CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

PRESENTATION
BY
HITESH KUMAR
MANAGER (T) PROTECTION
DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
1. Definition
2. Design and Construction
3. Working Principle
4. Related Terminology: KPV, VA Burden, ALF, Accuracy
Class, Error etc.
5. Testing
6. Commissioning
7. Maintenance


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Instrument Transformer
A transformer intended to supply measuring instruments,
meters, relays, and other similar apparatus.
Current Transformer
An instrument transformer in which the secondary current,
in normal condition of use, is substantially proportional to
the primary current and differs in phase from it by an
angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate
direction of the connections.
Primary Winding
The winding through which flows the current to be
transformed.
Secondary Winding
The winding which supplies the current circuits of
measuring instruments, meters, relays or similar
apparatus.
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Secondary Circuit
The external circuit supplied by the secondary winding of a
transformer.
Rated Primary Current
The value of the primary current on which the
performance of the transformer is based.
Rated secondary Current
The value of the secondary current on which the
performance of the transformer is based.
Actual Transformation Ratio
The ratio of the actual primary current to the actual
secondary current.
Rated Transformation Ratio
The ratio of the rated primary current to the rated
secondary current.

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Current Error (Ratio Error)
The error which a transformer introduces in to the
measurement of a current and which arises from the fact
that the actual transformation ratio is not equal to the
rated transformation ratio.
Current Error (%) = (Kn x Is - Ip) X 100
Ip
Kn is the rated transformation ratio
Ip is the actual primary current
Is is the actual secondary current when Ip is flowing
under the conditions of measurement

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Phase displacement
The difference in phase between the primary and
secondary current vectors, the direction of the vectors
being so chosen that the angle is zero for a perfect
transformer.

The phase displacement is said to be positive when the
secondary current vector leads the primary current vector.
Composite Error
In its stationary state, the composite error Ec based on the
rms value of the primary current is the difference between
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current
b) the instantaneous values of the secondary current
intensities multiplied by the rated transformation.
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Composite Error

Composite Error (%) =


Kn is the rated transformation ratio
Ip is the actual primary current
ip is the instantaneous value of the primary current
is is the instantaneous value of the secondary
current
T is the duration of one cycle

T

0

100 x 1 (Kn is . ip) x 100 dt
Ip T

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Accuracy Class
A designation assigned to a current transformer the errors
of which remain within specified limits under prescribed
conditions of use.
Burden
The impedance of the secondary circuit in ohms and
power-factor.
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Rated Burden
The value of the burden on which the accuracy
requirements of this specification.



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Instrument Security Factor (FS)
The ratio of rated instrument limit primary current to the
rated primary current.
Rated Instrument Limit Primary Current (IPL)
The value of the minimum primary current at which the
composite error of the measuring current transformer is
equal to or greater than 10 %, the secondary burden being
equal to the rated burden.
Secondary Limiting EMF
The product of the instrument security factor FS, the rated
secondary current and the vectorial sum of the rated burden
and the impedance of the secondary winding.
The product of the accuracy limit factor , the rated secondary
current and the vectorial sum of the rated burden and the
impedance of the secondary winding.



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Rated Accuracy Limit Primary Current
The value of primary current up to which the transformer will
comply with the requirements for composite error.
Accuracy Limit Factor
The ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the
rated primary current.
Rated Knee Point E.M.F.
That minimum sinusoidal e.m.f. (r.m.s.) at rated power
frequency when applied to the secondary terminals of the
transformer, all other terminals being open circuited, which
when increased by 10 % causes the rms exciting current to
increase by no more than 50 %.


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Dimensioning Factor (K)
A factor assigned by the purchaser to indicate the multiple of
rated secondary current (Isn) occurring under power system
fault conditions, inclusive of safety factors, up to which the
transformer is required to meet performance requirements.

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Earth Fault Factor
Ratio at a selected location of a three phase system (generally
the point of installation of an equipment) and for a given
system configuration, of the highest r.m.s. phase to earth
power-frequency voltage on a sound phase during a fault to
earth (affecting one or more phases at any point) to the r.m.s.
phase to earth power frequency voltage which would be
obtained at the selected location without the fault.




Types of CTs
Hair Pin Design
Eye Bolt Design
Live tank Design

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Hair Pin Design


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Dead tank CTs
Hairpin design and Eye Bolt design
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CT Standards
IEC 60044 1
IS 2705
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CT Design
Core Material The main aim is to give
high accuracy with low saturation factor.

Core Material is made of CRGO Silicon
steel

For very low loss characteristics,
material (Alloy of Ni-Fe) is used
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Accuracies as per IEC-60044-1

Class 5% of
rated I
20% of
rated I
100% of
rated I
120% of
rated I
0.2 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2
0.5 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5
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Protection Cores
Class Current Error at
rated Primary
Current
Composite Error at
rated accuracy limit
Primary Current
5P 1% 5%
10P 3% 10%
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Insulation Levels
For Windings having Um greater than
300kV, the rated insulation level is
determined by rated switching and lightning
impulse withstand voltage

For voltages < 300kV, insulation levels are
decided by lightning impulse and power-
frequency withstand voltages
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System
Voltage
1 min
Power
Freq.
Voltage
Switching
Impulse
withstand
Voltage
Lightning
Impulse
withstand
Voltage
220kV 395kV
460kV
- 950kV
1050kV
400kV 630kV 1050kV 1425kV
Insulation Levels
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Partial Discharge Test
System
Voltage
Pre-stress
Voltage for 1
min
Test Voltage
Um 80% of 1 min
P.F. Voltage
Um- 10pC
1.2Um/3 - 5pC
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Creepage Distances
Pollution Levels Creepage distance
Light 16mm/kV
Medium 20mm/kV
Heavy 25mm/kV
Very Heavy 31mm/kV
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Routine Tests at Factory
Verification of Terminal Markings
Power Frequency withstand test on Primary
winding
Partial Discharge measurement
Power Frequency withstand test on Secondary
winding
Power Frequency withstand tests between sections
Inter-Turn Over voltage Test
Determination of Errors
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Testing of CTs
Tan Delta Measurement

Thermo vision Scanning

DGA testing of Oil
Primary Injection Test
Knee Point Voltage measurement
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CT TESTING TAN DELTA
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CT Insulation
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Tan delta measurement
CTs with Test Tap- Ungrounded Specimen Test mode (UST)
CTs without Test Taps Grounded Specimen Test (GST) mode
with jumpers disconnected
Values to be monitored w.r.t. factory/ pre-commissioning
values
Sudden change in measured values indicate faster
deterioration of insulation.
Precautions: P1/P2 to be shorted. Porcelain surface to be
thoroughly cleaned. Test Tap to be reconnected to Earth
after the Test

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Tan delta measurement
Connection of Test Tap to be ensured otherwise it
may lead slow arcing in the soldering area and
insulation may fail in due course of time.
Measurement of Tan Delta of C2 (insulation
between last foil on which test tap wire is soldered
to the ground) to be carried out.
Measurement in GSTg mode with P1/P2 terminal
guarded.
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CT Equivalent Circuit
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UST Mode of Measurement
Earth will be connected to N Point
Hence only CHL will be measured
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GST Mode of Measurement
Here measurement is made for the
Parallel combination of CH and CHL
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GSTg Mode of Measurement
Here measurement is done for CHE
as L is guarded
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C1 and C2 Tan delta measurement
For C1: Apply 10kV between HV and test tap on UST mode.
For C2: Apply 500 V between Test tap and Ground with
HV Guarded on GSTg mode
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Service Conditions: Pollution Levels-- Normal,
Heavy
Rated Primary Current
Rated Short Time Current
B.I.L
Number of Ratios
Number of Cores
Output ,Accuracy, Accuracy limit factor etc of
Individual Cores
Specification Requirements
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Requirement of Metering And Protective Current
Transformers
Metering Cores
should maintain accuracy
within limits over
-Entire Current range of 20
to 120 % of rated current and
burden range of 25 to 100 %
and
Preferably saturate beyond
the Rated current
The accuracy is designated by
the max ratio error at 100%
rated burden and current viz
0.2 ,0.5, 1.0 etc
Protection cores
Should maintain accuracy
from beyond the rated
current to the highest
possible fault current in
any location
Consequently should not
saturate up to highest
fault current
The accuracy is
designated by the max
current error at accuracy
limit current viz 5P,
10P,15P

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Vector Diagram of C.T
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Accuracy of Metering C.Ts
Accuracy % R.E at Phase Error at
Class % of Rated Current % of Rated Current
20 100 120 20 100 120
0.2 0.35 0.2 0.2 15 10 10
0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 45 30 30
1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 90 60 60
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Variation of Ratio Error Permitted With 0.5 & 1.0 Accuracies
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VARIATION OF PHASE ERROR WITH BURDEN
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P1
S1 S2 S3 S4 S1
S2
P1
C2
C4 C6
C3
C5
P2
SECONDARY RECONNECTION PRIMARY RECONNECTION
PRIMARY SECONDARY RATIO
TERMINALS TERMINALS
P1 P2 S1 S2 100/1
P1 P2 S1 S3 200/1
P1 P2 S1 S4 400/1
PRIMARY CONNECT SECONDARY RATIO
TERMINALS TERMINALS
P1 P2 C1-C2,C3-C4,C5-C6 S1 S2 100/1
P1 P2 C1-C2,C3-C4,C5-C6,C4-P2 S1 S2 200/1
P1 P2 C1-C3-C5-P1,C2-C4-C6-P2 S1 S2 400/1
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INTERDEPENDANCE OF VA , ACCURACY, A. L. F
VA= OUTPUT OF CT IN VOLTAMPERES
A= CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CORE OF CT
B normal=FLUX DENSITY IN CORE AT NORMAL OUTPUT
B sat =FLUX DENSITY IN CORE AT A.L.F
A.L.F- ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR

TAKING A SECONDARY CURRENT OF 1 AMP , VOLAGE ACROSS
SECONDARY WINDING
VA
V=--------=VA
1
THEREFORE, VA= 4.44*FREQUENCY(f)*B normal* A*No OF TURNS IN
SECONDARY(N)

AS FLUX DENSITY AT A.L.F I S RESTRICTED BY SATURATION IN THE
CORE
HIGHER A.L.F MEANS LOWER VA AND VICE-VERSA





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Requirements for Special Purpose Current
Transformers
The performance is specified in terms of
Minimum Knee Point Voltage
Maximum Exciting Current at the Rated Knee
Point Voltage(K.P.V )
Maximum Resistance of Secondary Winding at
No Turns Correction
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Dead Tank Type Current Transformer
N 2
Oil
Dead Tank Type Current Transformer (Hair Pin Type) (Eyebolt Type)
N 2
Oil
1
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N 2
Live Tank Current Transformer
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Current Transformers
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1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
5. Porcelain insulator
6. Primary conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Hair Pin Design
Hair-Pin design
IT 400 Cross section
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
1. Oil filling plug
2. Dome
3. Nitrogen filling valve
4. Collar
5. Primary terminal
6. Porcelain insulator
7. Insulated primary
8. Cover plate for tank
9. Tank
10. Secondary cores
Internal details
Eye bolt design
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Active Part Manufacturing
IT range
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CT Design
Core Material The main aim is to give
high accuracy with low saturation factor.
Core Material is made of CRGO Silicon
steel

For very low loss characteristics,
material (Alloy of Ni-Fe) is used

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Secondary
Primary
I
p

I
s

K
TC : K=
I
p
I
s
K.I
s

I
p

f: Phase error
Current transformer :
Instrument
Transformer Error
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Current Transformers Saturation curve
10 20 30 40
Induction
B [T]
Primary current
Ip/In
Protection CT
18500 gauss
Metering CT
8000 gauss
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Pre Commissioning Tests
Polarity Test
Magnetization Curve Test
Ratio Test
Primary Current Injection Test
Secondary Current Injection Test
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Capacitance and Tan Delta
Measurement
CTs with Test Tap- Ungrounded Specimen Test mode (UST)
CTs without Test Taps Grounded Specimen Test (GST) mode
with jumpers disconnected
Values to be monitored w.r.t. factory/ pre-commissioning
values
Sudden change in measured values indicate faster
deterioration of insulation.
Precautions: P1/P2 to be shorted. Porcelain surface to be
thoroughly cleaned. Test Tap to be reconnected to Earth after
the Test
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Capacitance and Tan Delta
Measurement Contd.
Connection of Test Tap to be ensured otherwise it
may lead to slow arcing in the soldering area and
insulation may fail in due course of time.
Measurement of Tan Delta of C2 (insulation
between last foil on which test tap wire is soldered
to the ground) to be carried out.
Measurement in GSTg mode with P1/P2 terminal
guarded.
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Equivalent circuit of transformer
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Electromagnetic Voltage
Transformer
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Vector Diagram For CT (referred to secondary)
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Current Transformer
type IMB
The the most sold current
transformer in the world, more than
140 000 units are installed all over
the world, from desert to arctic
climates.

Improved in several generations
during more than 60 years.

A reliable product (failure rate 4
times lower than average) with no
need for regular maintenance.
2000 1949
References
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IMB Manufacturing
Automated insulation technique
Improves quality and minimises
variations
Reduced dimensions and increased
withstand
Technology
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