General Introduction to CDMA Mobile Communications

CDMA Business Department

Shenzhen ZTE Corporation, China

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation

Communications System)

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile Communication

Cell/sector

Frequency Reuse

Handoff

Cell-splitting

Characteristics of Mobile Communication

Mobility
flexible and convenient global personal
communication
Poor environment and conditions
Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and
time)shadow effect and delay, power change and other
noise,
Multiple MS and channels
Interference near and far effect
Limit of frequency resources
Reliability is a must
registration, handoff, switching, control

Evolution of Mobile Communications System

1946 First mobile phone system , 120 KHZ( AT&T): FM

60s IMTS 25-30KHZ Bell System): FM
1 G Analog Cellular/FDMA

2 G digital cellular/TDMA

AMPS (US, 800 MHZ/30KHZ/10 kbps)

TACS (British, 900 MHZ/25 KHZ/8 kbps)
GSM, DAMPS, JDC
IS-95 CDMA

3G IMT-2000 (International Mobile telecommunications)

UTRA/W-CDMA (Japan, Europe)
CDMA 2000 MC (US)
UTRA TDD (Europe) and TD-SCDMA(China)
UWC-136 (TDMA)
DECT (TDMA)

Concepts: FDMA, TDMA & CDMA

FDMA
CDMA

TDMA

Channel Structure For FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated

pathway through a transmission medium for one user

information
Any of the dimensions of the transmitted signal can be
segmented into private assigned channels for users.
Here how the three most popular technologies
establish channels:
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
each user on a different frequency
a channel is a frequency
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
each user on a different window period in
time slot
a channel is a specific time slot on a
specific frequency
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
each user uses the same frequency all the
time, but mixed with different
distinguishing code patterns
a channel is a unique code pattern

FDMA
Power
Tim
e

c
en
u
eq
Fr

TDMA
Power
Tim
e

Fre

cy
en
u
q

CDMA
Power
Tim
e

eq
Fr

nc
ue

Frequency Reuse and Large Capacity

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (1)

Cell Coverage

CDMA: varies with traffic load

No load: 3 GSM coverage

20 channels/sector: 2 GSM coverage

GSM: coverage not affected by traffic load

Number of BTS

CDMA=20% GSM

1000 km2 coverage: CDMA 45 BTS, GSM 200 BTS

Capacity:

CDMA=5 GSM=10 AMPS

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (2)

Voice quality: vocoder

CDMA 8K> GSM 13K, CDMA 13K approaches 64K PCM

Handoff
CDMA : soft handoff,
dropped calls

GSM: hard handoff, more

Network Planning and Expansion

CDMA : simple ( N=1),

GSM N 4

CDMA N 1

2
4
3
4
2

1
4

1
4

3
2

1
4

GSM: more complicated (N=4/7)

2
1
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation

Communications System)

Technical Features of CDMA

Spread Spectrum

Multiple Access

Achieve signal gain and avoid Multi-path Effect

Voice Activation

Ensure optimum power level with least interference to other channels,

reducing Near and Far Effect and thus increasing capacity
Low radiation and longer battery usage time

Diversity Receiver (Rake Receiver)

Seamless communication without call dropping

High communication quality

Power Control

Code Division:Improve frequency reuse and guarantee large capacity

Soft Handoff

Ensures high transmission and voice quality, security

Short PN, long PN and Wash codes are used for coding

Lower transmitting power and low speed

Voice Coding

Spread Spectrum-Basis for CDMA Technology

Definition:

Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth that is

several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal
bandwidth.

Theoretic Basis: Shannons Law

C=Blog2(1+S/N)

C: Channel Capacity B: bandwidth S/N: signal to noise ratio

Conclusion: When C is a fixed value, S/N is a reciprocal ratio of B

Another techniques for Spread Spectrum:

DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum Principles

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Narrowband
Signal

Slow
Information
Sent
TX

Traditional

Slow
Information
Recovered

RX

radio communication systems transmit data

using the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a
narrowband signal, e.g. FDMA and TDMA systems.

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)

SHANON Formula
C = Blog2(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband
Signal
Slow
Information
Sent

Slow
Information
Recovered
TX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

Direct-Sequence

RX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

Spread spectrum systems mix their input data

with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal
The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the
receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to
recover the original data

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)

Processing Gain For SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Gp=10log (B/Bm)
Where,
Gp is processing gain, dB
B is spreading signal bandwidth, Hz
Bm is original signal bandwith, Hz
E.g., it is 21 dB for IS-95A CDMA system.
The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to
the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal
The gain can be used to increase system performance
and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both

Basic Spreading & DeSpreading Example

User Data Spread, Sent, Recovered
At Originating Site:

Input A: Users Data @ 19,200

bits/second
Input B: Walsh Code #23 @
1.2288 Mcps
Output: Spread spectrum signal

At Destination Site:
via air interface

Input A: Received spread

spectrum signal
Input B: Walsh Code #23 @
1.2288 Mcps
Output: Users Data @ 19,200
bits/second just as originally
sent

Input A: User Data

1
Input B: Spreading Code

XOR
Exclusive-OR

Gate

Spread Spectrum Signal

Input A: Received Signal

Input B: Spreading Code

Output: User Original Data

XOR
Exclusive-OR
Gate

Spread Spectrum
1
Antenna

Source
Coding

Channel Coding
SS

Carrier
Modulation

Radio
Channel

Transmit

Antenna

Carrier
Demodulation

Channel
Decoding

Source
Decoding

Receive

DS-PN

Source
Decoding

Channel
Decoding

DS-PN

Carrier
Demodulation

Receive

DS-PN

Radio
Channel

Carrier
Modulation

Transmit

Channel
Coding
SS

DS-PN

Source
Coding

Spread Spectrum
(2)
Sf

Sf
Signal

Signal
f0

Signal Frequency Before

SS

f0

Signal Frequency after SS

Sf

Sf

Signal

Noise

Noise

Signal
f0

f
Signal Frequency Before Decoding

Signal

Pulse Noise

f0

f
Signal Frequency After Decoding

Other Noise

Spread Spectrum (3)- Spreading Codes

Spreading Code Rate: 1.2288Mc/s

Multi-path separation,(delay:1--100s)
Delay<1 s , rate>1 MHZ
Multiples of base band rate 9.6 kbps

Spreading Codes
Forward : Walsh code
Reverse: Long PN Codes (242-1)

Spread Spectrum (4)

Advantages:
Avoid interference arising from jamming
signal or multi-path effects

SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed

and filtered

Security: difficult to detect

Privacy: Difficult to demodulate

Multiple Access:

Improve Frequency Reuse

Enlarge Capacity

CDMA Spreading Principle

Single spreading sequence are reversible
ORIGINATING SITE

DESTINATION
Spread Data Stream

Input
Data

Recovered
Data

Spreading
Sequence

Spreading
Sequence

Any data bitstream can be combined with a spreading sequence

The resulting signal can be de-spreading and the data stream recovered if
the original spreading sequence is available and properly timed
After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact
Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale

CDMA Spreading Principle (Continued)

Multiple successive sequence are reversible
ORIGINATING SITE
X+A

DESTINATION

Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams

X+A+B
X+A+B+C
X+A+B

X+A

Input
Data

Recovered
Data

Spreading Spreading Spreading

Sequence Sequence Sequence

Spreading Spreading Spreading

Sequence Sequence Sequence

Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and then reapplied

in opposite order, to recover the original data stream

the spreading sequences can have different desired properties
All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper
synchronization at the recovering destination
Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale

Code Division Multiple Access (1)

Orthogonal Walsh function

Long PN Code ( cycle length: 242 1)

Forward link: Spreading and building of coded channels

Reverse link: orthogonal modulation of MS signal
Forward link: identification of MS
Reverse link: Spreading and user MS identification

Short PN Code (cycle length: 215-1)

Forward and Reverse link: both for orthogonal QPSK

modulation, with different phase for different BS and identical
phase for different MS (0 offset)

Code Division Multiple Access (2)

Division of Channels

Forward Link

Pilot: continuous transmission, for synchronization and handoff, no

message

Synchronization : for the mobile to capture initial timing or synchronization

when initializing

Paging Channel: for the transmission of system message and paging

message, registration and traffic channel assignment

Forward Traffic Channel: transmission of voice, data and related signalling

Reverse Link

Access : used for initiating communication with BS and responding to

paging message ( 1 Paging channel corresponds to up to32 access )

Reverse Traffic: for transmission of user and signalling information during

call establishment.

Code Division Multiple Access (3)

Forward CDMA
Channels

Pilot

Sync.

Paging

W0 W32 W1

Paging

W7 W8

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

W62 W63
User traffic

MS power control
Sub-channel

Reverse CDMA
Channels

Access

Access

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

CDMA Spreading Code

Walsh Code
64Sequences, each 64
chips long
Each Walsh Code is
precisely Orthogonal
with respect to all
other Walsh Codes

0 0 0 0
0

0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1

0 0 1 1

H2n

0 1 1 0

Hn Hn
___

Hn Hn

Unique Properties:
Mutual Orthogonality
EXAMPLE:
Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23
#59
Sum

0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1, 32 0: Orthogonal!!

WALSH CODES
# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
3 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
4 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
5 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
6 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
7 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
8 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
9 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
10 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
11 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
12 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
13 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
14 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
15 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
16 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
17 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
18 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
19 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
20 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
21 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
22 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
24 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
26 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
27 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
28 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
30 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
31 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
32 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
33 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
34 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
35 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
36 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
37 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
40 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
42 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
43 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
44 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
45 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
46 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
47 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
48 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
49 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
50 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
51 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
52 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
53 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
54 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
56 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
57 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
60 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
61 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
62 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Long Code
( GENERAT ED
1100011000

I N T AP - SUMMED SH I F T REG I S T ER )

+
=

Long Code
State

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

PERMUT ED ESN

Public Long Code

Mask (STATIC)

SUM

User Long Code

(@1.2288 MCPS)
one chip at a time
0

Modulo-2 Addition

Every Users Long Code is 242 chips long

Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, it requires 41.4 days to complete
Each phone has a world-unique User Long Code generated using its 32-bit ESN, an OperatorDefinable 10-bit User Mask, and the current long code state expressed as a 42-bit binary
number
Users Long Codes are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable
decoding on the reverse link

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Short Code
The PN Sequence is 32,768(215)

chips long
a two-dimensional binary
sector with distinct I and Q
component sequences, each
32,768 chips long
The PN Sequence (and any
sequence) correlates with itself
perfectly if compared at a timing
offset of 0 chips
The Short PN Sequence is special:
Orthogonal compared with itself
using any possible timing offset
other than 0

32,768 chips long

26.666 ms.
(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

I
Q
Unique Properties:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I
Q
I
Q
Total Correlation: All bits = 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

I
Q
I
Q
Orthogonal: 16,384 1 + 16,384 0

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Summary of Characteristics & Functions
Type of Sequence HowMany

Length

Special Properties

Forward Link
Function

Reverse Link
Function

User identity
within logic
channel

Modulation

Walsh Code

64

64 chips
1/19,200 sec.

Mutually
Orthogonal

Short Code

32,768 chips
26-2/3 mS
75x in 2 sec.

Orthogonal with
itself at any time
shift value

Distinguish Cells
& Sectors

Quadrature Spreading
(Zero offset)

Long Code

242 chips
~40 days

near-orthogonal
if shifted

Data Scrambling
to distinguish
users

Distinguish users,
allow recovery

Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specific

purpose on the forward link and a different purpose on
the reverse link
The sequences are used to form code channels for
users in both directions

Fo
rw
Cell

ar

Li

nk

Forward CDMA channel modulation process

User data from Convolutional
Encoder and
BS in 9600bps
19.2kbps
Repetition
4800bps 2400bps
interleaver
1200bps
r=1/2,K=9

Data
scrambling

Power
contrl bit

Walsh code

MUX

4
Long code
for user
Long code
generator

Decimator

Base
band
Filter

Decimator
800Hz

1.2288Mcps

I-channel Pilot PN Sequence

Q- channel Pilot PN Sequence

Q
Base
band
Filter

Reverse IS-95 channel modulation for a single user

I Q :Zero-offset Pilot Sequence

Long Code Mask

for user
Long Code Generator

PN chip
1.2288Mcps

Information Conver
64-ary
Bit
lutional
Block
Ortho9600bps
Encoder and Code
Inter- Code
gonal Walsh
Symbol
Symbol
4800bps
Repetition
leaver
Modulator chip
28.8kbps
2400bps
r=1/3 K=9
307.2
1200bps
kcps

PN chip

I-channel
Baseband
Filter

I(t)
Q(t)

Data
Burst
Randomizer

Baseband
Filter

Q-channel

1/2 PN chip Delay=406.9ns

What is mask ?
Access channel long code mask:
41
33 32 28 27 25 24
110001111

ACN

PCN

9 8

BASE_ID

PILOT_PN

ACN:number of access channel;PCN:number of paging ch

BASE_ID, PILOT_PN.
Public long code mask:
41
1100011000

32 31

0
Permuted ESN

Different approaches to bandwidth problem

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Coding Process on CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot

Walsh 0

Paging

Walsh 1

BTS
BTS

Walsh 6

PN OFFSET 116

Walsh 11
Walsh 19
Walsh 20
Sync

Walsh 32
Walsh 37
Walsh 41
Walsh 42

PN OFFSET 372
PN
372
x

ANALOG
SUM
BTS

Walsh 55

WALSH
19

PN OFFSET 226
x

Walsh 55
Walsh 60

BTS

PN OFFSET 511

Each user is assigned one of the 64 Walsh Codes and their traffic is mixed with the
Walsh code to establish a dedicated code channel
Each Users Long code is applied incidentally for data scrambling
All user code signals are then analog-summed to produce one composite waveform
The composite waveform is the combined with the PN sequence using a specific
offset to uniquely identify this cell sector

Functions of the CDMA Forward channels

Pilot

Walsh 0

Paging

Walsh 1
Walsh 6
Walsh 11
Walsh 19
Walsh 20

Sync

Walsh 32
Walsh 37
Walsh 41
Walsh 42
Walsh 55
Walsh 55
Walsh 60

PILOT: WALSH CODE 0

The Pilot is a structural beacon which does not
contain a character stream. It is a timing
source used in system acquisition and as a
measurement device during handoffs
SYNC: WALSH CODE 32
This carries a data stream of system
identification and parameter information used
by mobiles during system acquisition
PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7
There can be from one to seven paging
channels as determined by capacity needs.
They carry pages, system parameters
information, and call setup orders
TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes
The traffic channels are assigned to individual
users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh
codes are available, subject to overall capacity
limited by noise

Analog Summing for Multiple Access

Input Bits
#1 #2

User A
Walsh 0
User B
Walsh 1
User C
Walsh 2
User D
Walsh 3

Spreading

Analog
Summing

Power Output Bits

De-Spreading Integration #1 #2

A+0

D+3

User A

User B

User C

User D

Walsh 0

B+1
C+2

Walsh 1

In
CDMA,
this is
the air

Walsh 2

interface

Walsh 3

This simplified demonstration shows analog summing using only four abbreviated
Walsh codes, each 4 bits long. Four users are talking.
Each user signal is XORed with their assigned Walsh code, and the results are
analog-summed and sent over a single medium, much like in CDMA.
At the other end, the Walsh codes are applied to recover each user data.

Coding Process on CDMA Reverse Channels

User Long Code

BTS

BSC MSC

Each mobile is uniquely identified by an offset of the User Long Code, which it
generates internally
All mobiles transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25-MHz wide frequency band
Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile and successfully
extract its signal
Mobiles also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channelidentifying purposes
Short PN Sequence is used to achieve phase modulation
Walsh Codes are used as symbols to give ultra-reliable communications recovery
at the BTS

Functions of the CDMA Reverse channels

BTS

911

REG

ACCESS: It is used by mobiles not yet in a call to

transmit registration requests, call setup requests,
page responses, order responses, and other signalling
information
an access channel is defined by a special public
long code mask
Access channels are paired with Paging
Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels
per paging channel
TRAFFIC:It is used by individual users during their
actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS
a traffic channel is defined by a specific User
Long Code
there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as
there are CDMA phones in the world

Technical Advantages of CDMA Technology

For the Telecom Service Provider

High Efficiency of Frequency Utilization

Large Capacity Network
Simple Frequency Planning
Compatible with Analog Mobile Network
Smooth migration to 3G

For the Subscriber

Crystal-clear Voice Quality

Good Anti-jamming
Inter system soft handoff reduces call dropping
Low radiation and Long Standby time (long battery duration)
Reliable Security

Development of CDMA Technology

CDMA One : core technology IS95 :

IS 95A: only 1 spreading code for 1 traffic channel, 14.4 Kbps

1980, First field test by Qualcomm
1990, first version of CDMA UM interface standard by Qualcomm
1995, N-CDMA standard IS-95A by TIA
IS 95B : max. 8 codes for 1 traffic channel (one user for high-speed
packet data service
enhanced Air interface, hardware compatible with IS-95A
64 kbps dual way data service ,

CDMA 2000 :144K/384K/2M bps

CDMA 2000-1X: 144 kbps

CDMA 2000-3X: 2 Mbps (CDMA 2000-1X-EV)

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation

Communications System)

Dynamics of 3G

Background

Higher demand of QoS

Seamless internal roaming, wideband, flexible

Large capacity, frequency resource usage

IMT-2000

Naming

commercial use expected in 2002

First phase frequency band around 2 G HZ.

Requirements

QoS: voice/coverage, transmission/delay(BER<10 -3 for voice/video, BER<10 6 for

data; delay is variable with multi-media data services)
New services and capabilities: wideband service(mobile laptop, medical applications,
real-time map), flexible band allocation(low rate paging messagehigh rate video
transmission, low delay requirement for voice while absolute integrity for document)
Development and evolution: step by step evolution, investment protection
Flexibility: MS (multi-mode/frequency support international roaming), self-adaptive
control (adjustment of radio channel parameters for different environment)
Mobility management: Personal communication, seamless roaming among different
networks.

Dynamics of 3G

UIM

MT

RAN

UIM: user identity module

MT: mobile terminal
RAN: radio access network
CN: core network

CN

Other CN of
IMT-2000
family

Dynamics of 3G

RTT: Radio Transmission Technology

Proposed standards: 10 (FDD: 8 , TDD 5)
No.

RTT Proposed

Duplex

Proposer

J: W CDMA

FDD, TDD

Japan: ARIB

ETSI UTRA - UMTS

FDD, TDD

Europe: ETSI

WIMS W - CDMA

FDD

US: TIA

WCDMA/NA

FDD

US: TIPI

Global CDMA II

FDD

SK: TTA

TD - SCDMA

TDD

China: CATT

CDMA 2000

FDD, TDD

US: TIA

Global CDMA I

FDD

SK: TTA

UWC - 136

FDD

US: TIA

10

DP DECT

TDD

Europe: ETSI

1.

1 5 : similar to WCDMA, harmonization forms 3GPP WCDMA

2.

7 8 similar to CDMA 2000, harmonization forms 3GPP2 CDMA 2000

3.

9 : UWC 136, based on IS 136 TDMA (D-AMPS)

Dynamics of 3G
Wireless Access Network

Various standards:
W-CDMA FDD, W-CDMA TDD(TD-SCDMA), CDMA2000 Multi-carrier, UWC-136 TDMA
Widely accepted standards:
CDMA 2000
W-CDMA
UWC-136

Core Network

ANSI TIA/EIA-41 MAP

GSM MAP

Comparison Between W-CDMA & CDMA 2000

Item

W-CDMA

CDMA-2000

SS technique

Single Carrier DS

Multi-carrier Or DS

Code chip rate

4.096Mcps reduced to
3.84Mc

N1.2288Mcps

Sync. Between
BS

Async, Sync. Can be selected

Sync. (GPS)

Frame length

10ms

20ms

Voice Coding

Fixed rate

Variable rate

Power Control
Rate

1600Hz

800Hz

Min. Band Width

Dynamics of 3 G

Wireless Access Standards Development from 2 G to 3 G

2.5 G
GSM
3G
GSM-----GRPS and EDGE (up to 384 kbps)---W-CDMA (5 MHZ)

CDMA

IS 95A/B(14.4-64 kbps) cdma2000-1X (144 kbps)

cdma2000-3X

cdma2000-1X-EV

TDMA (TIA-EIA-136)

IS136

IS-136+(TIA/EIA 136-A/B) TDMA/EDGE/GRPS(384kbps)

IS137

Dynamics of 3 G

Consolidation of ITU IMT-2000 Very complicated task

Technical difference:

Conflict of interest of various parties involved

current market status of mobile communications, IPR,

service provider and manufacturers

3GPP 1998-12

SS, code chip rate, Sync. Mode, Pilot, core network(GSM-MAP and IS41)

Initiated by ETSI and joined by ARIB TCC TI TTA

CN: GSM-MAP, RAN: UTRA

3GPP2 1999-1

Initiated by TIA/ANSI and joined by ARIB, TTC, TTA

CN: ANSI/IS-41, RAN: cdma2000

interest of

Typical IS95A Network Structure of ZTE

Abis

HLR/AUC

BSC

Um

IS41D/E

Abis
A-ISO2 .x
Abis

BSC

MS

Abis
BSC

MSC/
VLR

PSTN/PLMN

Evolution from 2G System to 3G System

cdma2000-3x

IS-95A

cdma2000-1x

1X-EV

IS-95B

HDR

CDMA Network Evolution of ZTE

IS95A
Transition
methods
Data service rate
Smooth evolution
to 3G

Cdma 2000 1X

Adopts IOS4.0 for A Interface

144K 2M
MSS evolves from current Circuit Switching
mode to full IP mode

CDMA2000-1X Network Structure

HLR/AUC
2G BTS

Um

Abis
E1

PSTN/PLMN

MSC/
VLR

IS95
2G BSC

Abis

BSM

2G BTS
Um

Abis

IS2000
2G/3G
MS

E1
STM-1

Internet

ATM
2G BSC+upgrade or
3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

3G BTS (1X) or 2G
BTS+upgrade

Ethernet
router

Abis

PDSN

router

Ethernet

E1
2G BSC+upgrade or
STM-1 3G BSC/ PCF (1X)
3G BTS (1X) or 2G
BTS+upgrade

AAA
server

HA

The end !