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Chpt02 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

The document discusses fundamentals of electrical circuits including series and parallel circuits, voltage and current sources, resistance measurement, Kirchhoff's laws, and circuit analysis techniques. Circuit elements such as resistors are represented using symbols. Measurement of electrical properties using instruments is also covered.

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Saran Kutty
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241 views23 pages

Chpt02 Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

The document discusses fundamentals of electrical circuits including series and parallel circuits, voltage and current sources, resistance measurement, Kirchhoff's laws, and circuit analysis techniques. Circuit elements such as resistors are represented using symbols. Measurement of electrical properties using instruments is also covered.

Uploaded by

Saran Kutty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

C H A P T E R

2
Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits
McGraw-Hill

1
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.4 (a) Automotive circuits

McGraw-Hill

2
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.4 (b) Equivalent electrical circuit


Ibatt
Ihead

Itail

Istart

Ifan

I locks

Idash

+
Vbatt

(b)

McGraw-Hill

3
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.8 (a) Electrical vehicle battery pack


Vbatt1 Vbatt2

Vbattn

12 V 12 V 12 V

12 V 12 V

DC-AC converter
(electric drive)

AC motor
(a)
McGraw-Hill

4
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.8 (b) Illustration of KVL


vbatt2 vbatt3 vbatt31
+ + +

vbatt1

Power
converter
and motor

vdrive

(b)
McGraw-Hill

5
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

+
v

+
v

Load

Source

Figure 2.10 Various representations of an


electrical system

i
Power flow
(a) Conceptual
representation
McGraw-Hill

VS _+

(b) Symbolic (circuit)


representation
6
GIORGIO RIZZONI

Car
battery

Headlight

(c) Physical
representation

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.18 Volt-ampere characteristic of a


tungsten light bulb
i (amps)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0.1

Current
meter
Variable
voltage
source

McGraw-Hill

0.2

0.3

0.4

10 20 30 40 50 60 v (volts)

0.5

7
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.20 The resistance element


i

+
l
l R=
A

1/R

Physical resistors
with resistance R.
Typical materials are
carbon, metal film.
McGraw-Hill

Circuit symbol

8
GIORGIO RIZZONI

i-v characteristic

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.22 Resistor color code


b

Color bands
black
brown
red
orange
yellow
green

0
1
2
3
4
5

blue
violet
gray
white
silver
gold

6
7
8
9
10%
5%

Resistor value = ( b 1 b 2 )
10 b 3;
b 4 = % tolerance in actual value
McGraw-Hill

9
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.30
R
+ v
1.5 V

_+

i
v

The current i flows through each of


the four series elements. Thus, by
KVL,

+
v

1.5 = v1+ v 2+ v3

EQ

R3

N series resistors are equivalent to


a single resistor equal to the sum of
the individual resistances.

R2

R1

McGraw-Hill

10
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.32 Parallel circuits


KCL applied at this node

iS

i1

i2

i3

R1

R2

R3 v

The voltage v appears across each parallel


element; by KCL, iS = i1 + i 2 + i3

McGraw-Hill

R1 R2 R3 Rn RN

REQ

N resistors in parallel are equivalent to a single equivalent


resistor with resistance equal to the inverse of the sum of
the inverse resistances.

11
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.36 Wheatstone bridge circuits


R1

vS

+
_

R3

va v b
R2

(a)

vS

Rx

R1
a va
R2

vb

R3
b
Rx

d
(b)

McGraw-Hill

12
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.37 A force-measuring instrument


F

c
ia
+

R2 , R3 bonded
to bottom surface
Beam cross section

R3

vS

va

R2

vb
R4

h
w

McGraw-Hill

R1

ib

13
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.38 Practical voltage source


rS

Practical
voltage
source

iS
+

vS

+
_

vL

RL

iS =

vS
rS + R L

v
lim i S = S
rS
RL
0

rS

iS

max

+
vS

+
_

vL

The maximum (short circuit)


current which can be supplied
by a practical voltage source is
iS max = vSS
r

McGraw-Hill

14
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.39 Practical current source


A model for practical current
sources consists of an ideal source
in parallel with an internal
resistance.

Maximum output
voltage for practical
current source with
open-circuit load:
vS

McGraw-Hill

max

+
iS

rS

vS

RL

+
iS

= i S rS

15
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.41 Measurement of current


R1

R1

A
A

vS +
_

R2 vS +_
i

Symbol for
ideal ammeter

McGraw-Hill

A series
circuit

R2

Circuit for the measurement


of the current i

16
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.42 Measurement of voltage


R1

R1
+

vS +
_

v2 R2
i

A series
circuit
McGraw-Hill

Ideal
voltmeter

vS +
_

+
+
v2 R2 V v2

Circuit for the measurement


of the voltage v 2

17
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.43 Models for practical ammeter


and voltmeter
rm

Practical
voltmeter

rm

Practical
ammeter
McGraw-Hill

18
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.44 Measurement of power


i
R1

R1

+
vS _+

v2 R2

Measurement of the power


dissipated in the resistor R2:
P2 = v2 i

McGraw-Hill

+
vS +_

v 2 R2

Internal wattmeter connections

19
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.45 Definition of a branch


a
i

A
Branch v
voltage

Branch R
current

rm

A branch
b

Ideal
resistor

A battery

Practical
ammeter

Examples of circuit branches

McGraw-Hill

20
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.47 Definition of a node


Node a
Node c

Node a

iS

vS
Node

Node b
Node b
Examples of nodes in practical circuits
McGraw-Hill

21
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.48 Definition of a loop


Note how two different loops
in the same circuit may include some of the same elements or branches.

Loop 1

Loop 2

R
R2

iS

1-loop circuit

3-loop circuit
(How many nodes in
this circuit?)

Loop 3

McGraw-Hill

R1

vS

22
GIORGIO RIZZONI

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.49 Definition of a mesh


How many loops can you identify in this four-mesh circuit? (Answer: 14)

R4

R3
Mesh 3
R1
+
vS

McGraw-Hill

Mesh
1

R2

Mesh
3

23
GIORGIO RIZZONI

Mesh
4

R5

iS

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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