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Group C

The document discusses drag and motion of particles through fluids. It defines drag as the force exerted by a fluid on a solid object due to relative motion between them. Drag is caused by wall shear stress and pressure differences. Drag coefficient is the ratio of drag force to fluid density and velocity head. Particle motion in fluids is influenced by buoyancy, drag, and gravitational forces. Terminal velocity is reached when drag acceleration balances external acceleration such as gravity, resulting in constant maximum velocity. Particle shape and proximity to boundaries or other particles affects settling velocity calculations.

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32 views15 pages

Group C

The document discusses drag and motion of particles through fluids. It defines drag as the force exerted by a fluid on a solid object due to relative motion between them. Drag is caused by wall shear stress and pressure differences. Drag coefficient is the ratio of drag force to fluid density and velocity head. Particle motion in fluids is influenced by buoyancy, drag, and gravitational forces. Terminal velocity is reached when drag acceleration balances external acceleration such as gravity, resulting in constant maximum velocity. Particle shape and proximity to boundaries or other particles affects settling velocity calculations.

Uploaded by

veena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 15

FLOW PAST IMMERSED BODIES

DRAG
The force in the direction of flow exerted by the fluid
on the solid is called drag.
By newtons 3rd law of motion, an equal and
opposite net force is exerted by the body on the fluid

Tw

FD = Tw x dA

P
P

FD = P x dA

P
P

Tw

We take the components of the forces acting


in the direction of flow .
The total drag on the body is the sum of the
integrals of these quantities, each evaluated
over the entire surface of the body in contact
with the fluid.
The total integrated drag from the wall shear
is called wall drag, and the total integrated
drag from pressure is called form drag.
For potential flow, Tw =0, and there is no wall
drag. Also, the pressure drag in the direction
of flow is balanced by an equal force in
opposite direction, and the integral of the
form drag is 0.
There is no net drag for potential flow.

DRAG
COEFFICIENT

The ratio of drag force per unit projected area, to the


product of density of the fluid and velocity head is called
drag coefficient.
It is similar to friction factor.

CD =(NRe )

Drag coefficients for incompressible fluids


increases with increase in Mach number when the
latter becomes greater than about 0.6.
Coefficients in supersonic flow are generally
greater than subsonic flow.
For low values of reynolds number drag force
can be predicted using stokes law given by FD
=3uo Dp
we get CD = 24/Nre
At moderate reynolds numbers of 200 to 300,
oscillations develop in the wake and vortices
disengage from the wake in regular fasion,
forming in the down stream fluid series of moving
vortices or a vortex street.
For reynolds number from 1000 to 100000 the
drag coefficient is almost constant from 0.4 to

MOTION OF PARTICLES THROUGH FLUIDS


Movement of solid particles or liquid drops
through a fluid is necessary in many
processing steps like extraction and
separations.
Particles in fluid can move under two
influences
1. Density difference between particle and
3 forces
act on a particle in a fluid
fluid
1. Buoyant
forceand magnetic fields
2. Electrical
2. Drag
3. gravitational force

If drag makes an angle with buoyant and


external force thenit is 2D in motion.
For 1D motion
U=relative velocity of particle wrt fluid
Fb=Buoyant force
FD= Drag
m(du/dt) = Fe Fb FD

If it is centrifugal field then ae = r w2


r is the radius of path of particle
w is average velocity in rad/s
TERMINAL VELOCITY
If external force is gravitational force then ae
= g which is constant. And acceleration due
to drag increases as velocity increases.
It imples acceleration = 0 and velocity
becomes constant which is a maximum
value. This velocity is called terminal velocity

MOTION OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES


Generally the particle are assumed to be spherical. for once
drag coefficient for free particle motion are known, the same
principles apply to any shape.
Particle diameter =Dp

Setting Nr = 1
K < 2.6 stokes law applies
Nr = 1.75 K1.5 setting Nr = 1000
68.9 < K < 2360 Newtons law applies
K> 2360 Drag coefficient changes
abruptly for small change in fluid
velocity.
2.6 < K < 68.9 Stokes law and Newtons
law can be applied

SETTLING
CD vs Nr
This curves , however , apply only under restricted
conditions.
1. The particle must be solid
2. It must be far from other particles and vessel walls
3. It must move with terminal velocity wrt fluid

Particle shape variation gives separate


curves.
When the particle is at suffiecient
distance from the boundaries of the
container and from other particles,
so that its fall is not affected bby
them. The process is called free
settling.
If the motion of the particles is
impeded by other particles, when
particles are near to one another,
this is called hindered settling.
The CD in hindered settling is greater
than that in free settling.

HINDERED SETTLING
Velocity gradients round each particle are affected by the
presence of nearby particles, so normal drag conditions donot
apply.
Also, the particles in settling displace liquid, which flows upward
and makes thee particle velocity relative to the fluid greater than
the absolute settling velocity.
For uniform suspension the empirical relation between settling
velocity and terminal velocity is us = ut ()n .
n changes from about 4.6 in stokes law range to about 2.5 in
newtons law range.
SMALL PARTICLES

LARGER PARTICLES

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