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CPU, The Brain of The Computer

A power point presentation describing CPU and its functions. A brief study with useful illustrations

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amin jamal
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658 views22 pages

CPU, The Brain of The Computer

A power point presentation describing CPU and its functions. A brief study with useful illustrations

Uploaded by

amin jamal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Central Processing Unit

functions and working


Presentation submitted to:

Sir Iftikhar Jilani


Prepared by:

M.Amin

Definitions:
The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is a
piece of hardware that carries out the instructions
of a computer program. It performs basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations
of a computer system.
The CPU is like the brains of the computer - every
instruction, no matter how simple, has to go through the
CPU.
So let's say you press the letter 'k' on your keyboard and
it appears on the screen - the CPU of your computer is
what makes this possible. The CPU is sometimes referred
to as the central processor unit, or processor for
short. So when you are looking at the specifications of a
computer at your local electronics store, it typically
refers to the CPU as the processor.

Human Brain Vs PC
Processors

CPU

The central processing unit processes all of the data that is


accessed by the machine. In PCs the CPU, or microprocessor, is
a small silicon chip located beneath the fan. Essentially, the
purpose of a CPU is to process instructions through a four-part
sequence of fetching, decoding, execution and write back.
Since the mid-2000s, most computers are sold with multi-core
CPUs, which integrate two or more processors into one unit. In
2007, Intel built an 80-core processor that can handle a trillion
operations per second.

Human Brain as a
Processor

Other Processing
Machines

Components of CPU
A typical CPU has a number of components. First is the
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which performs simple
arithmetic and logical operations. Second is the control
unit (CU) which manages the various components of the
computer. It reads and interprets instructions from
memory and transforms them into a series of signals to
activate other parts of the computer. The control unit
calls upon the arithmetic logic unit to perform the
necessary calculations. Third is the cache, which serves
as high-speed memory where instructions can be copied
to and retrieved.
Early CPUs consisted of many separate components, but
since the 1970s they have been constructed as a single
integrated unit called a microprocessor. As such, a CPU
is a specific type of microprocessor. The individual
components of a CPU have become so integrated that
you can't even recognize them from the outside. The
CPU shown below is about 2 inches by 2 inches in size .


CPU Location:
CPUs are located on the motherboard. Motherboards have a socket for this, which
is specific for a certain type of processor. A CPU gets very hot and therefore needs
its own cooling system in the form of a heat sink and/or fan.

CPU Working Cycle

CPU EXECUTION

HOW ALU WORKS


The ALU is where the calculations occur. How do these
calculations actually get carried out? To a computer, the world
consists of zeros (0) and ones (1).
Inside a processor we can store 0s and 1s using transistors.
These are microscopic switches that control the flow of electricity
depending on whether the switch is on or off. So the transistor
contains binary information: a 1 if a current passes through and a
0 if a current does not pass through. Transistors are located on a
very thin slice of silicon. A single silicon chip can contain
thousands of transistors.
A single CPU contains a large number of chips. Combined these
only cover about a square inch or so. In a modern CPU, however,
that square inch can hold several hundred million transistors - the
very latest high-end CPUs have over one billion! Calculations are
performed by signals turning on or off different combinations of
transistors. And more transistors means more calculations.

CPUs Binary
Language

Relation of CPU ad other


devices

CPU and other Input Output


devices

Speed and efficiency


When we start to look at the various components of a CPU and how they
function, remember that it is all about speed. When we use a computer we
want the instructions to be carried out very fast. As the instructions become
more complicated (for example, creating a 3D animation or editing a video file),
we demand more from the CPU. Thus, the technological advances we have
seen in processor technology have largely been driven by the need for speed.

Clock rate
The clock rate of a processor is the speed at which
instructions are executed. This speed is regulated using an
internal clock and is expressed as the number of clock cycles
per second. Modern CPUs can process billions of calculations
per second.
The unit used to express the clock rate is hertz, abbreviated
as Hz. So when a processor has a clock speed of 3.5 GHz that
means 3.5 gigahertz, or 3.5 billion clock cycles per second.
Faster is better, but higher speeds mean higher costs.

CPUs speed

Efficiency and Integer range


So what does it mean when a processor is 64-bit? This is
referred to as the integer range and defines how a CPU
represents numbers. Bits are binary digits: 0 and 1. This is
rather simple, so to represent more complicated numbers
we need more bits. For example, using 8 bits means there
are 2^8 or 256 unique values. Modern CPUs are 64-bit,
which means 2^64 unique values, which is more than 18
quintillion! What this means in practical terms is that 64-bit
CPUs can work with extremely large numbers, which makes
them faster than older 32- or 16-bit CPUs.

History of Human Evolution


with reference to invention of
computers

Human evolution has now taken shape


of computer evolution

A Lady with a brain


Processor

Moral Of The Story:

Hope it wont

End
nowhere

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