Data Mining:
Concepts and
Techniques
(3rd ed.)
Chapter 1
Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign &
Simon Fraser University
2013 Han, Kamber & Pei. All rights reserved.
1
October 27, 2016
October 27, 2016
Data Mining: Concepts and
Data Mining: Concepts and
Techniques
Data and Information Systems
(DAIS:) Course Structures at
CS/UIUC
Coverage: Database, data mining, text information systems, Web and bioinformatics
Data mining
Intro. to data warehousing and mining (CS412: HanFall)
Data mining: Principles and algorithms (CS512: HanSpring)
Seminar: Advanced Topics in Data mining (CS591HanFall and Spring. 1 credit
unit)
Independent Study: Only open to Ph.D./M.S. on data mining
Database Systems:
Introd. to database systems (CS411: Kevin Chang + Saurabh Sinha: Spring and
Fall)
Advanced database systems (CS511: Kevin Chang Fall)
Text information systems
Text information system (CS410 ChengXiang Zhai: Spring)
Advanced text information systems (CS598CXZ (future CS510) Cheng Zhai: Fall)
Bioinformatics (Saurabh Sinha)
Yahoo!-DAIS seminar (CS591DAISFall and Spring. 1 credit unit)
3
CS 412. Course Page & Class
Schedule
Class Homepage: https://wiki.engr.illinois.edu/display/cs412
Wiki course outline
Course Information
Course Schedule
Lecture media
Assignments
Newsgroup: Piazza only
Resources and Reading Lists
Staf
Project [Only for students taking 4 credits for the course]
Comments and SuggestionsTextbook, Slides, Class
Presentation, and Teaching
Class-Related Questions and Answers
4
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
5
Why Data Mining?
The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes
Data collection and data availability
Automated data collection tools, database systems,
Web, computerized society
Major sources of abundant data
Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks,
Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific
simulation,
Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
Necessity is the mother of inventionData mining
Automated analysis of massive data sets
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
7
What Is Data Mining?
Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)
Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit,
previously unknown and potentially useful) patterns
or knowledge from huge amount of data
Data mining: a misnomer?
Alternative names
Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD),
knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data
archeology, data dredging, information harvesting,
business intelligence, etc.
Watch out: Is everything data mining?
Simple search and query processing
(Deductive) expert systems
8
Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
This is a view from typical
database systems and data
Pattern Evaluation
warehousing communities
Data mining plays an essential
role in the knowledge discovery
Data Mining
process
Task-relevant Data
Data Warehouse
Selection
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
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Example: A Web Mining Framework
Web mining usually involves
Data cleaning
Data integration from multiple sources
Warehousing the data
Data cube construction
Data selection for data mining
Data mining
Presentation of the mining results
Patterns and knowledge to be used or
stored into knowledge-base
10
Data Mining in Business Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions
Decisio
n
Making
Data Presentation
Visualization Techniques
End User
Business
Analyst
Data Mining
Information Discovery
Data
Analyst
Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting
Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
DBA
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KDD Process: A Typical View from ML
and Statistics
Input Data
Data PreProcessing
Data integration
Normalization
Feature selection
Dimension reduction
Data
Mining
Pattern discovery
Association &
correlation
Classification
Clustering
Outlier analysis
PostProcessin
g
Pattern evaluation
Pattern selection
Pattern
interpretation
Pattern visualization
This is a view from typical machine learning and statistics communities
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Which View Do You Prefer?
Which view do you prefer?
KDD vs. ML/Stat. vs. Business Intelligence
Depending on the data, applications, and your
focus
Data Mining vs. Data Exploration
Business intelligence view
Warehouse, data cube, reporting but not much
mining
Business objects vs. data mining tools
Supply chain example: mining vs. OLAP vs.
presentation tools
Data presentation vs. data exploration
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
14
Multi-Dimensional View of Data
Mining
Data to be mined
Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented,
heterogeneous, legacy), data warehouse, transactional data,
stream, spatiotemporal, time-series, sequence, text and web,
multi-media, graphs & social and information networks
Knowledge to be mined (or: Data mining functions)
Characterization, discrimination, association, classification,
clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.
Descriptive vs. predictive data mining
Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels
Techniques utilized
Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning,
statistics, pattern recognition, visualization, high-performance,
etc.
Applications adapted
Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data
mining, stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.
15
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
16
Data Mining: On What Kinds of
Data?
Database-oriented data sets and applications
Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
Object-relational databases, Heterogeneous databases and legacy
databases
Advanced data sets and advanced applications
Data streams and sensor data
Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. biosequences)
Structure data, graphs, social networks and information networks
Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
Multimedia database
Text databases
The World-Wide Web
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
18
Data Mining Function: (1)
Generalization
Information integration and data warehouse
construction
Data cleaning, transformation, integration, and
multidimensional data model
Data cube technology
Scalable methods for computing (i.e.,
materializing) multidimensional aggregates
OLAP (online analytical processing)
Multidimensional concept description:
Characterization and discrimination
Generalize, summarize, and contrast data
characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet region
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Data Mining Function: (2)
Association and Correlation Analysis
Frequent patterns (or frequent itemsets)
What items are frequently purchased together in
your Walmart?
Association, correlation vs. causality
A typical association rule
Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (support, confidence)
Are strongly associated items also strongly
correlated?
How to mine such patterns and rules efficiently in large
datasets?
How to use such patterns for classification, clustering,
and other applications?
20
Data Mining Function: (3)
Classification
Classification and label prediction
Construct models (functions) based on some training
examples
Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future
prediction
Predict some unknown class labels
Typical methods
E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
Decision trees, nave Bayesian classification, support vector
machines, neural networks, rule-based classification, patternbased classification, logistic regression,
Typical applications:
Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars,
diseases, web-pages,
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Data Mining Function: (4) Cluster
Analysis
Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is unknown)
Group data to form new categories (i.e., clusters),
e.g., cluster houses to find distribution patterns
Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity &
minimizing interclass similarity
Many methods and applications
22
Data Mining Function: (5) Outlier
Analysis
Outlier analysis
Outlier: A data object that does not comply with
the general behavior of the data
Noise or exception? One persons garbage
could be another persons treasure
Methods: by product of clustering or regression
analysis,
Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis
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Time and Ordering: Sequential
Pattern, Trend and Evolution Analysis
Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis: e.g.,
regression and value prediction
Sequential pattern mining
e.g., first buy digital camera, then buy large SD
memory cards
Periodicity analysis
Motifs and biological sequence analysis
Approximate and consecutive motifs
Similarity-based analysis
Mining data streams
Ordered, time-varying, potentially infinite, data streams
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Structure and Network Analysis
Graph mining
Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds), trees
(XML), substructures (web fragments)
Information network analysis
Social networks: actors (objects, nodes) and relationships
(edges)
e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks
Multiple heterogeneous networks
A person could be multiple information networks: friends,
family, classmates,
Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining
Web mining
Web is a big information network: from PageRank to Google
Analysis of Web information networks
Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage mining,
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Evaluation of Knowledge
Are all mined knowledge interesting?
One can mine tremendous amount of patterns
Some may fit only certain dimension space (time,
location, )
Some may not be representative, may be transient,
Evaluation of mined knowledge directly mine only
interesting knowledge?
Descriptive vs. predictive
Coverage
Typicality vs. novelty
Accuracy
Timeliness
26
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
27
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines
Machine
Learning
Applications
Algorithm
Pattern
Recognition
Data Mining
Database
Technology
Statistics
Visualization
High-Performance
Computing
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Why Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines?
Tremendous amount of data
Algorithms must be scalable to handle big data
High-dimensionality of data
Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
High complexity of data
Data streams and sensor data
Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
Structure data, graphs, social and information
networks
Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web
data
Software programs, scientific simulations
New and sophisticated applications
29
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
30
Applications of Data Mining
Web page analysis: from web page classification,
clustering to PageRank & HITS algorithms
Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
Biological and medical data analysis: classification,
cluster analysis (microarray data analysis), biological
sequence analysis, biological network analysis
Data mining and software engineering
From major dedicated data mining systems/tools (e.g.,
SAS, MS SQL-Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data
Mining Tools) to invisible data mining
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Summary
Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge
from massive amount of data
A natural evolution of science and information technology, in
great demand, with wide applications
A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation,
and knowledge presentation
Mining can be performed in a variety of data
Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, trend and outlier
analysis, etc.
Data mining technologies and applications
Major issues in data mining
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October 27, 2016
Data Mining: Concepts and
33
Major Issues in Data Mining
(1)
Mining Methodology
Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
Data mining: An interdisciplinary efort
Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
User Interaction
Interactive mining
Incorporation of background knowledge
Presentation and visualization of data mining results
34
Major Issues in Data Mining
(2)
Efficiency and Scalability
Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining
methods
Diversity of data types
Handling complex types of data
Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
Data mining and society
Social impacts of data mining
Privacy-preserving data mining
Invisible data mining
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A Brief History of Data Mining
Society
1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W.
Frawley, 1991)
Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad,
G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in
Databases and Data Mining (KDD95-98)
Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
More conferences on data mining
PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE)
ICDM (2001), WSDM (2008), etc.
ACM Transactions on KDD (2007)
36
Conferences and Journals on Data Mining
KDD Conferences
ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on
Knowledge Discovery in
Databases and Data Mining
(KDD)
SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM)
(IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining
(ICDM)
European Conf. on Machine
Learning and Principles and
practices of Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining
(ECML-PKDD)
Pacific-Asia Conf. on
Knowledge Discovery and Data
Mining (PAKDD)
Int. Conf. on Web Search and
Data Mining (WSDM)
Other related conferences
DB conferences: ACM
SIGMOD, VLDB, ICDE, EDBT,
ICDT,
Web and IR conferences:
WWW, SIGIR, WSDM
ML conferences: ICML, NIPS
PR conferences: CVPR,
Journals
Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)
IEEE Trans. On Knowledge
and Data Eng. (TKDE)
KDD Explorations
ACM Trans. on KDD
37
Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer,
Google
Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)
Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology CD ROM)
Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
Statistics
Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS,
etc.
Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information
Systems, IEEE-PAMI, etc.
Web and IR
Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
AI & Machine Learning
Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.
Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.
Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
Visualization
Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.
38
Recommended Reference
Books
E. Alpaydin. Introduction to Machine Learning, 2nd ed., MIT Press, 2011
S. Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data.
Morgan Kaufmann, 2002
R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000
T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003
U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining. AAAI/MIT Press, 1996
U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and
Knowledge Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001
J. Han, M. Kamber, and J. Pei, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 3 rd
ed. , 2011
T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining,
Inference, and Prediction, 2nd ed., Springer, 2009
B. Liu, Web Data Mining, Springer 2006
T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997
Y. Sun and J. Han, Mining Heterogeneous Information Networks, Morgan & Claypool, 2012
P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005
S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998
I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with
Java Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2 nd ed. 2005
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