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Algorithms Flowcharts Pseudocode - II: Zawar Hussain

This document summarizes programming basics and algorithms. It introduces pseudocode and flowcharts as ways to represent algorithms. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating the average of numbers, conditional operations using if/else statements, and iterative operations using while loops. Conditions and Boolean expressions are also discussed. The document is from a lecture on programming basics for an introduction to computing course.

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Muqadas Hussain
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69 views10 pages

Algorithms Flowcharts Pseudocode - II: Zawar Hussain

This document summarizes programming basics and algorithms. It introduces pseudocode and flowcharts as ways to represent algorithms. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating the average of numbers, conditional operations using if/else statements, and iterative operations using while loops. Conditions and Boolean expressions are also discussed. The document is from a lecture on programming basics for an introduction to computing course.

Uploaded by

Muqadas Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Algorithms Flowcharts Pseudocode - II

Zawar Hussain

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Example
Write an algorithm to calculate the average of three
numbers.

Steps

Operations

Get values for N1, N2, and N3

Set the value of Average to (N1+N2+N3)/3

Print the value of Average

Stop

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Conditional Operations
If <condition> then
operations for the then-part
Else
operations for the else-part

1. Evaluate <condition> expression to see


whether it is true or false.
2. If true, then execute operations in then-part
3. Otherwise, execute operations in else-part.
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Conditions, or Boolean Expressions

A condition is one whose value is true or false, for


example:

3>2

is greater than (true)

3=2
A>2

is equal to

(false)

is true if As value is greater


than 2 (at the time this is
executed), false otherwise.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Conditions may be compounded


E1 or E2
true if at least one of them is true; false otherwise.
E.g. 3 > 2 or 2 > 3
is true

E1 and E2
true if both are true; false otherwise
E.g.

3 > 2 and 2 > 3

is false

not E
true if E is false, false if E is true
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Example
1. Get a value for A
2. If A = 0 then
3.

Print the message, The input is zero


Else

4.

Print the message, The input is not zero

1. Get a value for grade


2. If grade < 1 or grade > 9 then
3.

Print the message, Invalid grade


Else

4.

Set the value of total to (grade + total)


Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Iterative Operation - While


While <condition> remains true do steps i to j
step i: operation
step i+1:

operation

step j: operation

1. Evaluate <condition>
2. If condition is true, execute steps i to j, then go
back to i.
3. Otherwise, if condition is false,continue
execution from step j+1.
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Example
1

Get a value for count

While count < 10 do

Set square to (count * count)

Print the values of count and square

5
6

Add 1 to count
Stop

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

While Loops
What happens when it gets executed?
If count starts with 7, we get printout
7 49
8 64
9 81
What if count starts with 11?
Nothing is printed, loop is executed 0 times.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 09: Programming Basics

CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Exercise
What does the following algorithm do?
Set value of A equal to 1
While A > 0
Print message, Enter an integer
Get a value for A
End of the loop
Stop

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

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