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Presentation of Politeness

This document discusses the concept of politeness based on the theory of "face" proposed by Brown and Levinson. They argue that people have expectations about maintaining a positive self-image, or "face", in social interactions. Politeness refers to language use that shows awareness of another's face wants in order to minimize threats. There are different types of face wants such as negative face, which is independence from imposition, and positive face, which is connection and inclusion. Speakers can employ face-threatening acts or face-saving acts in interactions. Common face-saving strategies include using hedges, indirect language, and appeals to shared interests or goals.

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Nashwa Rashed
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108 views13 pages

Presentation of Politeness

This document discusses the concept of politeness based on the theory of "face" proposed by Brown and Levinson. They argue that people have expectations about maintaining a positive self-image, or "face", in social interactions. Politeness refers to language use that shows awareness of another's face wants in order to minimize threats. There are different types of face wants such as negative face, which is independence from imposition, and positive face, which is connection and inclusion. Speakers can employ face-threatening acts or face-saving acts in interactions. Common face-saving strategies include using hedges, indirect language, and appeals to shared interests or goals.

Uploaded by

Nashwa Rashed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WELCOME TO OUR

PRESENTATION:
GROUP 5

POLITENESS

Indra Gunawan
Ias Septima
Dina
WHAT IS POLITENESS?
According to Brown and Levinson (1987)
everyone has self-public image which has relation
to emotional and social sense of self and expects
everyone else to recognize.
This theory forms a term of Face.

Politeness (Brown and Levinson:1987) in


interaction can be defined as the means employed
to show awareness of another persons face.
EXAMPLE OF POLITENESS
A student to teacher
Student : Excuse me Mr. Buckingham, but can
I talk to you for a minute?

Friend to friend
Hey Bucky, got a minute?
FACE WANTS
Within their everyday social interactions, people
generally behave as if their expectations concerning
their public self-image, or their face wants, will be
respected.
Meanwhile if some actions might be interpreted as a
threat to anothers face, the speaker can say
something to lessen the possible threat, this is called
face saving act (FSA).
If a speaker says something that represents a threat
to another individuals expectations regarding self-
image it is described as face threatening act (FTA).
FTA AND FSA
Face Threatening Act = speaker says something that
represents a threat to another individual's
expectations regarding self-image.
Face Saving Act = speaker says something to lessen a
possible threat or to maintaining a good self image.

Situation: Young neighbor is playing loud music late at


night. Older couple cannot sleep.
A: I'm going to tell him to stop that awful noise right
now!
B: Perhaps you could just ask him if he's going to stop
soon because it's getting a
bit late and people need to get to sleep.
KINDS OF FACE SAVING ACT
Negative and positive face
Negative face is the need to be independent to have a
freedom of action and not to be imposed by others.
Example: Your friend asks for a ride to the airport
Negative face needs: You think, this is not favorable, I
don't feel like driving this guy to the airport. I have other
stuff that I could be doing, like sleeping, or saving the
gasoline in my car. He can find his own ride (Goffman:
1967).
POSITIVE FACE
Positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked
by others, to be treated as a member of the group
and to know that his or her wants are shared by
others.
Example: Your friend asks for a ride to the airport.
Positive face needs: You think, I better take him
because I want him to like me, and I want the
reputation of being a reliable person (Goffman:
1967).
In conclusion, we can say that negative face is the
need to be independent and positive face is the
need to be connected.
SELF AND OTHER; SAY NOTHING
Many people seems to prefer to have their needs recognized
by others without having to express those needs in
language.
Example: you arrive at an important lecture pull out your
notebook to take notes, but discover that you dont have
anything to write with. You think that the person sitting
next to you may provide the solution. In this scenario
youre going to be Self, and other people next to you is
going to be Other.
You : (Look in bag).
Other : (Offers pen) Here, use this.
SAY SOMETHING; OFF AND ON RECORD
Even if you decide to say something, you dont
have actually to ask for anything. You can
(perhaps after you search through your bag)
simply produce a statement below:
A. Uh, I forgot my pen.

B. Hemm, I forgot where I put my pen.

The example above is the example of Off


Record, because the other can act as if the
statements have not ever been heard.
ON RECORD
In contrast, if the speaker directly addresses the
other as a mean of expressing the speaker needs,
it means the speaker uses the on record
technique.
Example:

A. Give me a pen.

B. Lend me your pen.

Mitigating devices to soften the demand:

A. Would you..

B. Please
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS
A positive politeness strategy leads the requester
to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship,
via expression such as in (8ab):
A. How about letting me to use your pen?

B. Hey, Buddy, Id appreciate it if youd let me


use your pen.
Positive politeness gives a greater risk for the
speaker of suffering a refusal and maybe
preceded by some getting to know you talk.
NEGATIVE POLITENESS
The FSA which most common, uses a negative
politeness strategy.
It typically uses a modal verb.

Example:

A. Could you lend me a pen?

B. Im sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a


pen or something?
C. I know youre busy, but might I ask you if-
emm-if you happen to have an extra pen for me?
Thank you

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