Wireless Vision

The most valuable

segment
Cellular/PCS/3G Fixed Wireless Satellite
UHF 300 MH 3 GH 30 GH VHF SHF EHF
Poor !adio Coverage "ot #nough $and%idth
W&'"
( GH
Fre)uen*+
Pre,Cellular Wireless
-ne highl+,elevated. high,/o%ered antenna
in a large servi*e area
Small number o0 *hannels 10e% users2
'nalog transmission. ine3*ient use o0
s/e*trum 1no 0re)uen*+ reuse2
Ver+ lo% *a/a*it+. /o%er,ine3*ient
Cellular *on*e/t
#x/loits the attenuation o0 radio signal %ith
distan*e to a*hieve 0re)uen*+ reuse4
originall+ /ro/osed b+ 54 H4 !ing in 6789
$ell &abs began %or: on *ellular tele/hone
s+stem in the late 67;0s4
Hando< %as not solved until the develo/ment o0
mi*ro/ro*essor. e3*ient remote,*ontrolled !F
s+nthesier. and s%it*hing *enter4
#volution o0 Wireless S+s4
1Cont=d2
The Cellular Con*e/t
$asi* Prin*i/les>
Fre)uen*+ !e,use
Cell S/litting

Geogra/hi* regions are divided into

cells

Fre)uen*ies/timeslots/*odes reused at
s/atiall+ se/arated lo*ations4 !e,use
*hannels to maximie *a/a*it+

$ase stations/MTS-s 1Mobile Tele/hone

S%it*hing -3*es2 *oordinate handof
and control 0un*tions

Shrin:ing *ell sie in*reases *a/a*it+ ,

but also net%or:ing burden44

$ut the te*hnolog+ %as not available to

im/lement until the late 6790s4 1mainl+
the mi*ro/ro*essor and 5SP
te*hnologies42
BASE
STATION
MTSO
'nalogue transmission te*hnolog+
Fo*us on voi*e
5ata servi*es almost non,existent
?n*om/atible standards
5i<erent 0re)uen*ies and signaling
?nternational roaming im/ossible
?ne3*ient use o0 the radio s/e*trum
Cellular Phone Standards
First Generation Analog Systems (1G
30 @H
30 @H
30 @H
30 @H
30 @H
30 @H
30 @H
30 @H
F
r
e
)
u
e
n
*
+
F5M' A Fre)uen*+ 5ivision Multi/le '**ess
6G A Se/arate
Fre)uen*ies
Widel+ de/lo+ed in the 67B0s. and are still in use in s/ite o0 being re/la*ed b+
digital *ellular s+stems4
The best :no%n standard is the 'dvan*ed Mobile Phone S+stem 1'MPS24
' narro%band version. narro%band 'MPS 1",'MPS2. %ith voi*e
*hannels that are one third the band%idth o0 regular 'MPS4
"TT 1MCS,&62> Ca/an de/lo+ed the Drst *ommer*ial *ellular /hone s+stem in 6797.
$ased on 'MPS. but at a higher 0re)uen*+ and %ith voi*e *hannels o0
slightl+ lo%er band%idth4
Total '**ess Communi*ation S+stem 1T'CS2> 5evelo/ed in #uro/e. o/erates at a
higher 0re)uen*+ and %ith lo%er band%idth *hannels than 'MPS4
#T'CS> The 0re)uen*+ range 0or T'CS %as extended in the E4@4 to obtain more
*hannels4
CT'CS> 5e/lo+ed in metro/olitan areas o0 Ca/an in 67B7 to /rovide higher *a/a*it+
than the "TT s+stem4 -/erates at a slightl+ higher 0re)uen*+ than T'CS
and #T'CS4
"ordi* Mobile Tele/hone 1"MT2 standard in S*andanavia
!adio*om (000 1!C(0002 standard in Fran*e4
C,8F0 standard in German+ and Portugal
6G
?n*om/atible standards
at di<erent 0re)uen*ies
0or analog *ellular
The in*om/atibilities made it im/ossible to roam bet%een #uro/ean
*ountries %ith a single analog /hone
The 6G ContdG

' series o0 in*om/atible net%or:s

&imited *a/a*it+ 0or ex/ansion

&imited su//ort 0or roaming

Sus*e/tible to inter0eren*e

Poor se*urit+

"o su//ort 0or %ireless data

"o third /art+ a//li*ations

Se!ond Generation "igital Systems (#G

5igital *ellular tele/hon+ de/lo+ed in 6770=s

Modest data su//ort along %ith voi*e

Chea/er 0aster smaller /o%er e3*ient *om/onents

Hualit+ o0 voi*e im/roved due to error *oding

Higher *a/a*it+. s/e*trall+ e3*ient modulation

s*hemes

'dvan*ed *om/ression and en*r+/tion te*hni)ues

#)ualier to *om/ensate 0or 0re)uen*+,sele*tive

0ading

GSM> a *ommon T5M' 1%ith slo% 0re)uen*+

ho//ing2 te*hnolog+ 0or #uro/eI *laim about 3/8 o0
subs*ribers %orld%ide4

?S,F8 and ?S,63;> T5M' te*hnolog+ in ESI

*om/atible %ith 'MPSI

?S,7F> C5M' basedI standardied in 6773I South

@orea and Hong @ong de/lo+ed it in 677FI ES in
677;I

P5C in Ca/an in 6778

(G A T5M'
Time Division Multiple Access
F
r
e
)
u
e
n
*
+
Time
(00 @H
(00 @H
(00 @H
(00 @H
-ne timeslot J 04F99 ms -ne T5M' 0rame J B timeslots
(GA C5M'
Code Division Multiple Access

S/read s/e*trum modulation

-riginall+ develo/ed 0or the militar+
!esists Kamming and man+ :inds o0
inter0eren*e
Coded modulation hidden 0rom those %/o
the *ode

'll users share same 1large2 blo*: o0

s/e*trum
no need 0or 0re)uen*+ /lanning
So0t hando<s /ossible
no hard limit on the number o0 users that
*an be a**ommodated in the s+stem
#G$ Te!hnology Summary

T5M'> Time 5ivision Multi/le '**ess

Provides 3,; times *a/a*it+ in*rease over 'MPS 16G2
?ntrodu*ed authenti*ation and en*r+/tion 0or se*urit+

GSM> Global S+stem o0 Mobile *ommuni*ations

?m/roved batter+ li0e over T5M'

C5M'> Code 5ivision Multi/le '**ess

Provides 64F,( times *a/a*it+ in*rease over T5M'
#G % Ser&i!es

?m/roved standard tele/hon+ 1s/ee*h2

$asi* %ireless data

'dditional servi*es
Call barring
#xam/le> GSM Servi*es
Teleservi*es
S/ee*h
Short Message Servi*e 1SMS2
$earer Servi*es
Tele0ax
$asi* data 174;:b/s2
Su//lementar+ Servi*es
Call 0or%arding
Call barring
E&olution o' #G (#()G
(G > Cir*uit s%it*hed te*hnolog+
5ata rate is too slo% 0or ra/id email and internet bro%sing a//li*ations
Ese existing (G e)ui/ment.
$ase station add ons L subs*riber unit so0t%are u/grades
Higher data rate transmission and
su//orts the %eb bro%sing 0ormat language >
Wireless '//li*ation Proto*ols
#()G
Ported to higher 0re)uen*ies
as more *ellular band%idth
be*ame available
FCC au*tioned s/e*trum in the
Personal Communi*ation
S+stems 1PCS2 band at 647 GH
0or *ellular s+stems
GSM 1PCS 67002. ?S,63;. and
?S,7F %ere all de/lo+ed at
6700 MH in
di<erent /arts o0 the *ountr+.
ma:ing nation%ide roaming
%ith a single /hone di3*ult4
#uro/e allo*ated additional
*ellular s/e*trum in the 64B GH
band4
GSM 6B00 or 5CS 6B00 10or
5igital Cellular S+stem2. uses
GSM as the *ore standard
ModiDed to su//ort data
servi*es in addition to voi*e4
High S/eed Cir*uit S%it*hed
5ata 1HSCS52. sim/lest and
allo%s u/ to 8 *onse*utive
timeslots to be assigned to a
single user4
General Pa*:et !adio Servi*e
1GP!S2. a more *om/lex
enhan*ement o0 /a*:et,
s%it*hed data la+ered on to/ o0
the *ir*uit,s%it*hed voi*e4
#nhan*ed 5ata rates 0or GSM
#volution 1#5G#2 0urther
enhan*ed through variable,rate
modulation and *oding
The ?S,7F standard %as
modiDed to /rovide data
servi*es b+ assigning multi/le
orthogonal Walsh 0un*tions to
a single user
#()G % Ser&i!es

Standard servi*es that *an use /a*:et

s%it*hing>
WWW bro%sing
email
Dle do%nloading e4g4 m/3
Multimedia Messaging Servi*e 1MMS2
Third generation 3G %ireless
?TE 1?nternational Tele*ommuni*ations
Enion2 /ro/osed
' global 0re)uen*+ band in (000 MH range
Single %ireless *ommuni*ations standard 0or all
*ountries in the %orld ?MT,(0004
*G % The +MT#,,, +nitiati&e
Con*eived in 67B;
Sought to deDne a single %orld,%ide standard 0or
a**essing the global tele*ommuni*ations in0rastru*ture
0rom both terrestrial and satellite mobile s+stems
Problem> ba*:%ard *om/atibilit+
3G , Prin*i/al !e)uirements
Su//ort 0or voi*e )ualit+ *om/arable %ith Dxed line net%or:sI
Su//ort 0or both *ir*uit,s%it*hed and /a*:et,s%it*hed data
servi*esI
Su//ort 0or roaming bet%een di<erent ?MT,(000 o/eratorsI
Su//ort 0or greater *a/a*it+ and im/roved s/e*trum e3*ien*+I
' data rate o0 688 :b/s 0or users moving )ui*:l+ e4g4 moving
vehi*lesI
' data rate o0 3B8 :b/s 0or /edestriansI
' data rate o0 ( Mb/s in a lo% mobilit+ or o3*e environment4
Su//ort 0or demanding a//li*ations
Voi*e and 5ata Transmission
Simultanous voi*e and data a**ess
Multi,megabit ?nternet a**ess
?ntera*tive %eb sessions
Voi*e,a*tivated *alls
Multimedia Content
&ive musi*
'greement on a single standard did not materialie. %ith
most *ountries su//orting one o0 t%o *om/eting standards>
C5M'(000>
evolved 0rom Cdma-ne
su//orted b+ the Third Generation Partnershi/ ProKe*t (
13GPP(2
*dma(000 6M!TT> *ore o0 the *dma(000 Standard
Cdma(000 6M#V,5- 15ata
-nl+2.
to provide high data rates (HDR) above 1 Mbps
Cdma(000 6M#V,5V 15ata and Voi*e2
Cdma(000 3M
More seamless - less e./ensi&e u/grade /ath sin*e
Cdma (000 allo%s the same s/e*trum. band%idth. !F
e)ui/ment and air inter0a*e 0rame%or: to be used at
ea*h base station and 3G u/grades *an be introdu*ed
over time
Wideband C5M' 1W,C5M'2>
evolved 0rom GSM and ?S,63;
su//orted b+ the Third Generation Partnershi/ ProKe*t 6
13GPP624
3G su**essor to GSM . re0erred to as the Eniversal
Mobile Tele*ommuni*ations S+stem 1EMTS2
' third 3G standard. T5,SC5M'. is under *onsideration in China
but is unli:el+ to be ado/ted else%here4
Eses T55 instead o0 F55 0or u/lin:/do%nlin: signaling
used in the Ca/anese F-M' and C,Phone 3G
s+stems
Wider air inter0a*e band%idth 1minimum s/e*trum allo*ation
o0 FMH2
!e)uires an ex/ensive ne% base station e)ui/ment
?nstallation %ill be slo% and gradual in the %orld
!elies on the existing *ore GSM in0rastru*ture
Can be easil+ and inex/ensivel+ added to existing GSM
s+stems
-ne o0 the ne%est 3G te*hnologies to im/lemented is
High,S/eed 5o%nlin: Pa*:et '**ess 1HS5P'24 ?t is an
enhan*ed 3G 1third generation2 mobile tele/hon+
*ommuni*ations /roto*ol in the
High,S/eed Pa*:et '**ess 1HSP'2 0amil+. also *oined
34FG. 3GL or turbo 3G. %hi*h allo%s net%or:s based on
Eniversal Mobile Tele*ommuni*ations S+stem 1EMTS2 to
have higher data trans0er s/eeds and *a/a*it+
E/grade Paths 0or (G Te*hnologies
?S,63;
P5C
GSM ?S,7F
?S,7F$
HSCS5
GP!S
#5G#
W,C5M'
#5G#
T5,SC5M'
*dma(00,6x!TT
*dma(000,6x#V.5V.5-
*dma(00,3x!TT
(G
(4FG
3G
0ireless 1A2s
/rovide high,s/eed data %ithin a small region
stationar+ or moving at /edestrian s/eeds
o/erate in unli*ensed 0re)uen*+ bands
the ?SM bands at 700 MH. (48 GH. and F4B GH. and
the Enli*ensed "ational ?n0ormation ?n0rastru*ture 1E,
"??2 band at F GH
a limit on the /o%er /er unit band%idth is set to mitigate
the inter0eren*e /roblem
based on /ro/rietar+ and in*om/atible /roto*ols
(; MH s/e*trum o0 the 700 MH ?SM band using dire*t
se)uen*e s/read s/e*trum. %ith data rates on the order o0
6,( Mb/s
la*: o0 standardiation
high develo/ment *osts. lo%,volume /rodu*tion. and small
mar:ets 0or ea*h individual /rodu*t
First generation 3ireless 1A2s
4road5and 0ireless A!!ess
high,rate %ireless *ommuni*ations bet%een a Dxed a**ess
/oint and multi/le terminals
Se!ond generation o' 3ireless 1A2s
o/erate %ith B0 MH o0 s/e*trum in the (48 GH ?SM band
?### B0(466b standard 1named Wi!i2
dire*t se)uen*e s/read s/e*trum %ith data rates o0 around 64;
Mb/s 1ra% data rates o0 66 Mb/s2
a0ter slo% initial gro%th the /o/ularit+ o0 B0(466b %ireless &'"s
has ex/anded *onsiderabl+
+EEE 6,#(11a 3ireless 1A2 standard
has mu*h more band%idth and *onse)uentl+ man+ more
*hannels than B0(466b
*an su//ort more users at higher data rates
+EEE 6,#(11g 3ireless 1A2 standard
uses multi*arrier modulation and *an be used in either the
(48 GH and F GH bands %ith s/eeds o0 u/ to F8 Mb/s4
Man+ %ireless &'" *ards and a**ess /oints su//ort all three
standards to avoid in*om/atibilities4
?n #uro/e %ireless &'" develo/ment revolves around the
H+PE71A2 (high /er'orman!e radio 1A2 standard
H?P#!&'" T+/e 6. is similar to the ?### B0(466a %ireless &'"
standard
/otential *om/etitor to %ireless &'"s. 3G *ellular
servi*es. and /ossibl+ %ireline servi*es li:e *able
and 5S& > emerging +EEE 6,#(18 standard
!alled 0iMA9(
This standard /romises broadband %ireless a**ess
%ith data rates on the order o0 80 Mb/s 0or Dxed
users and 6F Mb/s 0or mobile users. %ith a range o0
several :ilometers4
'llo% multi/le PCs to share a single high,
s/eed ?nternet *onne*tion4 ?t *an also be used
to net%or: a grou/ o0 PCs %ithout %ires4

!ange> F0 :m
(9
WiMax> '//li*ations
High%s/eed data and tele!ommuni!ations ser&i!es 'or
nomadi! !onne!ti&ity o&er a 3ide area
(7
Fre)uen*+> (48 GH
S/eed> 049( Mb/s
802.15
Short,range *ommuni*ation te*hnolog+
0a*ilitating both voi*e and data
transmissions over short distan*es 0rom
Dxed and/or mobile devi*es. *reating
%ireless /ersonal 'rea "et%or:s 1P'"s24

#m/lo+s s/read,s/e*trum
0re)uen*+ ho/ing4

T%o $luetooth devi*es %ill

transmit on the exa*t same
0re)uen*+ at the exa*t same
time4

'lso ensures a//li*ations su*h

as *ordless /hones are not
inter0ered
Parameters 0iMa. 01A2 4luetooth
!ange O36 miles O600 metres O60 metres
5ata Trans0er
!ate
90mb/s 66 OV
FFmb/s
(0 OV
FFmb/s
Esers 6000s P 60 P 60

&o% Cost. lo% /o%er %ireless mesh

net%or:ing standard

'lso :no%n as ?### B0(46F48

Widel+ de/lo+ed in %ireless *ontrol

and monitoring a//li*ations

-/erates in the ?ndustrial. S*ientiD*

and Medi*al 1?SM2 radio bands
Fre)uen*ies> B;B MH 1#uro/e2
768 MH 1ES'2
(48 GH 1World
%ide2
Channels> 6. 60. 6; res/e*tivel+
Modulation> $PS@Ls/reading *odes
Channel '**ess> Carrier Sense
Multi/le '**ess %ith Collision
'voidan*e 1CSM'/C'2
36
Qig$ee /roto*ols are intended 0or use in embedded
a//li*ations re)uiring lo%data ratesand lo%/o%er
*onsum/tion4 Home #ntertainment and Control, Smart &ighting. 'dvan*ed
Tem/erature Control. Sa0et+ R Se*urit+ and Movies R Musi*
Home '%areness, Water Sensors. Po%er Sensors. Smart
'//lian*es and '**ess sensors
Mobile Servi*esS m,/a+ment. m,monitoring and *ontrol. m,
se*urit+ and a**ess *ontrol. m, health*are and tele,assist
Commer*ial $uildingS #nerg+ Monitoring. HV'C. &ighting.
'**ess Control
?ndustrial PlantS Pro*ess Control. 'sset Management.
#nvironmental management. #nerg+ Management. industrial
devi*e *ontrol
A//li!ations
0ireless 0ide Area 2et3or:
Wireless W'"s use *ellular net%or:s 0or data transmission
and exam/les o0 the *ellular s+stems that are used are> C5M'.
GSM. GP!S. and C5P5 1*ellular digital /a*:et data> %ide area
%ireless data servi*e overla+ed on the analog *ellular tele/hone
net%or:424
Wireless %ide area net%or:s *over a mu*h
T%iderU area. su*h as %herever the *ellular
net%or: /rovider has %ireless *overage4
GP!S net%or:s > 66F :b/s
C5M'(000 6M 16x!TT2 net%or:s > 80S90 :b/s
C5M'(000 6x#V,5- > u/ to (48 Mb/s in a standard
64(F MH C5M' *hannel
WC5M' > u/ to ( Mb/s
-n '/ril ((. (00(. FCC amended the Part 6F
rulings regarding intentional radiators. allo%ing
mar:eting and o/eration o0 /rodu*ts in*or/orating
Eltra Wide $and te*hnolog+4
Eses short /ulses %ith durations
usuall+ o0 a 0e% nano se*onds
instead o0 *ontinuous %aves to
transmit in0ormation4
The /ulse dire*tl+ generates
a ver+ %ide instantaneous
band%idth signal a**ording to the
time,s*aling /ro/erties o0 the
Fourier trans0orm relationshi/
bet%een time. t" and 0re)uen*+. #4
U04 Ad&antages
High spatial capacity
Spatial capacity is defned as bits/sec/square-meter
Simple transceiver architecture
A Bluetooth transceiver
An UWB transceiver
No VCO,
PLL,
Local Oscillator,
Mixer
Multipath resistance
ayleigh !ading
Associated "ith
continues "aves
#onventional radios
overcome !ading using
high po"er
High po"er transmitters
are detectable and
consume po"er
UWB doesn$t use
continues signals
%o ayleigh !ading& high
po"er is not required
'o" probability o! detection by hostile
systems

High data rate applications

Wireless Body Area Networs
"ata rate
60 :bits/se*
600 :bits/se*
6 Mbit/se*
60 Mbit/se*
600 Mbit/se*
0 GH ( GH 6GH 3 GH F GH 8 GH ; GH
B0(466a
EW$
Qig$ee
$luetooth
Qig$ee
B0(466b
B0(466g
3G
EW$
Fre)uen*ies o**u/ied
!ange
6 m
60 m
600 m
6 :m
60 :m
0 GH ( GH 6GH 3 GH F GH 8 GH ; GH
B0(466a
EW$
Qig$ee
$luetooth
Qig$ee
B0(466b.g
3G
EW$
Fourth generation 8G %ireless
AMPS
Voice
Service
Track
CDMA
IS-95
CDMA
2000
4G
ETACS GSM
WCDMA
1st Generation
Analog
2n Generation
Digital
!r Generation
Wie"an
#i$e
Co%&'ter
(et)or*
W+A(
PDMA
(ort,
A%eri-a
E'ro&e
Data
Service
Track
Voice & Data
Service
Track
4t, Generation
Wie"an All-IP
(otes.
IP. Internet Proto-ol
TCP. Trans%ission Control Proto-ol
AMPS. A/an-e Mo"ile P,one Ser/i-es
ETACS. E'ro&ean Total A--ess Co%%'ni-ation S0ste%
PDMA. Pa-*et Di/ision M'lti&le A--ess 12an)ang3 C,ina4
Cir-'it S)it-,ing
Pa-*et S)it-,ing
Cir-'it an Pa-*et S)it-,ing
e/ol/ing to Pa-*et S)it-,ing
TD-
SCDMA
China
3G vs4 8G
3G 8G
Predominantl+ voi*e driven , data %as al%a+s add on
Wide area *ell,based
$a*: *om/atible to (G4
6B00,(800 MH
W,C5M'. 6x!TT. #dge '**ess te*hnolog+
F#C Convolutional rate 6/(.
Cir*uit and /a*:et s%it*hed net%or:s4
Combination o0 existing R evolved e)ui/ment4
5ata rate 1u/ to (Mb/s24
-/timied antenna design. multi,band ada/ters
' number o0 air lin: /roto*ols. in*luding ?P
Converged data and voi*e over ?P
H+brid , ?ntegration o0 Wireless &'" 1Wireless &'" 1WiFi.
$luetooth2 and %ide area
#xtend 3G *a/a*it+ b+ one order o0 magnitude4
Higher 0re)uen*+ bands (,B GH
-F5M and MC,C5M' 1Multi Carrier C5M'2
Con*atenated *oding s*heme
#ntirel+ /a*:et s%it*hed net%or:s4
'll net%or: elements are digital4
Higher band%idth 1u/ to 600Mb/s24
Smarter 'ntennas. so0t%are multiband and %ideband
radios
'll ?P 1?P;402
-F5M is being
in*reasingl+ used
in high S s/eed
in0ormation
transmission s+stems>
#uro/ean H5TV
5igital 'udio $road*ast
15'$2
5igital Subs*riber &oo/
15S&2
?### B0(466 Wireless &'"
$rthogonal !re%uenc& Division
Multiple'ing
OF"M !hara!teristi!s

High /ea:,to,average /o%er levels

Preservation o0 orthogonalit+ in severe multi,/ath

Su//ort 0or ada/tive modulation b+ sub*arrier

Fre)uen*+ diversit+

!obust against narro%,band inter0eren*e

#3*ient 0or simul*asting

Variable/d+nami* band%idth

Esed 0or highest s/eed a//li*ations

Su//orts d+nami* /a*:et a**ess

*G
HPS@ modulations R
C5M'
Code Division Multiple
Access
#G
GMS@ modulations
(aussian Minimum )hi#t
*e&ing
8G , -F5M
8G , M?M-
Multiple +nput Multiple $utput

M?M- 1$&'ST R s/a*e,time *oding2 te*hni)ues in*rease bit rate

and/or )ualit+ on a lin: b+ *reating multi/le *hannels and/or
enhan*ing diversit+4

S%it*hed/steered beam antennas 0or base stations and

inter0eren*e su//ression/ada/tive antennas 0or terminals
redu*e inter0eren*e. in*reasing s+stem *a/a*it+
8G W?!#&#SS SVST#M
8G should be able to /rovided ver+ smooth
global roaming ubi)uitousl+ %ith lo%er *ost
Theoreti*all+. 8G is set to deliver 600mb/s to a
roaming mobile devi*e globall+. and u/ to
6Gb/s to a stationar+ devi*e4 With this in mind.
it allo%s 0or video *on0eren*ing. streaming
/i*ture /er0e*t video 1i4e4 tele,medi*ine. tele,
geo /ro*essing a//li*ation et*42
8G should bring almost /er0e*t real %orld
%ireless or *alled TWWWW> World Wide
Wireless Web