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Homogeneous Catalysts: - These Are Catalysts That Have The Same Phase As The Reactants

Homogeneous catalysts have the same phase as the reactants. For example, nitric oxide is a homogeneous catalyst that increases the rate of the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen to form sulfur trioxide at moderate temperatures by forming transition-state complexes with lower activation energies. Heterogeneous catalysts are typically solid metals or metal oxides that provide surface areas for molecular interactions to take place, facilitating the breaking and formation of bonds between reactants.

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38 views9 pages

Homogeneous Catalysts: - These Are Catalysts That Have The Same Phase As The Reactants

Homogeneous catalysts have the same phase as the reactants. For example, nitric oxide is a homogeneous catalyst that increases the rate of the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen to form sulfur trioxide at moderate temperatures by forming transition-state complexes with lower activation energies. Heterogeneous catalysts are typically solid metals or metal oxides that provide surface areas for molecular interactions to take place, facilitating the breaking and formation of bonds between reactants.

Uploaded by

amitaggarwal78
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Homogeneous Catalysts

These are catalysts that have the same phase as the


reactants.
Example: 2SO 2 (g) O 2 (g) NO(g)
catalyst 2SO 2 (g)
1. The formation of SO3 from SO2 and O2 is an exothermic
reaction, but the activation energy is very high.
2. The reaction is very slow at low temperature.
3. Increasing the temperature increases the reaction rate, but
lowers the yield.
4. Adding nitric oxide, which leads to the formation of
transition-state complexes that have lower activation energy,
makes the reaction go faster at a moderate temperature.
Mechanism of catalytic reaction by nitric
oxide on the formation of SO3

Step-1: 2NO + O2 2NO2


Step-2: 2NO2 + 2SO2 2NO + 2SO3

Overall: 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)



Heterogeneous Catalysis
Most reactions involving gases use inert metals or
metal oxides as catalysts.
These solid catalysts provide surface areas for
effective molecular to interactions.
The solid surface facilitates the breaking and
formation of bonds.
For examples, Ni, Pd and Pt are often used in the
hydrogenation of vegetable oil to make margarine and
Crisco oil.
Hydrogenation on Catalyst Surface
Polyunsaturated, cis- and trans-Monounsaturated
and Saturated Fatty Acids
Hydrogenation of Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
Catalytic Converter

Heterogeneous catalyst used in automobile catalytic


converters is a mixture of Pd, Pt, and Rh, which are
embedded in ceramic honeycombs.
These metals catalyze the following reaction, which
converts toxic gases (NO & CO) to non-toxic CO2
and N2:
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 2CO2(g) + N2(g)
Catalytic Reactions in Industrial Processes

Some reactions require specific catalyst. For example,


Ni catalyzes the following reaction:

CO(g) 3H 2 (g) CH 4 (g) H 2 O(g)


Ni-catalyst

While ZnO-Cr2O3 mixture catalyzes the formation of


methanol from the same reactants:
CO(g) 2H 2 (g) ZnO -Cr2O 3 Catalyst
CH 3OH(g)
Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions
In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the
process (the substrates) are converted by the enzyme into
different molecules (the products).

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