DOM (12 ME 63)

Chapter 4: Forced vibrations

When a periodic external force acts on the vibrating
system, it is called forced vibrations.
The frequency of vibration of such a system is equal
to the frequency of the external excitation force.
Ex:

Rotating or reciprocating unbalance in machine tools,

Ringing of electric bell, etc.

If the frequency of the impressed force becomes

equal to the natural frequency of the system, it is
said to be under resonance.

Forced vibration of single degree of freedom system

.. .
mx cx kx
C

m
m

F Sin t

Free Body diagrams

FSin t

Forced Vibration

Consider a spring-mass-damper system having

viscous damping excited by a sinusoidal force
Fsint where;
Fo = Amplitude of force &
= Circular frequency of the external force.

Forced vibrations with

damping
When the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position by a distance x
& released, after a time ' t ', for equilibrium,
Inertia force + Damper force + Spring force = External force
& cx& kx F sin t
mx&
This is a second order linear differential equation with constant coefficients.
The general solution of the above equation is of the form x xc x p where;
& cx& kx 0
xc is the complementary solution of the equation mx&
which is transient & vanishes with time. Hence it can be ignored.
x p is the particular solution of the form x p A sin(t )
where 'A ' is the amplitude of steady state vibration & ' ' is the phase of
displacement w.r.t harmonic force.

Forced vibrations with

damping

&+ cx&+ kx = Fsint L (i)

The equilibrium equation is mx&
Neglecting the transient response, x A sin(t )

Velocity x& A cos(t ) A sin t and

2

Acceleration &
x& 2 A sin(t ) 2 A sin t
Substituting in (i), the equilibrium equation becomes,

m 2 A sin t + c A sin t + kA sin(t ) = F sin t

2

The above forces may be represented by vectors drawn in order such that
they form a closed polygon. Damping force is perpendicular to spring force
& the inertia force is perpendicular to damping force.

Vector representation of
forces
From the triangle oab in the fig,
F (kA m 2 A2 ) (c A) 2
b

&
Velocity x A cos(t ) A sin t and
2

kA

a
t-
t ) 2 A sin t
t &
Acceleration
x& 2 A sin(
F

Substituting in (Reference
i), the equilibrium
equation becomes,
axis

m A sin t + c A sin t + kA sin(t ) = Fo sin t

2

The above forces may be represented by vectors drawn in order such that
they form a closed polygon. Damping force is perpendicular to spring force
& the inertia force is perpendicular to damping force.

Vector representation

F 2 (kA m 2 A) 2 (c A) 2

of forces

A2 (k m 2 ) 2 (c ) 2
F
A
(k m 2 ) 2 (c ) 2

From the triangle oab in the fig,

kA
t-

Reference axis

Taking k outside the sq root,

F
k
A
2
2
2
m

k
k

Also k mn2 , c 2 mn
A

k
2

Steady state amplitude & phase angle

of forced vibrations :
F

F k

kA
t-

Reference axis

1 r 2 r
2 2

where r , the frequency ratio

n

2r
From the fig , phase angle between force & displacement is = tan
2
1
r

-1

(i) At resonance, = n

k , = tan 90
r 1 A

(ii) When 0 , (undamped), A

-1

F k

(1 r 2 )

, = tan-1 0 00

Magnification (Amplification) factor MF

We know that amplitude A

k
2

n
n

Put r , the frequency ratio &

n
F A , the static deflection under load F,
st
k
Ast
A
1
A

=
2
2
2
A
2
2 2
st
1

r
1
r
+
2r

A
The dimensionless ratio
is called the Magnification factor (MF)
Ast
& it is a function of frequency ratio & damping factor.

Plot of MF vs. r for different values of

Important observations of MF vs. Frequency

ratio

Any amount of damping

( >0) reduces the magnification factor (MF) for all

values of forcing frequency.

The amplitude of vibration is infinite at resonant frequency & zero damping
factor.
The peak amplitude for any amount of damping occurs slightly before r=1
For >1/2, the graphs of MF decreases with increasing values of r.

Frequency corresponding to peak

amplitude

It is observed that the peak amplitude for any amount of damping occurs
slightly before r 1 or resonant frequency.
A

Ast

1 r 2 r
2 2

. Max value of A occurs when the denominator

1 r 2 2 2 r 2 is minimum. d 1 r 2 2 2 r 2 0

dr
i.e. 2(1- r 2 ) 2r 4 2 2r 0

n
Frequency of external excitation corresponding to peak amplitude
(1 r 2 ) 2 2 0

p = (1 - 2 2 )

Or r (1- 2 2 ) But r

Important observations of vs. Frequency ratio

kA
t-

Reference axis

1) For >0 and 0<r<1 the phase angle is given by 0 0<<900, implying that the
response lags excitation.
2) For >0 and r>1, the phase angle is given by 90 0<< 1800, implying that the
response leads excitation.
3) For >0 and r=1, the phase angle is =900 implying that the phase difference
between the excitation and response is 90 0.
4) For >0 and large values of r, the phase angle approaches 1800 implying that
the response and excitation are out of phase.

Numerical problem 1
A machine part of mass 2.5 Kg vibrates in a
viscous medium. A harmonic exciting force of 30
N acts on the part and causes resonant amplitude
of 14 mm with a period of 0.22sec. Determine the
damping coefficient.
If the frequency of the exciting force is changed
to 4Hz, determine the increase in the amplitude
of forced vibration upon removal of the damper.

Data : m 2.5 kg , F 30 N , Ares 14 mm, T 0.22 sec

2
2
Solution :

28.56 rad / sec

T
0.22

(i) At resonance : n r 1
n
Stiffness of spring k mn2 2.5 28.56 2 2039 N / m
Amplitude A

Given Ares

k
If r 1, A Ares k
2
(1 r 2 ) 2 (2 r ) 2

30

2039
14 mm 0.014 m, 0.014
0.526
2

Damping coefficient c = 2 mn
i.e. c 2 0.526 2.5 28.56 75.11 N - sec / m

(ii) When f = 4 Hz : 2 f 2 4 25.13 rad / sec

25.13
n 28.56 rad / sec frequency ratio r
0.88
28.56
n
Amplitude of vibration with damper is ;
A

30 2039

k
=
0.0154 m
2 2
2
2 2
2
(1 r ) (2 r )
(1 0.88 ) (2 0.526 0.88)

Amplitude of vibration when damper is removed ( 0) is;

F

30

2039
=
0.0652 m

k
(1 r 2 ) (1 0.882 )
Increase in amplitude upon removal of damper
( A ' A) (0.0652 0.0154) 0.05 m = 50 mm
A'

Numerical
Problem 2
A body having a mass of 15 kg is suspended
from a spring which deflects 12mm due to the
weight of the mass. Determine the frequency of
free vibrations. What viscous damping force is
needed to make the motion aperiodic at a
speed of 1 mm/sec.
If when, damped to this extent, a disturbing
force having a maximum value of 100 N and
vibrating at 6 Hz is made to act on the body.

Data : m 15 kg , 12 mm 0.012m, x& 1 mm / sec,

F 100 N , f 6 Hz
Solution :
(i) Frequency of free vibrations :
g
9.81
n

28.6 rad / sec

0.012
To make the motion aperiodic, 1 i.e. at least, 1 or c cc
Damping coefficient cc = 2mn 2 15 28.6 858N / m / sec
= 0.858N / mm / sec i.e. a force of 0.858 N is required at a rate
of 1 mm / sec to make the motion aperiodic.
(ii) Amplitude of forced vibrations :
2 f 2 6 37.7 rad / sec

37.7
Ratio of frequencies r
1.318
28.6
n

Stiffness of the spring k mn2 15 28.62 12269.4N / m

Damping ratio =1
(iii) Amplitude of vibration with damper :
A

10012269.4

k
=
0.022 m
2 2
2
2 2
2
(1 r ) (2 r )
(1 1.318 ) (2 11.318)

Numerical
Problem 3
A mass of 10 kg is suspended from one end of a
helical spring, the other end is fixed. The
stiffness of spring is 10 N/mm. The viscous
damping causes the amplitude to decrease to
1/10th

of

initial

value

in

four

complete

oscillations. If a periodic force of 150 cos 50t N

is applied at the mass, determine the amplitude
and phase angle of the resulting motion. What
is its value at resonance?.

Data : m 10 kg , F 150 N , 50 rad / sec,

k 10 N / mm 10000 N / m, x5 0.1x1 , n 4
Solution :
k
10000

Natural frequency n
31.62 rad / sec
10
m

1 x1
1 x1
1
Log decrement = ln
ln
ln(10) 0.5756
n xn 1
4 0.1x1
4

0.5756
Damping factor =

0.0912
4 2 2
4 2 0.57562

50
Frequency ratio r
1.58
31.62
n

(i) Amplitude of motion : Amplitude A

A

k
(1 r 2 ) 2 (2 r ) 2

150

10000
9.82 103m 9.82 mm
(1 1.582 ) 2 (2 0.0912 1.58) 2

(ii) Phase angle between force & displacement :

2 r
-1 2 0.0912 1.58
0
= tan

tan

10.9

2
2
1r
1-1.58

-ve sign indicates that the force lags the displacement.

(iii) Amplitude at resonance : = n r 1
-1

F 150

k
10000
A

0.0822 m = 82.2 mm
2

2 0.0912

Rotating
Unbalance

Unbalance in rotating machines is a common

source of vibration excitation.

We consider here a spring (k) & mass (M)

constrained to move in the vertical direction and
excited

by

rotating

unbalanced, as shown in Fig.

machine

that

is

Rotating
Unbalance
The unbalance is represented by an eccentric
mass m with eccentricity e that is rotating
with angular velocity .
By letting x be the displacement of the non
rotating mass (M - m) from the static
equilibrium position, the displacement of m is
(x+esint)

Rotating
Unbalance

The equation of motion is then :

d 2x
d2
dx
(M m) 2 m 2 ( x e sin t ) c kx 0
dt
dt
dt
& m 2e sin t cx& kx 0
(M m) &
x& mx&
&
&+ cx&+ kx = (m 2e)sint.
Mx
& cx& kx F sin t ,
Comparing with the eqn of forced vibration Mx&
the force due to rotating unbalance is F = m 2e
Note : m is in kg , in rad / sec & e in meters

Reciprocating
Unbalance

In this case, the harmonic unbalance force is;

k/2

m e sin t sin 2t
l

where m mass of piston,

stroke length
e crank radius
2
l length of connecting rod ,
angular velocity of crank .
2

k/2

e
As e l , may be neglected,
l
harmonic force is (m 2e) sin t F = (m 2e)
which is same as rotating unbalance.
Note : m is in kg , in rad / sec & e in meters

Numerical Problem 1
(Reciprocating
unbalance)

A single cylinder vertical diesel engine has a mass

of 400 kg and is mounted on a steel chassis frame.
The static deflection owing to weight of the chassis
is 2.4 mm. The reciprocating masses of the engine
amount to 18 kg and the stroke of the engine is
160 mm. A dashpot with a damping coefficient of 2
N-sec/mm is also used to dampen the vibrations. In
the steady-state of vibrations, determine;
(i) Amplitude of vibration at 500 rpm of driving
shaft

Data : M 400 kg , m 18 kg , N 500 rpm, 2.4 =2.4 10 3m

Stroke of piston =160 mm crank radius e 80 mm 0.08 m
c 2 N / mm / sec 2000 N / m / sec
Solution :
9.81
g

Natural frequency n
63.93 rad / sec

3

2.4 10
Stiffness of chassis k M n2 400 63.932 1.635 10 6 N / m
2 N 2 500
Forcing frequency

52.36 rad / sec

60
60

52.36
Frequency ratio r
0.82
63.93
n
Damping factor =

c
c
2000

0.0391
cc 2M n 2 400 63.93

Unbalanced force F = m 2e 18 (52.36) 2 0.08 3948 N

(i) Amplitude of motion at 500 rpm :

F
k
Amplitude A
(1 r 2 ) 2 (2 r ) 2
A

3948
1.635 106
8.110 4 m 0.81 mm
(1 0.822 ) 2 (2 0.0391 0.82) 2

(ii) Speed of driving shaft at resonance :

At resonance, n 63.93 rad / sec
N res

60 63.93

6025 rpm
2

Forced
Vibration
Support Motion

due

to

In many cases, the excitation of the system is

through the support motion. Ex:

locomotives or

vehicles, the wheels act as base or support for the

system.

The wheels move vertically up & down on the road

surface during the motion of the vehicle & the
chassis moves relative to the wheels.

The amplitude of motion of the chassis w.r.t road

surface is known as absolute amplitude & that
w.r.t wheels is known as relative amplitude.

Vibration measuring instruments are also designed

Absolute
Motion
transmissibility)

(Motion

& k ( x y ) c( x& y&)

mx&

Absolute motion of a mass is its motion w.r.t fixed reference.Let

the absolute motion of mass be x = A sint & the support motion
be y = B sint. Hence the net elongation of the spring is ( x - y ).
The equation of motion can be written as;
& k ( x y ) c( x& y&) 0
mx&
& cx& kx ky cy&L L (i )
mx&

Substituting y B sin t & y& B cos t in Eqn (i),

& cx& kx B k sin t c cos t
mx&

Multiply & divide RHS by k 2 (c ) 2 , we get

sin t
cos t
k 2 (c ) 2
k 2 (c ) 2

& cx& kx B k (c )
mx&
2

From the fig,

sin

c
k 2 (c ) 2

& cos

k
k 2 (c ) 2

Substituting in the above equation, we get

& cx& kx B k 2 (c ) 2 cos sin t sin cos t
mx&
&
&+ cx&+ kx = B k 2 + (c)2 sin(t + )
mx

& cx& kx B k 2 (c ) 2 sin(t ) with

Comparing mx&
& cx& kx F sin t ,
standard equation of forced vibration mx&
2

2
c
we see that; F B k 2 (c ) 2 Bk 1

Bk
1

Also we know that the the steady state amplitude of forced vibration

F

k
(1 r 2 ) 2 2 r

Bk 1 2 r 2

k
B 1 2 r

2
2
(1 r 2 ) 2 2 r
(1 r 2 ) 2 2 r
1 + 2r

Amplitude of body
A
Motion transmissibility =
=
2
2 2
Amplitude of support B
(1 - r ) + 2r
2 r
1
Phase angle between A & B = ( - ) = tan

tan
2 r
2
1 r
1

Relative
Motion

& k ( x y ) c( x& y&)

mx&

Relative motion of a mass is its motion w.r.t support. Let the absolute
motion of mass be x = A sint & the support motion be y = B sint.
Hence the relative motion is z ( x - y ) x ( z y)
& k ( x y ) c( x& y&) 0
The equation of motion can be written as; mx&
&L L (i)
&+ cz&+ kz = -my&
m( &
z& &
y&) cz& kz 0 Or mz&

Substituting y B sin t & &

y& 2 B sin t in Eqn (i),
& cz& kz m 2 B sin t
mz&

& cz& kz m 2 B sin t with

Comparing mz&
& cz& kz F sin t ,
standard equation of forced vibration mz&
k
we see that; F m B 2 2 B Bkr 2
n

and r
Q
m
n

Also we know that the the steady state amplitude of forced vibration
2

F

k
(1 r 2 ) 2 2 r

Bkr 2

(1 r 2 ) 2 2 r

2
n

Br 2
(1 r 2 ) 2 2 r

Relative Amplitude of body Z

r2

=
2
2 2
Amplitude of support
B
(1 - r ) + 2r
2 r
Phase angle between Z & B = = tan
2
1

Vibration
Isolation
Transmissibility

Vibrations

are

produced

in

&

Force

machines

having

unbalanced masses & these are transmitted to the

foundation upon which machines are installed.

To diminish these undesirable transmission of forces,

machines are usually mounted on vibration isolating
material such as rubber, felt cork, metallic
springs. etc. which provide stiffness & damping.

Transmissibility (denoted by TR or ) is the ratio of

the force transmitted to the foundation to the
force applied.

It is a measure of effectiveness of the vibration

Expression for Transmissibility Ratio (TR or )

F
FT

kA

Reference axis

As the transmitted force ( FT ) is the vector sum of the spring force (kA)
& the damper force (c A) which are perpendicular to each other,
2

2
c

Ak
1

FT (kA) 2 (c A) 2 A k 2 (c ) 2 Ak 1

Expression for Transmissibility Ratio (TR or )

F

k
Also we know that amplitude of forced vibration is A

(1 r ) 2 r
2 2

F

k

F
1

r

2

FT
k 1 2 r
2
2
2
2
2 2
(1 r ) 2 r
(1 r ) 2 r

Impressed Force
Force transmissibility ratio TR (or ) =
Transmitted force

1 + 2r

FT

=
2
F
(1 - r 2 )2 + 2r
2 r
1

tan
2 r
2
1 r
Note : The expressions for motion & force transmissibility are same.

Phase angle between F & FT = ( - ) = tan1

Transmissibility vs. frequency ratio for different

values of damping ratio

Transmissibility vs. frequency ratio for different

values of damping ratio
(i ) When r 2, 1. i.e. the transmitted force
is always more than the impressed force.
(ii ) When r 2, 1. i.e. the transmitted force
is always less than the impressed force.
(iii ) When r 2, 1. i.e. the transmitted force
is always equal to the impressed force.
(iv) When r 1, the transmitted force is maximum
which can be reduced by damping.
(v) When r 2, increase in damping increases .
Hence damping is effective only when r 2.

Numerical Problem 1
(Based on support excitation)

The support of a spring mass system is

vibrating with an amplitude of 5 mm and a
frequency of 1150 cycles per minute. If the
mass is 0.9 kg and the spring has a stiffness of
1960 N/m, determine the amplitude of vibration
of the mass.
What amplitude will result if a damping factor
of 0.2 is included in the system?

Data : m 0.9 kg , B 5 mm , f 1150 cpm, k 1960 N / m

Solution :
k
1960

Natural frequency n
46.67 rad / sec
0.9
m

1150
Excitation frequency 2 f 2
120.43 rad / sec
60

120.43

2.58
46.67
n

Frequency ratio r

1 2 r

A
(i) Without damping : ( 0) We know that

2
B
(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r
A
1
1
When 0,

, As r 1, A 2
2
B (1 r )
(r 1)
A
1

Amplitude of main mass A 0.884 mm
2
5
(2.58 1)

(ii) When damping ratio ( ) 0.2 :

1 2 0.2 2.58
A
When 0.2,

2
2 2
B
(1- 2.58 ) 2 0.2 2.58
2

A
1 1.0322

0.25
B
5.6562 1.0322
A
0.25 A 1.25 mm
5
Amplitude of main mass A 1.25 mm

Numerical Problem 2
(Based on support excitation)
Determine the critical speed when an automobile trailer
is travelling over a road with sinusoidal profile of
wavelength 15 meters and an amplitude of 75 mm. The
springs of the automobile are compressed 0.125 m
under its own weight. Also determine the amplitude of
vibration at 50 kmph.

x
m
k
y
V Kmph

15 m

Data : 0.125 m, B 75 mm , v 50 kmph, Wave length 15 m

Solution :
(i) Critical speed of trailer :
9.81
g

8.86 rad / sec

0.125

Natural frequency n

2
For critical speed, n 8.86 f n
1.41 Hz
n
We know that Linear velocity = frequency wave length
i.e. v = fn
= 1.41 15=
21.15 m / sec
3600
To convert m / sec into kmph, multiply by

1000

3600
Critical Velocity of the automobile = 21.15
76.14 kmph
1000

(ii) Amplitude of vibration at 50 kmph :

1000
Velocity in m / sec v 50
13.89 m / sec
3600
We know that v = f
13.89 = f 15

f = 0.926 Hz
2 f 5.82 rad / sec. Also n 46.67 rad / sec

5.82
Frequency ratio r
0.657
8.86
n
A
1
A
1
When 0,

, As r 1,

2
B (1 r )
B (1 r 2 )
A
1

Amplitude of trailer A 132 mm

2
75
(1 0.657 )

Numerical Problem 3
(Based on support excitation)

A trailer has 1000 Kg mass when fully loaded

and 250 Kg when empty. The suspension has a
stiffness of 350 kN/m. The damping factor is
0.5. The speed of the trailer is 100 Km/hr. The
road varies sinusoidally with a wave length of 5
m. Determine the amplitude ratio of the trailer:
1. When fully loaded.
2. When empty.

Data :
m 1000 kg ( full load ) & m 250kg ( Empty ), v 100 kmph, 0.5
Wavelength of road suface 5 m, k 300 KN / m 300 103 N / m
Solution :
1000
27.78 m / sec
3600
We know that Linear velocity (v) = frequency (f) wave length ( )
Velocity of the vehicle v = 100 kmph = 100
i.e. 27.78 = f 5 f = 5.556 Hz
2 f 2 5.556 34.91 rad / sec

(i) Amplitude ratio when vehicle is fully loaded : (m = 1000 kg)

350 103
k
Natural frequency n
18.71 rad / sec
m
1000

34.91
Ratio of frequencies r
1.87
18.71
n
1 2 r

1 2 0.5 1.87

0.68
2
2
B
(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r
(1-1.87 2 ) 2 2 0.5 1.87
(ii) Amplitude ratio when vehicle is empty : (m = 250 kg)
350 103
k
Natural frequency n
37.42 rad / sec
250
m

34.91
Ratio of frequencies r
0.933
37.42
n
1 2 r
1 2 0.5 0.933
A

1.452
2
2
2
2
2
2
B
(1- r ) 2 r
(1- 0.933 ) 2 0.5 0.933
2

Numerical Problem 3
(Both absolute motion & relative
motion included)

A TV set of 25 kg mass must be isolated from a

machine vibrating with an amplitude 0f 0.1 mm
at 1000 rpm. The TV set is mounted on five
isolators each having 30 KN/m and a damping
constant of 400 N-sec/m. Determine;
(i) Amplitude of vibration of TV set.
(ii) Dynamic load on each isolator due to
vibration.

Data : m 25 kg , N 1000 rpm , B ( Support amplitude) 0.1 mm

N 1000 rpm, ceq (400 5) 2000 N sec/ m
keq (5 30) 150 KN / m 150 103 N / m
Solution :
keq
150 103
Natural frequency n

77.46 rad / sec
25

m
2 N
Excitation frequency ,

60

2 1000

104.72 rad / sec

60

104.72
Ratio of frequencie, r
1.352
77.46
n
c
Damping ratio of
cc

c
2000

0.5164
2 25 77.46
2m
n

1 2 r

A
(i) Amplitude of vibration of T V set :

2
B
(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r
1 2 0.5164 1.352

A
When 0.5164,

2
B
(1-1.3522 ) 2 2 0.5164 1.352
A
1.7175

1.058 Amplitude of main mass A 0.106 m m

0.1
1.623
(ii) Dynamic load on isolators : W .K .T Relative amplitude ratio

Z
r2
1.3522

2
2
B
(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r
(1-1.352 2 ) 2 2 0.5164 1.352
Z
1.126 Z 1.126 0.1 0.1126 mm 0.1126 10 3 mm
B
Dynamic load on each isolator FD = Z k 2 (c ) 2
FD = 0.1126 10 3 (30000) 2 (400 104.72)2 5.8N

Numerical Problem 1
Force Transmissibility problems
A reciprocating machine of mass 75 Kg is mounted
on springs of stiffness 11.76x105 N/m and a
damper of damping factor 0.2. The slider of mass 2
Kg within the machine has a reciprocating motion
with a stroke of 0.08 m. The speed is 3000 rpm.
Assuming the motion of the piston to be harmonic.
1. Amplitude of vibration of the machine.
2. Transmissibility ratio.
3. Force transmitted to the foundation.
4. Is vibration isolation achieved? If so how?

Data : M 75 kg , m 2 kg , N 3000 rpm, 0.2, k 11.76 105 N / m

Stroke of piston 0.08 m crank radius e 0.04 m
Solution :
11.76 105
k
Natural frequency n
125.22 rad / sec
75
M

2 N 2 3000
Forcing frequency

314.16 rad / sec

60
60

314.16
Frequency ratio r
2.51
125.22
n
Unbalanced force F = m 2e 2 (314.16) 2 0.04 7896 N

F
k

(i) Amplitude of vibration : A

(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r

7896

5
11.76

10

(1- 2.51 ) 2 0.2 2.51

2 2

6.714 103

1.245 103 m
28.09 1.008

Amplitude of vibration of machine A 1.245 m m

(ii) Transmissibility ratio :
TR

1 2 r

1 2 0.2 2.51

(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r

(1- 2.512 ) 2 2 0.2 2.51

1.417
TR (or )
0.2627
5.394

(iii) Force transmitted to the foundation :

FT
Force transmitted FT
As TR

0.2627
Force impressed
F
7896
Force transmitted to the foundation FT 2074.3 N
(iv) Check for vibration isolation :
As the force transmitted is less than force impressed &
r 2.51 2, vibration isolation is achieved .

Numerical Problem 2
Force Transmissibility problems

A refrigerator of mass 35 Kg operating at 480

rpm is supported on 3 springs. If only 10% of
the shaking force is to be transmitted to the
foundation what should be the value of spring
rate K?

Data : TR 10% 0.1, m 35 kg , N 480 rpm, No of springs 3

0 ( As no damper present )
2 N 2 480
Solution : Forcing frequency

50.267 rad / sec

60
60
1
1
We know that when 0, TR
0.1
2
(1 r )
(1 r 2 )

 1
i.e. (1 r )=
=10
0.1
2

Taking +ve sign, r 2 9 r 9 (Not possible)

Taking +ve sign, r 2 11 r 11= 3.32

50.267

But frequency ratio r 3.32

n 15.16 rad / sec
n
n

Combined stiffness of springs keq mn2 35 (15.16) 2 8040 N / m

keq
8040
As there are three springs, k

3
3

Stiffness of each spring is 2680 N / m

Numerical Problem 3 (Force

Transmissibility problems)

A machine supported symmetrically on four springs has

a mass of 80 Kgs. The mass of the reciprocating mass
is 2.2 Kgs which move through a vertical stroke of 100
mm with SHM. Neglecting damping, determine the
combined stiffness of the springs so that the force
transmitted

to

the

foundation

is

1/20th

of

the

impressed force. the machine crank shaft rotates at

800 rpm.
If, under actual working conditions, the damping
reduces the amplitudes of successive vibrations by
30%, find

Data : M 80 kg , m 2.2 kg , N 800 rpm,

Stroke of piston =100 mm crank radius e 50 mm 0.05 m
xn
1
TR 0.05, xn 1 (1 0.3) xn

20
xn 1
Solution :

1.43
0.7

2 N 2 800
Forcing frequency

83.78 rad / sec

60
60
xn
Logarithimic decrement =ln
ln 1.43 0.358
xn 1

0.358
Damping factor =

0.057
4 2 2
4 2 0.3582
Unbalanced force F = m 2e 2.2 (83.78) 2 0.05 772 N

(i) Neglecting damping : ( = 0)

1
1
We know that when 0, TR
0.05
2
(1 r )
(1 r 2 )

1
=20
0.05

i.e. (1 r 2 )=

Taking +ve sign, r 2 19 r 19 (Not possible)

Taking ve sign, r 2 21 r 21= 4.58

83.78

But frequency ratio r 4.58

n 18.28 rad / sec
n
n

Combined stiffness of springs keq M n2 80 (18.28) 2 26740 N / m

(ii) Force transmitted at 800 rpm with damping ( = 0.057) :

TR

1 2 r

(1- r 2 ) 2 2 r

1 2 0.057 4.58

(1- 4.582 ) 2 2 0.057 4.58

FT
F
Force transmitted to foundation at 800 rpm
TR (or ) 0.0564 =

FT 0.0564 F 0.0564 772 43.55 N

(iii) Force transmitted at resonance with damping ( = 0.057) :
resonance, n r 1,
TR

1 2
2

1 2 0.057
2 0.057

8.83

Also, at resonance, Fres mn2e 2.2 (18.28) 2 0.05 36.76 N

i.e. Force transmitted t FT 8.83 Fres 8.83 36.76 325 N

(iv) Amplitude of vibration at resonance : (r 1)

A

F
k
(1- r ) 2 r
2 2

Fres
36.76

k 26740

Ares

0.012 m
2
2 0.057