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Chapter 6-Voltage Regulator

This document discusses different types of power supplies and voltage regulators. It begins by explaining how power supplies convert AC mains electricity to low DC voltages for electronics. It then covers the main components of power supplies - transformers, rectifiers, filters and regulators. The two main types of regulators are described as linear and switching. Linear regulators can be series or shunt, while switching regulators can step up, step down or invert voltages. Integrated circuit regulators are also discussed. In summary, the document provides an overview of how power supplies produce and regulate DC voltages.

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Sumaya Shinos
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252 views36 pages

Chapter 6-Voltage Regulator

This document discusses different types of power supplies and voltage regulators. It begins by explaining how power supplies convert AC mains electricity to low DC voltages for electronics. It then covers the main components of power supplies - transformers, rectifiers, filters and regulators. The two main types of regulators are described as linear and switching. Linear regulators can be series or shunt, while switching regulators can step up, step down or invert voltages. Integrated circuit regulators are also discussed. In summary, the document provides an overview of how power supplies produce and regulate DC voltages.

Uploaded by

Sumaya Shinos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Introduction

Batteries

are often shown on a schematic diagram

as the
source of DC voltage but usually the actual DC
voltage
source is a power supply.
There

are many types of power supply. Most are


designed
to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low
voltage supply for electronics circuits and other
devices.

A more reliable method of obtaining DC power is


to
transform, rectify, filter and regulate an AC line
voltage.
A power supply can be broken down into a series
of
blocks, each of which performs a particular
function.

Power Supplies
For

example a 5V regulated supply

Transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one


voltage to
another with little loss of power through inductively
coupled electrical conductors.
Transformers work only with AC voltage
Step-up transformers increase voltage.
Step-down transformers reduce voltage.

Rectifier

Electrical device that converts alternating current


(AC) to direct current (DC) with a process known
as rectification

Full-wave bridge
rectifier

Produces full-wave varying DC.

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes


but it is also available in special packages containing the
four diodes required.

Smoothing

Regulator

Voltage regulator ICs are available


with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages.

Zener diode regulator

For low current power supplies - a simple voltage


regulator
can be made with a resistor and a zener diode
connected
in reverse as shown in the diagram on the next page.
Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage
Vz and
maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).

Zener diode regulator

Voltage Regulation

Line regulation is the maintenance of a nearly constant ou


voltage when the input voltage varies.

When the ac input (line) voltage of a power supply changes,


an electronic circuit called a regulator maintains a nearly
constant output voltage

How well a regulator performs line regulation can be determi


by the formula below.

Vout
V
in

Line Regulation =

100%

Voltage Regulation
Load regulation is the maintenance of a nearly
constant
output voltage when the load varies.
When the amount of current through a load changes
due
to a varying load resistance, the voltage regulator
must
maintain a nearly constant output voltage across the
load.
How well a regulator performs
can be
Vload

Vregulation
Load Regulation = NL FL 100%
VFL
determined by the formula below.

Types of Regulator
The fundamental classes of voltage regulators are
linear regulator and switching regulators.
Two basics types of linear regulator are :

Series Regulator

Shunt Regulator

Basic Linear Series


Regulator
In series regulation the control element is in series
with the input and output.

Simple series voltage regulator and block diagram

Basic op-amp series regulator


The control element is a transistor in series with the
load.
The output sample circuit senses a change in the output
voltage.
The error detector compares the sample voltage with a
reference voltage (zener diode)
Control is achieved by controlling the voltage across

Regulating Action

The resistive voltage divider formed by R2 and R3 senses any


changes in the output voltage.
When the output voltage tries to decrease, a proportional
voltage decrease is applied to the op-amps inverting input
by the voltage divider.
Zener diode sets the reference voltage for the non-inverting
input of the op-amp. Any changes in the output are fed back
to the inverting input of the op-amp.
The difference voltage (error voltage) is amplified and the
op-amps output voltage is increased.
This increase is applied to the base of Q1 causing the
emitter voltage to increase until the voltage to the inverting
input equals the reference voltage.

The regulated output voltage of the series regulator is :

Vout

R2
1 VREF
R3

Short-Circuit or Overload Protection


Overload protection for a series regulator protects the control
element in the case of a short.
Also known as constant-current limiting.
The load current through R4 produces a voltage from base to emitter of
Q2
When IL reaches a predetermined maximum value, the voltage drop
across R4 is sufficient to forward biased the base emitter junction of Q2
causing it to conduct.
When load current exceeds the predetermined level, Q2 diverts
current from the base of Q1- reducing the load current through Q1
preventing any additional of load current.

Regulator with Fold-Back Current Limiting


Fold-back current limiting allows operation up to peak load
current (high current regulator)
With a shorted output the current is dropped to a lower
value (folded back) to prevent the overheating the device.
The voltage drop developed across R4 by the load current
must not only overcome the base-emitter voltage but V R5 +
VBE must be overcome before Q2 conducts to limit current.

Basic Linear Shunt


Regulator

In shunt regulation the control element is in


parallel with input and output.

Simple shunt voltage regulator and block diagram

The control element is a transistor, Q1 parallel


(shunt) with the load and a resistor R1 in series with
the load.
The operation same as series, except that
regulation is achieved by controlling the current
through Q1.

Basic op-amp shunt regulator with load resistor

Regulating Action
When the output voltage tries to decrease due to a
change in input voltage or load current, the attempted
decrease is sense by R3 and R4 - applied to the opamps non-inverting input.
The difference voltage increases the op-amps output
voltage - - and increasing the collector voltage, Vc
keeping the output nearly constant.

Basic Switching Regulator


The switching regulator is more efficient than the
linear
series or shunt type.
This type regulator is ideal for high current
applications since
less power is dissipated.
Basically, a switching regulator passes voltage to the
load
pulses, which are then filtered to provide a smooth dc
voltage.
With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be
achieved.

Step Down Configuration

With the step-down (output voltage is less than the input


voltage) configuration the control element Q1 is pulsed on
and off at variable rate based on the load current.
The pulsations are filtered out by the LC filter.
Since Q1 is either on or off, the power lost in the control
element is relatively small

Basic step down switching regulator

When the on-time is


increased, capacitor
charges more
increasing the output
voltage.
When the on-time is
decreased, the capacitor
discharges more
decreasing the output
voltage.

Switching regulator waveform

The inductor smoothes


the fluctuations of the
output voltage caused
by the charging and
discharging.

Step Up Configuration
The step-up configuration works much the same as the
step-down.
The difference is in the placement of the inductor and the
fact that Q1 is shunt configured.
During the time when Q1 is off the VL adds to VC stepping
the voltage up by some amount.

Voltage Inverter Configuration


With the voltage-inverter configuration the output
voltage output is of opposite polarity of the input.
This is achieved by VL forward-biasing reverse-biased
diode during the off times producing current and
charging the capacitor for voltage production during
the off times.
With switching regulators 90% efficiencies can be
achieved.

Basic inverting switching regulator

IC Regulator
Regulation circuits in integrated circuit form are widely
used.
Their operation is no different but they are treated as a
single
device with associated components.
These are generally three terminal devices that provide a
positive
or negative output.
Some types are have variable voltage outputs.

Connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to

A typical 78XX series of IC regulators threeterminal


devices that provide a fixed positive output voltage.

A typical 79XX series of IC regulators threeterminal


devices that provide a fixed negative output voltage

Almost all applications of regulators require the


device be
secured to a heat sink to prevent thermal overload.

The capacitors act as line filtration.

Adjustable Positive Linear Voltage Regulator


Adjustable IC regulators are available with either
positive or negative output.
They can be set to produce a specific voltage by way of
an external reference voltage divider network.
Vout can be varied from 1.2V to 37V depending on the
resistor values.

The LM317 three-terminal adjustable positive voltage

The External Pass Transistor


To increase the current capability of an IC
regulator an external pass transistor can be used
in order to prevent thermal load condition.

A 78XX-series three-terminal regulator with an external pass


transistor

Current Limiting
The external transistor must be protected from
excessive current.
An additional current limiting circuit (Qlim and
Rlim ) to protect Qext from excessive current and
possible burn out.

Regulator with current limiting

Summary
Voltage regulators keep a constant dc output
despite input voltage or load changes.
The two basic categories of voltage regulators are
linear and switching.
The two types of linear voltage regulators are
series and shunt.
The three types of switching are step-up, stepdown, and inverting.
Switching regulators are more efficient than
linear making them ideal for low voltage high
current applications.

IC regulators are available with fixed positive or


negative output voltages or variable negative or
positive output voltages.
Both linear and switching type regulators are
available in IC form.
Current capacity of a voltage regulator can be
increased with an external pass transistor.

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