LIQUEFACTION AND ITS MITIGATION

ADITYO MURSITANTYO (22414314)

PEPEN SUPENDI (22414301)
RIDWAN KUSNANDAR (22414307)

EARTH SCIENCE MASTER PROGRAM

FACULTY OF EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2015

OUTLINE
Introduction
Nature of liquefaction
Example
Mitigation effort / program
Summary and recommendation

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NATURE OF LIQUEFACTION

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HISTORY
Introduced by Arthur Casagrande (1935)
Professor Casagrade was a civil engineering at Harvard Univ
ersity, he had given the understanding of the flow structure in li
quefaction.

Serious attention because Alaska and Niigata earthquake in 196

4.

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MECHANISM
Two conditions must exist for liquefaction to occur:
(1) the soil must be susceptible to liquefaction (loose, water-saturated, sand
y soil, typically between 0 and 30 feet below the ground surface) and
(2) ground shaking must be strong enough to cause susceptible soils to liquefy.

Identifying soils susceptible to liquefaction in these areas involves knowledge of

the local geology and subsurface soil and water conditions. The most susceptible
soils are generally along rivers, streams, and lake shorelines, as well as in some
ancient river and lake deposits.
http://geology.utah.gov

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MECHANISM
Soil grains in a soil deposit. The height of the blue
column to the right represents the level of
porewater pressure in the soil.

The length of the arrows represent the size of the

contact forces between individual soil grains. The
contact forces are large when the porewater
(c)
pressure is low.
The porewater pressure may become so high that
many of the soil particles lose contact with each
other.
http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/why/why1.html

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http://media-3.web.britannica.com

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Typical effects of liquefaction

1. Loss of bearing strength

The ground can liquefy and lose its ability to support structures.

(a)

(b)

(a) Tilted apartment buildings at Kawagishi cho, Niigata, Japan, 1964.

(b) Tilted Victorian home at Howard and 17th Streets in the Mission District of San Francisco, 1906.
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

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Typical effects of liquefaction

2. Lateral spreading
The ground can slide down very gentle slopes or toward stream banks riding on
a buried liquefied layer

(a)

(b)

(a) Fire and lateral spread caused by the 1994 Northridge earthquake
(b) Liquefaction of sediment at depth caused lateral spreading near the Pajaro River in the 1989
Loma Prieta earthquake

http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

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Typical effects of liquefaction

3. Sand boils
Sand-laden water can be ejected from a buried liquefied layer and erupt at the s
urface to form sand volcanoes; the surrounding ground often fractures and settl
es.

(a)

(b)

(a) Photograph by J.C. Branner, Plate 143A in Lawson and others report on the 1906 earthquake, 1908
(b) Sand boils erupted along a 20-ft-long fissure in recent deposits of the Pajaro River related to the 1989 Loma Prieta
mainshock.
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

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Typical effects of liquefaction

4. Flow failures
Earth moves down steep slope with larg
e displacement and much internal disru
ption of material.

This flow failure, which developed in highway fill at the

western edge of Lake Merced in San Francisco during
the 1957 Daly City earthquake
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

5. Ground oscillation
The surface layer, riding on a
buried liquefied layer, is thrown
back and forth by the shaking and
can be severely deformed.

The Marina District of San Francisco suffered from

relatively intense shaking and liquefaction in the
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

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Typical effects of liquefaction

6. Flotation
Light structures that are buried in the gr
ound (like pipelines, sewers and nearly
empty fuel tanks) can float to the surfac
e when they are surrounded by liquefie
d soil.

Pipeline failure because of liquefaction in

Nansei-Oki Earthquake 1993 (Hokkaido)
Ling, 2003

7. Settlement
When
liquefied
ground
reonsolidates
following
an
earthquake, the ground surface
may settle or subside as shaking
decreases and the
underlying
liquefied soil becomes more dense.

Photograph looking up Dore Street (likely between

Brannan and Bryant streets) in San Francisco,
showing liquefaction-related damage from the 1906
earthquake.
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

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Typical effects of liquefaction

http://www.earthquakeengineering.com

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LIQUEFACTION THAT OCCURRED IN THE WORLD

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2008, Wenchuan-China

The distribution map of liquefaction sites (red point)

At 14:28 May 12 2008, a historical devastating
earthquake of magnitude 8.0, the epicenter of which
locates at Wenchuan (N31.00, E103.40) struck
Sichuan Province The liquefaction of soil also caused
severe damage to people properties and structures

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2008, Wenchuan-China

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2008, Wenchuan-China

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2008, Wenchuan-China

(1)Liquefaction of soil occurred in low intensity regions, and

some of the liquefied sands were medium sands and fine
sands.
(2)Structure destruction has commonly caused by the
liquefaction rather than ground shaking
Based on study chan et al., 2008

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2010, Chile
A mega earthquake of Magnitude
8.8 occurred in the South-Central
part of Chile on February 27,
2010.
A

significant

number

of

sites

experienced the phenomenon of

liquefaction, causing failures of
houses, buildings, bridges, routes,
ports, railways, buried structures
and tailings dams.

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2010, Chile

Liquefaction of flat areas , One example is the case of

Brisas del Sol Condominium, located in Talcahuano, where
5 houses located in front of a wetland (similar to a
swamp) suffered lateral displacement up to 2 meters and
Another case occurred near the City of Concepcion, where
the ailway collapsed in several places due to liquefaction

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2010, Chile

Lateral

spreading

is probably the most recurrent

phenomenon observed after earthquakes on sloping

ground, adjacent to river banks or lakes. Numerous cases
of lateral spreading occurred along the rivers Nilahue,
Mataquito, Itata, BioBio, Carampangue and Lebu. Craks
and settlements on right side of BioBio River caused by

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2010, Chile

Lateral Spreading observed in an area of low intensity

(less than V):
Pocura and Calafquen
The correlates directly with structural damages (high
intensity), is not completely associated with the occurrence

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2010, Chile

Dam Failure. Pre earthquake and post earthquake

satellite images of Las Palmas tailings dam. The tailings
dam consisted of two dikes (a lower one and an upper
one. This dam was operating until 1997, when the mining
activity finished. From field observations it has been
deduced that the bottom of this tailings dam was

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2011, Tohoku Japan

The

2011

Great

East

Japan

earthquake, with a magnitude of

Mw 9.0, occurred in the Pacific
Ocean

about

130

km

off

the

northeast coast of Japans main

island on March 11, 2011. The
liquefaction

in

this

report

was

mainly identified by sand boils. It

caused damage to earth structures
and residential houses, as well as
the uplift of manholes. Blue, red,
yellow and green circles denote
sand

boils

damage,

without

uplift

of

structural
underground

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2011, Tohoku Japan

Ground failure and sand boils near Naruse River

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2011, Tohoku Japan

Uplift of manhole in West takanosu and Higashi machi-Shiraishi City

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2011, Tohoku Japan

Liquefaction at Natori river and Onahama port

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LIQUEFACTION THAT OCCURRED IN INDONESIA

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2006, Yogyakarta

Flow failures

Loss of
bearing
strength
The Yogyakarta earthquake on May 27, 2006 of magnitude 6.2 h
ad resulted liquefaction phenomenon. During this earthquake, li
quefaction occurrences were observed near the Opak Fault are
a. (Sarah & Soebowo, 2012)

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liquefaction generally occurs in a

layer of sand & clay-silt

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2009, Padang

Sand Boils

Sand Boils

Loss of bearing
strength
The Padang earthquake on September, 30 2009 of magnitude 7,6
has resulted liquefaction phenomenon caused damage to houses,
water facilities and road ways. (Hakam & Suhelmidawati, 2013)

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2009, Padang

Grain size (mm) distributions

The soil grain size distributions showed that the finesand grains of the soil samples are more than 65%.
These types of soils may satisfy the criteria of

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MITIGATION EFFORT / PROGRAM

Non-Structural Mitigation
1. Mapping liquefaction

Structural Mitigation

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1. Avoiding hazardous areas

susceptibility
2. Purchasing insurance

2. Soil improvement techniques

a. Preloading
b. Dry soil mixing
c. Soil compaction
d. Dewatering
e. Induced partial saturation
f. Grouting

3. Increasing of soil research

3. Structural fortification
a. Strengthen structural
connections
b. Add grade beams and tie
beams
c. Extend pile support into deeper
stable soils

Non-Structural Mitigation
1. Mapping Liquefaction Susceptibility

Liquefaction susceptibility Map in San Francisco

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/qmap/

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Non-Structural Mitigation

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Liquefaction hazard map in Berkeley

(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/alameda/)

This map shows the liquefaction hazard in the Berkeley for a magnitude 7.1
earthquake on the Hayward fault. The map predicts the approximate percentage
of each designated area that will liquefy and show surface manifestations of
liquefaction such as sand boils and ground cracking.

Non-Structural Mitigation
2. Purchasing insurance to cover anticipated losses

3. Increasing of soil research

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Structural Mitigation
1.Avoiding hazardous areas
If possible, avoid construction on liquefaction susceptible soils.

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Structural Mitigation
2. Soil Improvement Techniques
a. Preloading
The process of placing additional vertical stress on a
compressible soil to remove pore water over time.

http://www.seminarsonly.com/Civil_Engineering/Ground-Improvement-Techniques.php

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Structural Mitigation
b. Dry Soil Mixing
a ground improvement technique that improves the characteristics of soft,
high moisture content clays, peats, and other weak soils, by mechanically
mixing them with dry cementitious binder to create soilcrete.

http://www.haywardbaker.com/WhatWeDo/Techniques/GroundImprovement/DrySoilMixing/default.aspx

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Structural Mitigation
c. Soil Compaction
The process in which a stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is
displaced from the pores between the soil grains.

http://cofra.com/activities/rapid-impact-compaction/

http://
regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compactio
n.htm

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Structural Mitigation
d. Dewatering
The action of removing groundwater or surface water from a construction site. Nor
mally dewatering process is done by pumping or evaporation and is usually done be
fore excavation for footings or to lower water table that might be causing problems
during excavations.

http://www.groundwaterinternational.com/dewatering-techniques

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Structural Mitigation
e. Induced Partial Saturation
Injecting very low concentrations of Sodium percarbonate solution into liquefiable l
oose saturated soil, tiny bubbles of oxygen will be released and the soil will become
partially saturated.

The concept of air / gas entrapment as a liquefaction mitigation measure

(Bayat et al., 2012)

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Structural Mitigation
f. Grouting
Solidify the soil by injecting chemicals or cement grout. Particular liquid or slurry mat
erial called grout is injected in the ground with the aim to increase the soil liquefactio
n resistance (Kazemian & Huat, 2009).

Classic types of grout injection methods (Kazemian & Huat,

2009)

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Structural Mitigation
3. Structural Fortification
a. Strengthen structural connections

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Structural Mitigation
b. Add grade beams and tie beams

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_beam

https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.4326.1993.html

Grade beam is a component of a building's foundation. It consists of a reinforced concrete beam that
transmits the load from a bearing wall into spaced foundations such as pile caps or caissons.
Tie beams is a horizontal timber or the like for connecting two structural members to keep them from
spreading apart.

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Structural Mitigation
c. Extend pile support into deeper stable soils

http://madridengineering.com/deep-foundations-and-bridge-construction/

http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-found
ations/#.
VREuA-G0Iqw

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Structural Mitigation

Shallow foundation

http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/how/resistantstructures.html

Deep foundation

http://www.nishimatsu.co.jp/eng/ar2008/contents/index07.htm

SUMMARY

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1.Liquefaction was caused by strong motion earthquake on watersaturated soil.

2.From past liquefaction, we can conclude that liquefaction usually
happen on area near the water storage like lake, beach, and river.
3.Mitigation for liquefaction was enhancement on land and ground
structural for structural mitigation. The non structural mitigation was
hazard maps for liquefaction, insurance to cover anticipated losses,
and research on subsoil

RECCOMENDATION

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1.Prevention action such as grouting, land condensation, and other

prevention action should be done on area which has been
predicted to be prone of liquefaction.
2.Accurate and precise land survey should be taken so that land
parameter data which appropriate with actual condition can be
obtain, especially on potential liquefaction zone.
3.There should be introduced new technics of building
consctruction with low price. In such a way that victim of
collapsing building can be minimalized.
4.Liquefaction should be fundamental aspect for site planner to
design their work, manage the local and regional planology,
IMB ( Building permit in Indonesia) technical guidelines on
earthquake prone areas. So that the study result of local
geology technic site can be a consideration on development
planning in each area.
5.There should be new policy for identification of disaster source

Thank you
for your attention