LECTURE 1 :

INTRODUCTION TO
BotanyBOTANY
covers scientific study of plant
life

Limonene (L-limonene & D-limonene)

Teaching Philosophy
"Give a man a fish, and he will eat for a day, but
teach a man to fish and he will eat for a
lifetime" - Confucius.

Literature
Mauseth,

J. D. 1998. Botany : An Introduction

to Plant Biology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers,
Inc.
Stern, Jansky, Bidlack. 2003. Introductory Plant
Biology, Ninth Edition. The McGrawHill
Companies
Lack, A.J. and D.E. Evans. 2005. Plant Biology
instants note. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.
Campbell, N. A. 2008. Biology, Eight Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.

MATERI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Pendahuluan
Tubuh Tanaman / Plant Structure
Sel, Jaringan & Sistem Jaringan
Batang & Akar
Daun
Bunga
Buah & Biji
Taxonomy
Chemistry of Life
Mitosis
Meiosis
Genetic & Inheritance
Population Ecology & Ecosystem
Plant Evolution
3

LECTURE FLOW
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition
2. Approach
3. Life
4. Biology Systems
5. CELL

QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is botany
How do we approach to study plant life
What is life
How is the biological systems
What is the smallest unit of plant
What is the chemical basis of life
How are the chemical elements converted
to plant body

I. INTRODUCTION
1. Definition
Botany

can be defined as the scientific

study of plant life.
The study of life is biology, and the word
biology is composed of 2 Greek roots bio
which mean life, and logi which means
study of
Biology as a science is concerned with all
life- plant and animal, but botany is
interested in plant life in particular.

What is a Scientific Method ?

The

concept of a scientific study

can be understood by examining
earlier approaches to studying
nature.
Until the 15th century, three
principal methods for analyzing
and explaining the universe and its
phenomena were used: religion,
metaphysics, and speculative
philosophy

The scientific method

Starting in the 1400s several
fundamental tenets were established:
All accepted information can be
derived only from carefully documented
and controlled observations or
experiments
Only phenomena and objects that can
be observed and studied are dealt with;
All proposed explanations of natural
phenomena must be tested and
verified;

Scientific studies
Begin

with a series of
observations, followed by a
period of experimentation
mixed with further observation
and analysis.
At some point, a hypothesis, or
model, is constructed to
account for the observations

Example
A

pair of simple alternative

hypotheses: (1) Plants need
light to grow. (2) Plants do not
need light to grow.

The experimental testing may involve the

comparison of several plants outdoors, some in
light and others heavily shaded, or it may involve
several plants indoors, some in the normal gloom
and others illuminated by a window or a skylight.
Such experiments give results consistent with
hypothesis 1; hypothesis 2 would be rejected

INTRODUCTION

2. Approach
To understand the Big needs to understand
the Small

Our journey begins here.

Simple to Complex Lifes Levels of

Organization

INTRODUCTION

3. Life
As Botany = study of plant life, then what
is life?
If we were to list the criteria for defining
life what would they be?
All

living things are composed of cells

They have self regulating metabolisms
They move
Respond to stimuli
Reproduce
Adapt to environment

INTRODUCTION

Plant
1.

2.

3.

life means

Organization: Being composed of one

or more Cells, which are the basic units of
life.
Metabolism: Consumption of energy by
converting nonliving material into cellular
components (anabolism) and
decomposing organic matter (catabolism)
Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of
synthesis than catalysis

4.

5.

Adaptation: The ability to

change over a period of time in
response to the environment
Reproduction: The ability to
produce new organisms (the
production of new cells in the
process of growth )

Botany covers the study of:

Structure, growth, reproduction,
development, metabolism, diseases,
and chemical properties of over
550,000 kinds or species of living

Historically, botany covers all organisms that

were not considered to be animals

Some of these organisms are:

Plants
Plant-like organisms
include fungi, (studied in mycology), bacteria , and
viruses (studied in microbiology), and algae (studied
in phycology).

The study of plants has importance for a

number of reasons:
1.
2.
3.

Plants has a fundamental part of life on Earth.

They generate the oxygen, food, fibers, fuel and
medicine that allow higher life forms to exist.
Plants also absorb carbon dioxide through
photosynthesis, that in large amounts can effect
global climate.

4. Biology Systems
Biology organizes living
things along certain levels.

at a chemical level, looking at the

biochemistry of organisms, or
at a cellular level where interest
in the structure and functions of
cells and cell physiology is
considered, or
at the levels of tissues or
organs.

5. CELL
All life begins in one cell which
consists of organelles
Organelles consist of molecules
Molecules consist of chemical
elements
chemistry of life

The CELL is the smallest unit of

living matter. The smallest
living things are one-celled
animals (certain bacteria and
algae)
Larger organisms are collections
of cells in which cells are

Cells are the basic and

fundamental unit of structure,
physiology, and organization of
all living organisms.
Knowing the composition of cells
and how cells work is
fundamental to all of the
biological sciences

Scope and importance of botany

The study of plants has importance for a number

of reasons.
Plants are a fundamental part of life on Earth.
They generate the oxygen, food, fibres, fuel and
medicine that allow higher life forms to exist.
Plants also absorb carbon dioxide through
photosynthesis, a minor greenhouse gas that in
large amounts can affect global climate.
A good understanding of plants is crucial to the
future of human societies as it allows us to:
1. Produce food to feed an expanding population
2. Understand fundamental life processes
3. Produce medicine and materials to treat
diseases and other ailments
4. Understand environmental changes more
clearly
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Human nutrition

foods eaten come from plants, (directly from

staple foods and other fruit and vegetables, or
indirectly through livestock or other animals, which
rely on plants for their nutrition.
Plants are the fundamental base of nearly all
food chains they use the energy from the sun and
nutrients from the soil and atmosphere and convert
them into a form that can be consumed and utilized
by animals.
Botanists also study how plants produce food we can
eat and how to increase yields and therefore their
work is important in mankind's ability to feed the
world and provide food security for future
generations, for example through plant breeding.
Botanists also study weeds, plants which are
considered to be a nuisance in a particular location.
Weeds are a considerable problem in agriculture,
and botany provides some of the basic science used
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to understand how to minimize 'weed' impact in
agriculture and native ecosystems

Fundamental life processes

Plants

are convenient organisms in

which fundamental life processes (like
cell division and protein synthesis for
example) can be studied, without the
ethical dilemmas of studying animals or
humans.
The genetic laws of inheritance were
discovered in this way by Gregor Mendel
, who was studying the way pea shape is
inherited. What Mendel learned from
studying plants has had far reaching
benefits outside of botany.
These are a few examples that
demonstrate how botanical research has
an ongoing relevance to the
understanding of fundamental biological
processes.
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Medicine and material

Many medicinal and recreational drugs, like
tetrahydrocannabinol, caffeine, and nicotine
come directly from the plant kingdom.
Popular stimulants like coffee, chocolate,
tobacco, and tea also come from plants.
Most alcoholic beverages come from fermenting
plants such as barley (beer), rice (saki) and
grapes (wine).
Plants also provide us with many natural
materials, such as cotton, wood, paper, linen,
vegetable oils, some types of rope, and rubber.
Sugarcane, rapeseed, soy and other plants with
a highly-fermentable sugar or oil content have
recently been put to use as sources of biofuels,
which are important alternatives to fossil fuels,
see biodiesel.

22

Environmental changes

Plants can also help us understand changes in on

our environment in many ways.
Understanding habitat destruction and
species extinction is dependent on an accurate
and complete catalog of plant systematics and
taxonomy.
Plant responses to ultraviolet radiation can help
us monitor problems like the ozone depletion.
Analyzing pollen deposited by plants
thousands or millions of years ago can help
scientists to reconstruct past climates and predict
future ones, an essential part of climate change
research.
Recording and analyzing the timing of plant
life cycles are important parts of phenology used
in climate-change research.
Lichens, which are sensitive to atmospheric
23
conditions, have been extensively used as
pollution indicators.

Subdisciplines of Botany

AgronomyApplication of plant science to crop

production
BryologyMosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Economic botanyThe place of plants in economics
EthnobotanyRelationship between humans and plants
ForestryForest management and related studies
HorticultureCultivated plants
PaleobotanyFossil plants
PalynologyPollen and spores
Phycology - Algae
PhytochemistryPlant secondary chemistry and
chemical processes
PhytopathologyPlant diseases
Plant anatomyCell and tissue structure
Plant ecologyRole of plants in the environment
Plant geneticsGenetic inheritance in plants
Plant morphologyStructure and life cycles
Plant physiologyLife functions of plants
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Plant systematicsClassification and naming of plants

DIVERSIFICATION OF
PLANT STUDY
Plant

anatomy, which is concerned

chiefly with the internal structure of plants,
was established through the efforts of
several scientific pioneers

Plant

physiology, which is concerned

with plant function. including how plants
conduct materials internally; how
temperature, light, and water are involved
in growth; why plants flower; and how
plant growth regulatory substances are
produced, to mention just a few.

 Plant

taxonomy (also called

plant systematics), which is the
oldest branch of plant study,
began in antiquity. Plant
taxonomists often specialize in
certain groups of plants.
For example, pteridologists
specialize in the study of ferns,
while bryologists study mosses
and plants with similar life cycles.

 Plant

geography, the study of

how and why plants are
distributed where they are
Plant ecology, which is the study
of the interaction of plants with
one another and with their
environment
Plant morphology, the study of
the form and structure of plants.

 Genetics,

the science of
heredity, was founded by the
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel
(18221884), who performed
classic experiments with pea
plants. Today, various
branches of genetics include
plant breeding, which has
greatly improved yields and
quality of crop plants, and
genetic engineering

 Cell

biology (previously
called cytology), the
science of cell structure and
function, received a boost
from the discovery of how
cells multiply and how their
various components perform
and integrate a variety of
functions, including that of
sexual reproduction

 Economic

Botany and ethnobotany, which involve

practical uses of plants and plant products, had their
origin in antiquity as humans discovered, used, and
eventually cultivated plants for food, fiber, medicines,
and other purposes

HUBUNGAN ANTARA BOTANI DENGAN

BERBAGAI ILMU TERKAIT
Genetika
Fisiologi
Ekologi
Fitopatologi

S
G
N
FU I

Patologi
Morfologi
Anatomi
R
U
T
Histologi
K
U
R
Sitologi
ST

Taksonomi

I
AS I
IK S
IF IKA
AS IF
KL ENT
ID

BOTAN
I

Botani lapangan

I
N
TA PAN
BO RA
TE

Kehutanan
Perikanan

Botani ekonomi
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THANK YOU