Chapter 2 Primitive Data Types and

Operations
 Introduce Programming with an Example
 Identifiers, Variables, and Constants
 Primitive Data Types
– byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
 Expressions
 Operators, Precedence, Associativity, Operand
Evaluation Order: ++, --, *, /, %, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^,
&, |, +, -,
 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
 Case Studies (Computing Mortgage, and Computing Changes)
 Style and Documentation Guidelines
 Syntax Errors, Runtime Errors, and Logic Errors
Introducing Programming with an
Example
Example 2.1 Computing the Area of a
Circle
This program computes the area of the
circle.

ComputeArea Run
 Identifiers
 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
 An identifier can be of any length.
 Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
 Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;
 Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;
 Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int x = 1;
 double d = 1.4;
 float f = 1.4;
Is this statement correct?
 Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;
Numerical Data Types

byte 8 bits
short 16 bits
int 32 bits
long 64 bits
float 32 bits
double 64 bits
 Operators
+, -, *, /, and %

5/2 yields an integer 2.

5.0/2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

 NOTE
Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
System.out.println(1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers are
stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with
integers yield a precise integer result.
 Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly in the
program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and 5.0 are
literals in the following statements:
 
int i = 34;
long l = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;
 Integer Literals
An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable as
long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable
to hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be
stored in a variable of the byte type.
An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long
type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred
because l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1
(the digit one).
 Floating-Point Literals
Floating-point literals are written with a decimal point. By
default, a floating-point literal is treated as a double type
value. For example, 5.0 is considered a double value,
not a float value. You can make a number a float by
appending the letter f or F, and make a number a double
by appending the letter d or D. For example, you can use
100.2f or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d or
100.2D for a double number.
 Scientific Notation
Floating-point literals can also be specified in scientific
notation, for example, 1.23456e+2, same as
1.23456e2, is equivalent to 123.456, and 1.23456e-2
is equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e) represents an
exponent and it can be either in lowercase or
uppercase.
 Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)(a  b  c) 4 9 x
  9(  )
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

Shortcut Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent
+= i+=8 i = i+8
-= f-=8.0 f = f-8.0
*= i*=8 i = i*8
/= i/=8 i = i/8
%= i%=8 i = i%8
 Increment and
Decrement Operators
suffix
x++; // Same as x = x + 1;
prefix
++x; // Same as x = x + 1;
suffix
x––; // Same as x = x - 1;
prefix
––x; // Same as x = x - 1;
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i=10; Equivalent to
int newNum = 10*i++; int newNum = 10*i;
i = i + 1;

int i=10; Equivalent to

int newNum = 10*(++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10*i;
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.
 Assignment Expressions and
Assignment Statements
Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;
 Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:

byte i = 100;
long k = i*3+4;
double d = i*3.1+k/2;

int x = k; //(Wrong)
long k = x; //(fine,implicit casting)
 Type Casting
 double
 float
 long
 int
 short
 byte
 Type Casting, cont.

Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)

What is wrong? int x = 5/2.0;

 Character Data Type

char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)

char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

Special characters
char tab = ‘\t’;
 Unicode Format
Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000a
Carriage return \r \u000d
 Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
 ASCII Character Set, cont.
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
 Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

 The boolean Type and Operators

boolean lightsOn = true;

boolean lightsOn = false;

boolean b = (1 > 2);

 && (and) (1 < x) && (x < 100)

 || (or) (lightsOn) || (isDayTime)
 ! (not) !(isStopped)
 Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
 Boolean Operators
Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or
 Truth Table for Operator !
Truth Table for Operator !

Operand !Operand
true false
false true
Truth Table for Operator &&
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 && Operand2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true
 Truth Table for Operator ||
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 || Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true
 Truth Table for Operator ^
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ^ Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true false
 The & and | Operators
&&: conditional AND operator
&: unconditional AND operator
||: conditional OR operator
|: unconditional OR operator

exp1 && exp2

(1 < x) && (x < 100)

(1 < x) & (x < 100)

 The & and | Operators
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)

If x is 1, what is x after this

expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)

How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?

(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?
 Operator Precedence
How to evaluate

3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - ++i
 Operator Precedence
 var++, var--
 +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
 (type) Casting
 ! (Not)
 *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and modulus)
 +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
 <, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
 ==, !=; (Equality)
 & (Unconditional AND)
 ^ (Exclusive OR)
 | (Unconditional OR)
 && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
 || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
 Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to  ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))
 Operand Evaluation Order
The precedence and associativity rules
specify the order of the operators, but do not
specify the order in which the operands of a
binary operator are evaluated. Operands are
evaluated from left to right in Java.
The left-hand operand of a binary operator is
evaluated before any part of the right-hand
operand is evaluated.
Operand Evaluation Order, cont.
If no operands have side effects that change the value
of a variable, the order of operand evaluation is
irrelevant. Interesting cases arise when operands do
have a side effect. For example, x becomes 1 in the
following code, because a is evaluated to 0 before +
+a is evaluated to 1. 
int a = 0;
int x = a + (++a);
But x becomes 2 in the following code, because ++a
is evaluated to 1, then a is evaluated to 1.
int a = 0;
int x = ++a + a;
 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, “Prompt Message”, “Dialog Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));
where x is a string for the prompting message and
y is a string for the title of the input dialog box.
 Convertting Strings to Integers
The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If
you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns “123”.
To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a
string into a number.
 
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the
static parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
 
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
 
where intString is a numeric string such as “123”.
 Convertting Strings to Doubles
To convert a string into a double value, you can use the
static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows:
 
double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
 
where doubleString is a numeric string such as “123.45”.
 Example 2.2
Entering Input from Dialog Boxes
This program first prompts the user to enter a
year as an int value and checks if it is a leap
year, it then prompts you to enter a double
value and checks if it is positive.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but
not by 100, or it is divisible by 400.

InputDialogDemo Run
 Example 2.3
Computing Mortgages
This program lets the user enter the interest
rate, number of years, and loan amount and
computes monthly payment and total
payment.

loanAmount  monthlyInt erestRate

1 1
numOfYears 12
(1  monthlyInt erestRate )
ComputeMortgage Run
 Example 2.4
Computing Changes
This program lets the user enter the amount in
decimal representing dollars and cents and output
a report listing the monetary equivalent in single
dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.
Your program should report maximum number of
dollars, then the maximum number of quarters,
and so on, in this order.

ComputeChange Run
 Programming Style and
Documentation
 Appropriate Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
 Block Styles
 Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its
key features, its supporting data structures, and
any unique techniques it uses.

Include your name, class section, instruction,

date, and a brief description at the beginning of
the program.
 Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.
 Naming Conventions, cont.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each
word in the name. For example, the
class name ComputeArea.

 Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants.
For example, the constant PI.
 Proper Indentation and Spacing
 Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

 Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
 

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
 Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result
 Compilation Errors

public class ShowSyntaxErrors {

public static void main(String[] args) {
i = 30;
System.out.println(i+4);
}
}
 Runtime Errors

public class ShowRuntimeErrors {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1 / 0;
}
}
 Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
// Determine if a number is between 1 and 100 inclusively
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Prompt the user to enter a number
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Please enter an integer:",
"ShowLogicErrors", JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
int number = Integer.parseInt(input);
 
// Display the result
System.out.println("The number is between 1 and 100, " +
"inclusively? " + ((1 < number) && (number < 100)));
 
System.exit(0);
}
}