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(L7) Molecular Geometry

1. The document discusses molecular geometry and hybridization of atomic orbitals. It explains how the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is used to predict the shape of molecules based on electron arrangements that minimize repulsion. 2. VSEPR theory involves drawing Lewis structures, counting electron pairs around the central atom, and arranging them in the shape that takes up the most space. Common molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. 3. Valence bond theory explains how hybrid orbitals form from the mixing of atomic orbitals on the central atom. The type of hybrid orbital determines the molecular geometry, such as

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109 views36 pages

(L7) Molecular Geometry

1. The document discusses molecular geometry and hybridization of atomic orbitals. It explains how the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is used to predict the shape of molecules based on electron arrangements that minimize repulsion. 2. VSEPR theory involves drawing Lewis structures, counting electron pairs around the central atom, and arranging them in the shape that takes up the most space. Common molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. 3. Valence bond theory explains how hybrid orbitals form from the mixing of atomic orbitals on the central atom. The type of hybrid orbital determines the molecular geometry, such as

Uploaded by

Daniel Naoe Festin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Molecular Geometry and

Hybridization of Atomic
Orbitals

Molecular Geometry

Diatomic molecules are the easiest


to visualize in three dimensions

HCl
Cl2

Diatomic molecules are linear

Valence Shell Electron


Repulsion Theory

Pair

The ideal geometry of a molecule is


determined by the way the electron
pairs orient themselves in space

The orientation of electron pairs arises


from electron repulsions
The electron pairs spread out so as to
minimize repulsion

VSEPR Theory

1.

2.

Frequently,wewilldescribetwogeometries
foreachmolecule.
Electronicgeometryisdeterminedbythe
locationsofregionsofhighelectrondensity
aroundthecentralatom(s).
Molecular geometry determined by the
arrangement of atoms around the central
atom(s).
Electron pairs are not used in the
molecular geometry determination just the
positions of the atoms in the molecule are
used.
4

Predicting Molecular Shapes: VSEPR


The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
model predicts shapes.
1. e- pairs stay as far apart as possible to
minimize repulsions.
2. The shape of a molecule is governed by the
number of bonds and lone pairs present.
3. Treat a multiple bond like a single bond
when determining a shape. Each is a single
e-group.
4. Lone pairs occupy more volume than
bonds.

Predicting Molecular Shapes


1. Draw Lewis structure
2. Determine the number of electron
pairs around the central atom.
Count a multiple bond as one pair.
3. Arrange electron pairs as shown in
the next slide

Predicting Molecular Shapes:

Linear

Triangular planar

Triangular bipyramidal

Tetrahedral

Octahedral

Basic shapes that minimize repulsions:

linear

triangula
r planar

tetrahedral

If the molecule contains:

triangular
bipyramida
l

octahedral

only bonding pairs the angles shown are correct.


lone pair/bond mixtures the angles change a
little.
lone pair/lone pair repulsions are largest.
lone pair/bond pair are intermediate in strength.
bond/bond interactions are the smallest.

Examples
Illustrate the geometry of the
following molecules:
1. BeH2

2. CH4
3. BF3
4. PCl5
5. SF6

Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory

Lone pair to lone pair is the strongest repulsion.


Lone pair to bonding pair is intermediate
repulsion.
Bonding pair to bonding pair is weakest
repulsion.
Mnemonic for repulsion strengths
lp/lp > lp/bp > bp/bp

Lone pair to lone pair repulsion is why bond


angles in water are less than 109.5o.
12

Bond Angles and Lone Pairs

Ammonia and water show smaller


bond angles than predicted from the
ideal geometry

The lone pair is larger in volume than a


bond pair
There is a nucleus at only one end of the
bond so the electrons are free to spread
out over a larger area of space

The A-X-E Notation

A denotes a central atom


X denotes a terminal atom
E denotes a lone pair
Example

Water

H2O

AX2E2

O is central
Two lone pairs
Two hydrogen

Multiple Bonds

Molecular Geometry Summary


with Lone Pairs Included

The steps in determining a molecular


shape.
Molecula
r formula

Step
1

Lewis
structure

Step
2

Electrongroup
arrangement

Count all e- groups around


central atom (A)
Step
3
Bond
angles

Note lone pairs and


double bonds
Count bonding
Step and nonbonding
4
e- groups
separately.
Molecular
shape
(AXmEn)

Valence Bond (VB) Theory


Covalent bonds are formed by the
overlap of atomic orbitals.
Atomic orbitals on the central atom can
mix and exchange their character with
other atoms in a molecule.

Process is called hybridization.

Hybrids are common:


1.
2.

Pink flowers
Mules

Hybrid Orbitals have the same shapes as


predicted by VSEPR.
20

Valence Bond (VB) Theory


Regions of
High Electron
Density

Electronic
Geometry

Hybridization

2
3

Linear
Trigonal
planar

sp
sp2

4
5

Tetrahedral
Trigonal
bipyramidal

sp3
sp3d

Octahedral

sp3d2

21

Valence Bond Theory

Unpaired electrons from one atom


pair with unpaired electrons from
another atom and give rise to
chemical bonds
Simple extension of orbital diagrams

Multiple Bonds

Hybrid Orbitals

Hybridization of the s and p orbitals on carbon.

The four sp3 hybrid orbitals have equal energy.


The four valence electrons are distributed
evenly across the sp3 hybrid orbitals.
The angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is
109.5o.

Hybrid Orbitals
Key
Points
The number of hybrid orbitals obtained
equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed.
The type of hybrid orbitals obtained varies
with the types of atomic orbitals mixed.
Types of Hybrid Orbitals
sp

sp

sp

sp3
d

sp3
d2

Figure11.2

The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous


BeCl2.

atomic
orbitals
hybrid
orbitals

orbital box diagrams

Figure11.3

The sp2 hybrid orbitals in


BF3.

Figure11.4

The sp3 hybrid orbitals in


CH4.

Figure11.5

The sp3 hybrid orbitals in


NH3.

Figure11.5continued

The sp3 hybrid orbitals in


H2O.

Figure11.6

The sp3d hybrid orbitals in


PCl5.

Figure11.7

The sp3d2 hybrid orbitals


in SF6.

Hybrid Orbitals and


Geometry

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