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Nfa Epsilon Defined

The document discusses ε-NFAs (non-deterministic finite automata with epsilon transitions), which allow instantaneous state transitions without reading an input symbol. Though ε-NFAs add convenience, they recognize the same formal languages as regular NFAs. The document also describes how to eliminate epsilon transitions from an ε-NFA by constructing an equivalent NFA without epsilon transitions.

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John Johnston
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422 views11 pages

Nfa Epsilon Defined

The document discusses ε-NFAs (non-deterministic finite automata with epsilon transitions), which allow instantaneous state transitions without reading an input symbol. Though ε-NFAs add convenience, they recognize the same formal languages as regular NFAs. The document also describes how to eliminate epsilon transitions from an ε-NFA by constructing an equivalent NFA without epsilon transitions.

Uploaded by

John Johnston
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NFA with epsilon

transitions
Sipser pages 47-54
NFAs with Transitions

We extend the class of NFAs by


allowing instantaneous () transitions:
1. The automaton may be allowed to change
its state without reading the input symbol.
2. In diagrams, such transitions are depicted
by labeling the appropriate arcs with .
3. Note that this does not mean that has
become an input symbol. On the
contrary, we assume that the symbol
does not belong to any alphabet.
example

{ an | n is even or divisible by 3 }
This is the version of
the NFA on page 53
of Sipser.
Definition

A -NFA is a quintuple A=(Q,,,q0,F) where

Q is a set of states
is the alphabet of input symbols
q0Q is the initial state
F Q is the set of final states
Q P(Q) is the transition function
Note is never a member of
is defined to be (
-NFA

-NFAs add a convenient feature but (in a sense)


they bring us nothing new: they do not extend
the class of languages that can be represented.
Both NFAs and -NFAs recognize exactly the
same languages.

-transitions are a convenient feature: try to


design an NFA for the even or divisible by 3
language that does not use them!
Hint, you need to use something like the product
construction from union-closure of DFAs
-Closure

-closure of a state
The -closure of the state q, denoted ECLOSE(q), is the set that
contains q, together with all states that can be reached starting
at q by following only -transitions.

In the above example:


ECLOSE(P) ={P,Q,R,S}
ECLOSE(R)={R,S}
ECLOSE(x)={x} for the remaining 5 states
{Q,Q1,R1,R2,R2}

Computing eclose
Compute eclose by adding new
states until no new states can be
added

Start with [P]


Add Q and R to get [P,Q,R]
Add S to get [P,Q,R S]
No new states can be added
Elimination of-Transitions

Given an -NFA N, this construction produces an


NFA N' such that L(N')=L(N).

The construction of N' begins with N as input,


and takes 3 steps:

1. Make p an accepting state of N' iff ECLOSE(p) contains


an accepting state of N.
2. Add an arc from p to q labeled a iff there is an arc
labeled a in N from some state in ECLOSE(p) to q.
3. Delete all arcs labeled .
Make p an
accepting state of
N' iff ECLOSE(p)
contains an
accepting state of
N.
Add an arc from p to q
labeled a iff there is
an arc labeled a in N
from some state in
ECLOSE(p) to q.

Delete all arcs


labeled .
Why does it work?

The language accepted by the


automaton is being preserved during
the three steps of the construction:
L(N)=L(N1)=L(N2)=L(N3)

Each step here requires a proof. A


Good exercise for you to do!

Theorem
Any NFAe can be turned into an NFA

How?

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