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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a global health problem caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects one third of the world's population and kills over 3 million people annually. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. TB usually affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. It is transmitted through air when people with active TB cough or sneeze. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin tests, sputum smear tests, chest x-rays and bacterial culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-12 months.

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99 views25 pages

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a global health problem caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects one third of the world's population and kills over 3 million people annually. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. TB usually affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. It is transmitted through air when people with active TB cough or sneeze. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin tests, sputum smear tests, chest x-rays and bacterial culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-12 months.

Uploaded by

MaryTan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tuberculosis (TB)

(Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
By
Muhammad
Iqbal
)
260110142002
Tan Mei Lee
260110142014

Epidermiology
WHO declared TB a global emergency in
1993
Worldwide, one third of the population has
been infected M. Tuberculosis
About 8 million people develop disease
every year
It kills more than 3 million people annual.
Yet is completely curable and (relatively)
inexpensive to cure
Countries : Africa, China, India, Indonesia,
Pakistan, Russia

Etiology
TB is caused by an organism called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle
bacilli) that spread from person to person
through air
Some characterictics of M. Tuberculosis
slightly curved rod shaped bacilli
thick lipid cell wall
aerobic
non- motile
multiply / grow slowly ( about every 20
hours)

What Are The Types


Of Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium which is carried by humans.


Mycobacterium T.B. can present it self in the
human body in different forms effecting any
where from the intestines, bones, joints, skin,
and the genitourinary, lymphatic, and nervous
systems.

Avian Tuberculosis
Avian which is carried by birds

transmitted by ingestion and inhalation of aerosolized


infectious organisms from feces.
Oral ingestion of food and water contaminated with feces
is the most common method of infection.
Once ingested, the organism spreads throughout the
bird's body and is shed in large numbers in the feces.
If the bacterium is inhaled, pulmonary lesions and skin
invasions may occur
transmission of avian TB is from bird to human not from
human to human.

Bovine Tuberculosis
Bovine tuberculosis is carried by
cattle.
people contract Bovine TB today,by
eating food that has been contaminated by
the bacteria or from drinking un-pasteurized
milk from cows that are infected with the
virus.
Bovine TB is most likely going to effect
the joints and bones.

Pathophysiology
Germs coughed / sneezed ( aerosol through droplet nuclei inborne)
Inhaled organ (person) healthy
Attached to the airway / lung
Located / breed cytoplasm makroflag
Bronchopneumonia develops in the lung tissue
Primary infection (eruption of coughing, formation of lesions)
Respiratory tract inflammation ( Lymphangitis regional )
Primary complex
Recovery

Scar heal in a period time

Complication

Left :Healthy lungs


Right : Lungs infected with Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis

General Symptoms

lack of appetite and weight loss


a high temperature (fever)
night sweats
extreme tiredness or fatigue
Cough ( 2-3 weeks or more )
Cough up blood
Chest pains

However, TB can also cause additional symptoms


depending on which part of the body is infected.

TB infection vs. TB disease


TB infection
TB germs stay in your lungs but do not multiply or make
you sick
TB disease
TB germs stay in your lungs or move to other parts of
your body, multiply and make you sick ( can pass the TB
germs to other people )

Pulmonary TB
Most infections affect the lungs, which can cause:
a persistent cough that lasts more than three
weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may
be bloody
breathlessness that gradually gets worse

Extrapulmonary TB
Less commonly, TB infections develop in areas
outside the lungs ( patients who infected HIV)
Symptoms of extrapulmonary TB vary, but can
include:
persistently swollen glands
abdominal (tummy) pain
pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or
joint
confusion
a persistent headache
seizures (fits)

Clinical Biochemistry Parameters


(Lab scale)
Clinical test
Physical exam lymph nodes for swelling and use a stethoscope to
listen sounds of lungs
false(+) BCG vaccine
Skin test
false(-) children, older or AIDS people

Blood test active tuberculosis


Imaging test CT scan > X-rays (white spot)
Rapid sputum (phlegm) test drug- resistant strains test
TB PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test DNA TB
BACTEC test
Serology test IgG antibody

Risk factor
HIV/AIDS
Diabetes
End-stage kidney disease (ESRD)
Certain cancers
Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy
Drugs to prevent rejection of transplanted
organs
Some drugs used to treat rheumatoid
arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis
Malnutrition
Very young or advanced age

Clinical Manifestation
Relatively large of patients

year

Acute

Subacute
chronic

Inslusion
criteria

country

Type of medical
center

Primary infection
(rapid clinical course)
More common than
acute disease

Treatment- multiply drug therapy

First line medications:


Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin

Second line
medications:
Fluoroquinolones
Cycloserine
Ethionamide
Aminoglycosides
p-amino salicylic acid

New TB drugs:
(drug-resistant
combination
treatment)
Bedaquiline
Delamanid
PA-824
Linezolid
Sutezolid

Treatment periods
Side effect:
6-12months
Nausea or vomiting
Loss of appetite
A yellow color to your skin (jaundice)
Dark urine
A fever that lasts three or more days and has no obvious cause

Monitoring
Sputum Test
-examine mucous
characteristic of TB
-active pulmonary
(lung) tuberculosis
disease.
-regular intervals

Complications
-Permanent damage
to the lungs
-Spread to other
organs and organ
damage
-Development of
strains of TB bacteria
that are resistant to
typical drugs
-Death

Side Effect Of
Medications
-liver inflammation
-changes in vision
rarely, kidney or
nerve damage

References
Dr. V.K Vijayan. 2002. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
Pg96-Pg100. University of Delhi, India
Joseph T. Dipiro, Robert L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke,
Barbara G. Wells, L. Michael Posey. 2008. Pharmacotheraphy A
Pathopysiologic Approach Ed.7 Pg1839-Pg1843. Mc GrowHill
Medical, New York
M. Monir Madkaur, A. Al Saif, M. Al Sahsed. 2003. Tuberculosis
Pg456. Springer Publication. Germany
Martin M. Zdanowicz. 2002. Essential of Pathophysiology of
Pharmacy Pg137-Pg138. CRC Press, New York
V.C Cheng, W.C Yam, F.N Hung, C.Y Woo, K.P Lau, K,Y Yuen.
2004. Journal Clinical Pathology : Clinical evaluation of the
polymerase chain reaction for the rapid diagnosis of
tuberculosis. US National Library of Medicine National Institute of
Health. USA
WHO Disease and injury country estimates. World Health
Organization. 2004. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

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