.
6. Mentalis.
7. Triangularis.
8. Modiolus: If denture is not narrowed in the premolar
area, it may unseat the lower denture.
Factors Influencing Neutral Zone
Tongue Muscles of tongue.
Denture Surfaces
1. Impression surface.
2. Occlusal surface.
3. Polished surface.
Denture Shape
It should be triangular in cross
section in the molar area. This
triangular shape stabilises the
denture.
Factors Influencing Neutral Zone
79. Ans. B :
Stability refers to resistance against
horizontal forces that tend to alter the
relationships between the denture base
and its supporting foundation in a
horizontal or rotary direction.
Maxillomandibular instrument based on
ability to simulate jaw movement.
80. Ans. D :
81. Ans. D :

82. Ans. B :
In protrusion, a vertical drop of the mandible
takes place by a distance which is equal to the
depth of the anterior overbite. This was first
noticed by Christensen and is called
Christensens
phenomenon. In protrusion the mandibular
movement is guided by: Condylar path
posteriorly. Movement of lower anteriors
against palatal inclines of maxillary anteriors in
front. In lateral movements, the mandible is
guided by: Path of moving condyle. Inclined
planes of the teeth on the side of the
movement of the mandible.
83. Ans. A :
It's a position from which all other eccentric
movements occur. It's an intersection of
right and left border position. Helps in
remounting procedures to correct occlusal
discrepancies by selective grinding, Dentist
is able to verify the relationship of casts on
articulator.
84. Ans. A :
85. Ans. D :
Terminal Hinge Position, Shillinberg,
third edition Pg 13
A purely hinge movement occurs as the
result of the condyles rotating in the
lower compartment of the
temporomandibular joints within a 10-13
degrees arc which creates a 20 to 25 mm
separation of anterior teeth.this
phenomenon was the basis for the
terminal hinge axis theory .
86. Ans. A:
87. Ans. A :
Bennett Movement is defined as the
bodily lateral movement or lateral shift of
mandible resulting from the movements
of the condyles the lateral inclines along
the mandibular fossae in lateral jaw
movements.
Recorded in the region of the
translating condyle of non- working side.
Bennett Movemen
It is defined as the bodily lateral movement or
lateral shift of the mandible resulting from the
movements of the condyles along the lateral
inclines along the mandibular fossae in lateral
jaw movements.
Recorded in the region of the translating condyle
of non-working side.
The mandible shifts 1 to 4 mm towards working
side in lateral movement called Bennett
movement.
If major part of Bennet movement occurs in first
4 mm it's called distributed side shift.
88. Ans. A:
The Mandible shifts 1 to 4 mm
towards working side in lateral
movement called Bennett movement.
If major part of Bennet movement
occurs in first 4 mm it's called
distributed side shift.
89. Ans. D
90. Ans. A:
Sagittal plane and the path of the
advancing condyle during lateral
mandibular movements as viewed in the
horizontal plane.
This angle is formed between the path of
the non-working condyle and the sagittal
plane.
Average Bennett angle is 7.5 to 12.8
degree.
In Hanau articulator it is calculated as L =
H/8 + 12.
91. Ans. A:
Bennett Angle: It is defined as the angle
formed by the sagittal plane and the path
of the advancing condyle during lateral
mandibular movements as viewed in the
horizontal plane.
This angle is formed between the path of
the non-working condyle and the sagittal
plane.
Average Bennett angle is 7.5 to 12.8
degree.
In Hanau articulator it is calculated as L =
H/8 + 12.
92. Ans. D:
Class III are instruments that simulate
condylar pathways by average or
mechanical equivalents for all or part of
the motion. Face-bow transfer is
possible.
Classification of Articulators:
Class I Simple holding instruments capable of accepting a single
static registration.
Eg: Slab articulators. Hinge joint, Barndoor, Gysi semplex
Class II
II a
Instruments that permit horizontal as well as vertical
motion but do not orient the motion of the TMJ via face
bow transfer.
Eccentric motion permitted is based on average or
arbitrary values.
Eg: Mean value articulator
II B Limited eccentric motion is possible based on theories of
arbitrary motion.
Eg: Monson's, Hall's articulator
II C Limited eccentric motion is possible based on engraving
records obtained from the patient.
Eg: House's articulator
Class III
III A
Permit horizontal, vertical positions and also accept
face bow transfer.
Accept a static protrusive registration and they use
equivalents for other types of motion.
Eg: Hanau H, Dentatus
III B
They accept static lateral registration and they use
equivalents for other types of motion.
Eg: Ney, Teledyne Haunau University series, Trubite,
Panadent
Class IV
IV A
They accept 3-dimensional dynamic registrations.
The condylar path registered cannot be modified.
Eg: TMJ articulator, stereograph.
IV B
They allow customization of the condylar path.
Eg: Stuart instrument, gnathoscope, Pantograph.
93. Ans. B :
94. Ans. D :
95. Ans. C :
[Ref. Boucher 12th Ed Pg-287]: The first step in
placing a face bow is to locate the hinge axis on the
skin on the each side of the patients face. One
frequently recommended method is to position the
condyl rods on a line extending from the counter
canthus of the eye to the top of the tragus of the ear
and approximately 13 mm in front of the external
auditory meatus is called Beyron Point. This
placement generally located the rods within 5 mm of
the true center of the opening axis of the jaws. The
imaginary line joining the two Beyron point is an
approximate hinge axis.
96. Ans. A :
97. Ans. D:
(P-113 Nallasawamy) It is the bodily lateral
movement or lateral shift of the mandible resulting
from the movements of the condyles along the
lateral inclines along the mandibular fossa in
lateral jaw movement GPT. It is a bodily side
shift (lateral translation) of the mandible, which
when it occurs may be recorded in the region of
translating condyle of non working side during
lateral movement, the mandible shift (as a whole)
by 1 to 4 mm towards the working side. This shift
is called Bennett movement. This shift is not
associated with laterotussion and may occur
before or along with laterotrusion.
98. Ans. A:
(P-116 Nallaswamy) Bennett angle is the
angle formed by intersection of the
protrusive and nonworking side condylar
paths as viewed in the sagittal plane.
99. Ans. C:
(P-116 Nallaswamy) Bennett angle is formed
by the sagittal plane & the path of the
advancing condyle (non working condyle)
during lateral mandibular movement as viewed
in the horizontal plane GPT. Studies have
shown that variation in the direction of
progressive lateral translation or Bennett angle
to be about 7.5 to 12.8
o
. To calculate the
Bennett angle in a hanaus articulator, Hanau
proposed the following equation:
Bennett angle (L) = H/8 +12 where H is the
horizontal condylar inclination.
100. Ans. D :
Location of the hinge axis point > axial center of
opening-closing
A face-bow is a caliper-like device used to record the
patient's maxilla / hinge axis relationship (opening and
closing axis). It is also used to transfer this relationship
to the articulator during the mounting of the maxillary
cast. If the face-bow transfer procedure is properly
done, the arc of closure on the articulator should
duplicate that exhibited by the patient.
This hinge-axis face-bow transfer enables alteration in
vertical dimension on the articulator. When altering
vertical dimension (either through restorations or with
dentures), casts should be mounted on the hinge axis.