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Carbon Capture and Storage

This document discusses carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) as a method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources like coal-fired power plants. It describes the key steps in CCS which include capturing CO2 emissions, transporting it via pipelines, and storing it underground in geological formations or utilizing it for enhanced oil recovery. The document also provides background on CO2 as a greenhouse gas and the risks of global warming, as well as different techniques for capturing emissions from pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion.

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Ramachandra Rao Maddali
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149 views26 pages

Carbon Capture and Storage

This document discusses carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) as a method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources like coal-fired power plants. It describes the key steps in CCS which include capturing CO2 emissions, transporting it via pipelines, and storing it underground in geological formations or utilizing it for enhanced oil recovery. The document also provides background on CO2 as a greenhouse gas and the risks of global warming, as well as different techniques for capturing emissions from pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion.

Uploaded by

Ramachandra Rao Maddali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARBON CAPTURE

& SEQUESTRATION

What Is CO2?
Carbon dioxide (chemical name CO2) is a clear gas composed

of one atom of carbon (C) and two atoms of oxygen (O 2).


CO2is just one of many chemical forms of carbon on the
Earth.
Facts of CO2
When a ton of carbon combines with oxygen, it makes nearly

four tons of CO2gas.


Under normal conditions, CO2is a gas. At temperatures below

-78C (-109F), CO2condenses into a white solid called dry


ice.
CO2is produced naturally by processes deep in the earth.
Every

day, millions of tons of CO2are injected into


underground geologic zones to help produce oil in a wellknown industry practice called "CO2flooding.

As a majorgreenhouse gas,CO2helps create and maintain

SOURCES OF CO2
Natural sources
Decomposition, ocean release and respiration.

Human sources
cement production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels

CARBON CYCLE

Global Warming
What is Global Warming?
Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to

effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil
fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from
Earth. This is a type ofgreenhouse effect.
What are the Greenhouse Gases?
water vapor, 3670%
carbon dioxide, 926%
methane, 49%
ozone, 37%
It is not physically realistic to assign a specific
percentage to each gas because the absorption and
emission bands of the gases overlap

GREENHOUSE GASES
The most significant greenhouse gas is actuallywater vapor, not

something produced directly by humankind in significant amounts.

Even slight increases in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2) can

cause a substant

Why is this?
There are two reasons: First, although the concentrations of these gases

are not nearly as large as that of oxygen and nitrogen (the main
constituents of the atmosphere), neither oxygen or nitrogen are
greenhouse gases. This is because neither has more than two atoms per
molecule (i.e. their molecular forms are O2and N2, respectively), and so
they lack theinternal vibrational modesthat molecules withmorethan two
atoms have. Both water and CO2, for example, have these "internal
vibrational modes", and these vibrational modes can absorb and reradiate
infrared radiation, which causes the greenhouse effect. ial increase in
temperature.

Secondly,CO2tends to remain in the atmosphere for a very long time

(time scales in the hundreds of years). Water vapor, on the other hand, can

CO2 EMISSIONS TREND

GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTS

Changes in rainfall patterns--- droughts


Rising Seas--- inundation of fresh water
marshlands (the everglades), low-lying cities, and and fires in some areas, flooding in other
areas
islands with seawater

Melting of the ice caps--loss of habitat near the poles.


Polar bears are now thought to
be greatly endangered by the
shortening of their feeding
season due to dwindling ice
packs.

Melting glaciers- significant melting of old


glaciers is already observed.

Widespread vanishing of animal


populations--- following widespread habitat
loss

Spread of disease--- migration of diseases such


as malaria to new, now warmer, regions.

Muir Glacier, August, 1941

Muir Glacier, August, 2004

ATMOSPHERIC CO2 PROJECTIONS

2009

2100

Global CO2 Emissions


giga tons per year

36.31Gtons

98.96Gtons

Atmospheric CO2
parts per million

390.43ppm

882.87ppm

0.81C
1.46F

4.47C
8.04F

Global Temperature
Increase
mean projection relative to
pre-industrial

Source: Climate Interactive CROADS version 3.014 run April 22, 2013 based on
confirmed proposals as of April 19, 2013.

CO2 REDUCTION TECHNIQUES


Energy efficient methods
Renewable energy
Alternate fuels
Alternate raw materials
Plantation
Scrubbing towers
CCS

ENERGY PROJECTIONS-2050

WORLD PROJECTION

CARBON CAPTURE & SEQUESTRATION/UTILISATION


CCS: Carbon capture and storage (CCS), refers to a set of

technologies designed to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)


emissions from largepoint sources such as coal-fired power
plants to mitigate greenhouse gas production.

CCS technology (or sequestration) involves capturing CO2 and

then storing the carbon in a reervoir other than the


atmosphere.

An integrated CCS system would include three main steps:


1. capturing and separating CO2;
2. compressing and transporting the captured CO2 to the

sequestration site; and

3. sequestering CO2 in geological reservoirs or in the oceans

LATEST IS UTILISATION OF CO2 FOR VARIOUS APPICATIONS

CAPTURING CO2
The first step in CCS is to capture CO2 at the source and produce a

concentrated stream for transport and storage.

POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE
This process involves extracting CO2 from the flue gas following combustion
of fossil fuels or biom
Several commercially available technologies, some involving absorption

using chemical solvents.

1 Solvents and Sorbentsfor


CO2separation
2 Advanced Membranes

Solvents and Sorbentsfor CO2separation

Advanced Membranes

P1
Flue gas

Membrane
separation

P2
CO2

Un permeated
gas
Polyimide hollow fiber membranes
Absorption of CO2 by MEA at 40C
MEA recovery by desorption at 120C

Hollow-fiber tubes with each individual fiber


shaped like a long drinking straw. The fiber
membranes preferentially allow small molecules
like CO2to pass through the fiber walls or
permeate faster. The fiber is made from cellulose
tri-acetate (CTA) polymer.

Pre-Combustion Capture
AIR

CH4 or N G

Steam
reform
ing

H2

Heat
excha
nge

CO2

CCS

POWER & HEAT

This technique is used for internal


combustion like GT power plants,
IGCC
and
not
for
external
combustion like in cement plants &
ST power plants

H2O
This technique is best suited
for GT with sequential
combustion because of Nox
formation is negligible

OXY FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNIQUE

CO2 TRANSPORTATION
Pipelines are the most common method for
transporting CO2
Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is
used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Using ships may be feasible when CO2 needs to be
transported over large distances or overseas
Rail cars and trucks can also transport CO2, but
this mode would probably be uneconomical for
large-scale CCS operations.
Costs for pipeline transport vary, depending
on construction, operation and maintenance

SEQUESTRATION
Placement of carbon dioxide from emissions of factories and power plants

deep into the ground or ocean for storage

Storage possibilities include:


Deep ocean
Saltwater aquifers
Oil and natural gas reservoirs

Pumping CO2 into oil and gas


reservoirs to boost production
(enhanced oil recovery, or EOR) is
practiced in the petroleum industry
today.
The advantage of using this technique
for long-term CO2 storage is that
sequestration costs can be partially
offset by revenues from oil and gas
production
Carbon dioxide sequestration in basalt involves the injecting of CO2 into deep-sea formations. The CO
2 first mixes with seawater and then reacts with the basalt, both of which are alkaline-rich elements. This
reaction results in the release of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions forming stable carbonate minerals

CHEMICAL SEQUESTRATION
Electro catalysis by a copper complex helps reduce carbon
dioxide to oxalic acid. This conversion use carbon dioxide as a feedstock
to generate oxalic acid.
Mineral Carbonation
Carbon, in the form of CO 2 can be removed
from the atmosphere by chemical processes,
and stored in stable carbonate mineral forms.
The process involves reacting carbon dioxide with
abundantly
available
metal
oxides
either magnesium oxide(MgO) or calcium oxide
(CaO)to form stable carbonates
The reaction rate can be made faster, for example
by reacting at higher temperatures and/or
pressures, or by pre-treatment.

BIO SEQUESTRATION
Bio sequestrationis the capture and storage

of the atmosphericgreenhouse gascarbon


dioxideby biological processes.
Enhanced photosynthesis
Enhanced soil carbon trapping
Algalbio sequestration

Enhanced photosynthesis : ModifyingRuBisCO


genes in plants to increase the catalytic and/or
oxygenation activity of that enzyme
Analgae bioreactororphoto bioreactoris used
for cultivatingalgaeon purpose to fix CO2or
producebiomass
This
kind
of
bioreactor
is
based
on
thephotosyntheticreaction which is performed
by thechlorophyll-containing algae itself using
dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight energy.

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