Chapter 9 - Object-Oriented 1

Programming: Inheritance
Outline
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses
9.3 protected Members
9.4 Relationship between Superclasses and Subclasses
9.5 Case Study: Three-Level Inheritance Hierarchy
9.6 Constructors and Finalizers in Subclasses
9.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance

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 2

9.1 Introduction

• Inheritance
– Software reusability
– Create new class from existing class
• Absorb existing class’s data and behaviors
• Enhance with new capabilities
– Subclass extends superclass
• Subclass
– More specialized group of objects
– Behaviors inherited from superclass
• Can customize
– Additional behaviors

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 3

9.1 Introduction

• Class hierarchy
– Direct superclass
• Inherited explicitly (one level up hierarchy)
– Indirect superclass
• Inherited two or more levels up hierarchy
– Single inheritance
• Inherits from one superclass
– Multiple inheritance
• Inherits from multiple superclasses
– Java does not support multiple inheritance

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 4

9.1 Introduction

• Abstraction
– Focus on commonalities among objects in system
• “is-a” vs. “has-a”
– “is-a”
• Inheritance
• subclass object treated as superclass object
• Example: Car is a vehicle
– Vehicle properties/behaviors also car properties/behaviors
– “has-a”
• Composition
• Object contains one or more objects of other classes as
members
• Example: Car has a steering wheel

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 5

9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses

• Superclasses and subclasses
– Object of one class “is an” object of another class
• Example: Rectangle is quadrilateral.
– Class Rectangle inherits from class Quadrilateral
– Quadrilateral: superclass
– Rectangle: subclass
– Superclass typically represents larger set of objects than
subclasses
• Example:
– superclass: Vehicle
• Cars, trucks, boats, bicycles, …
– subclass: Car
• Smaller, more-specific subset of vehicles

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 6

9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses (Cont.)

• Inheritance examples
Superclass Subclasses
Student GraduateStudent,
UndergraduateStudent
Shape Circle, Triangle, Rectangle
Loan CarLoan, HomeImprovementLoan,
MortgageLoan
Employee Faculty, Staff
BankAccount CheckingAccount,
SavingsAccount
Fig. 9.1 Inheritance examples.

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 7

9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses (Cont.)

• Inheritance hierarchy
– Inheritance relationships: tree-like hierarchy structure
– Each class becomes
• superclass
– Supply data/behaviors to other classes
OR
• subclass
– Inherit data/behaviors from other classes

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 8

CommunityMember

Employee Student Alumnus

Faculty Staff

Administrator Teacher

Fig. 9.2 Inheritance hierarchy for university CommunityMembers.

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 9

Shape

TwoDimensionalShape ThreeDimensionalShape

Circle Square Triangle Sphere Cube Tetrahedron

Fig. 9.3 Inheritance hierarchy for Shapes.

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 10

9.3 protected Members

• protected access
– Intermediate level of protection between public and
private
– protected members accessible to
• superclass members
• subclass members
• Class members in the same package
– Subclass access superclass member
• Keyword super and a dot (.)

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 11
9.4 Relationship between Superclasses and
Subclasses
• Superclass and subclass relationship
– Example: Point/circle inheritance hierarchy
• Point
– x-y coordinate pair
• Circle
– x-y coordinate pair
– Radius

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1 // Fig. 9.4: Point.java
2 Maintain
// Point class declaration represents and y-
an x-yx-coordinate pair. Outline
3
coordinates as private
4 public class Point {
instance variables.
5 private int x; // x part of coordinate pair Point.java
6 private int y; // y part of coordinate pair
7 Lines 5-6
8 // no-argument constructor Implicit call to
Maintain x- and y-
9 public Point() Object constructor
coordinates as private
10 {
11 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
instance variables.
12 }
13 Line 11
14 // constructor Implicit call to Object
15 public Point( int xValue, int yValue ) constructor
16 {
17 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
18 x = xValue; // no need for validation
19 y = yValue; // no need for validation
20 }
21
22 // set x in coordinate pair
23 public void setX( int xValue )
24 {
25 x = xValue; // no need for validation
26 }
27

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28 // return x from coordinate pair
29 public int getX() Outline
30 {
31 return x;
32 } Point.java
33
34 // set y in coordinate pair Lines 47-50
35 public void setY( int yValue ) Override method
36 {
toString of class
37 y = yValue; // no need for validation
38 }
Object.
39
40 // return y from coordinate pair
41 public int getY()
42 {
43 return y;
44 } Override method toString
45 of class Object
46 // return String representation of Point object
47 public String toString()
48 {
49 return "[" + x + ", " + y + "]";
50 }
51
52 } // end class Point

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1 // Fig. 9.5: PointTest.java
2 // Testing class Point. Outline
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class PointTest { PointTest.java
6 Instantiate Point object
7 public static void main( String[] args ) Line 9
8 { Instantiate Point
9 Point point = new Point( 72, 115 ); // create Point object
object
10
11 // get point coordinates
12 String output = "X coordinate is " + Change
point.getX() + Lines 15-16
the value of point’s x-
13 "\nY coordinate is " + point.getY(); Change the value of
and y- coordinates
14 point’s x- and y-
15 point.setX( 10 ); // set x-coordinate coordinates
Implicitly call point’s
16 point.setY( 20 ); // set y-coordinate
toString method
17 Line 19
18 // get String representation of new point value Implicitly call point’s
19 output += "\n\nThe new location of point is " + point;
toString method
20
21 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output ); // display output
22
23 System.exit( 0 );
24
25 } // end main
26
27 } // end class PointTest

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1 // Fig. 9.6: Circle.java
2 // Circle class contains x-y coordinate pair and radius. Outline
3
4 public class Circle { Maintain x-y coordinates and
5 private int x; // radiusofasCircle's
x-coordinate privatecenter Circle.java
6 private int y; // instance of
y-coordinate variables.
Circle's center
7 private double radius; // Circle's radius Lines 5-7
8 Maintain x- and y-
9 // no-argument constructor
coordinates and radius
10 public Circle()
11 {
as private instance
12 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here variables.
13 }
14 Lines 25-28
15 // constructor Note code similar to
16 public Circle( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue ) Point code.
17 {
18 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
19 x = xValue; // no need for validation
20 y = yValue; // no need for validation
21 setRadius( radiusValue );
22 }
23
24 // set x in coordinate pair
25 public void setX( int xValue )
26 {
27 x = xValue; // no need for validation Note code similar to Point
28 } code.
29
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30 // return x from coordinate pair
31 public int getX() Outline
32 {
33 return x;
34 }
35 Note code similar to Point Circle.java
36 // set y in coordinate pair code.
37 public void setY( int yValue ) Lines 31-47
38 { Note code similar to
39 y = yValue; // no need for validation Point code.
40 }
41
42 // return y from coordinate pair Line 51
43 public int getY() Ensure non-negative
44 { value for radius.
45 return y;
46 }
47
48 // set radius
49 public void setRadius( double radiusValue )
50 {
51 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue );
52 }
53
54 // return radius
55 public double getRadius() Ensure non-negative value for
56 { radius.
57 return radius;
58 }
59

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60 // calculate and return diameter
61 public double getDiameter() Outline
62 {
63 return 2 * radius;
64 } Circle.java
65
66 // calculate and return circumference
67 public double getCircumference()
68 {
69 return Math.PI * getDiameter();
70 }
71
72 // calculate and return area
73 public double getArea()
74 {
75 return Math.PI * radius * radius;
76 }
77
78 // return String representation of Circle object
79 public String toString()
80 {
81 return "Center = [" + x + ", " + y + "]; Radius = " + radius;
82 }
83
84 } // end class Circle

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1 // Fig. 9.7: CircleTest.java Outline
2 // Testing class Circle.
3 import java.text.DecimalFormat;
4 import javax.swing.JOptionPane; CircleTest.java
5
6 public class CircleTest { Create Circle object.
7 Line 10
8 public static void main( String[] args ) Create Circle object
9 {
10 Circle circle = new Circle( 37, 43, 2.5 ); // create Circle object
Lines 17-19
11
12 // get Circle's initial x-y coordinates and radius
Use set methods to
13 String output = "X coordinate is " + circle.getX() + modify private
14 "\nY coordinate is " + circle.getY() + instance variable
15 "\nRadius is " + circle.getRadius();
16
Line 23
17 circle.setX( 35 ); // set new x-coordinate
18 circle.setY( 20 ); // set new y-coordinate
Explicitly call circle’s
19 circle.setRadius( 4.25 ); // set new radius toString method
20
Explicitly call circle’s
21 // get String representation of new toString
Use
circle setmethod
value methods to modify
22 output += "\n\nThe new location and radius of circleinstance
private are\n" +variable.
23 circle.toString();
24
25 // format floating-point values with 2 digits of precision
26 DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" );
27

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28 // get Circle's diameter Outline
29 output += "\nDiameter is " +
30 twoDigits.format( circle.getDiameter() );
31 CircleTest.java
32 // get Circle's circumference
Use get methods to
33
obtainLines 29-37
output += "\nCircumference is " +
circle’s diameter,
34 twoDigits.format( circle.getCircumference() );
35
circumference and area.
Use get methods to
36 // get Circle's area
obtain circle’s
37 output += "\nArea is " + twoDigits.format( circle.getArea() );
38
diameter,
39 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output ); // display output circumference and
40 area.
41 System.exit( 0 );
42
43 } // end main
44
45 } // end class CircleTest

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1 // Fig. 9.8: Circle2.java
Class Circle2 Outline
2 // Circle2 class inherits from Point.
3
extends class Point.
4 public class Circle2 extends Point { Circle2.java
5 private double radius; // Circle2's radius
6 Maintain private instance Line 4
7 // no-argument constructor
8 public Circle2()
variable radius. Class Circle2
9 { extends class Point.
10 // implicit call to Point constructor occurs here
11 }
12
Line 5
13 // constructor Maintain private
Attempting to access superclass
14 public Circle2( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue ) instance variable
Point’s private instance
15 { radius.
16 variables
// implicit call to Point constructor and y results in syntax
occursxhere
17 errors.
x = xValue; // not allowed: x private in Point
18 y = yValue; // not allowed: y private in Point
Lines 17-18
19 setRadius( radiusValue ); Attempting to access
20 } superclass Point’s
21 private instance
22 // set radius
variables x and y
23 public void setRadius( double radiusValue )
24 {
results in syntax
25 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue ); errors.
26 }
27

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34 // calculate and return diameter Outline
35 public double getDiameter()
36 {
37 return 2 * radius; Circle2.java
38 }
39
40 // calculate and return circumference Line 56
41 public double getCircumference() Attempting to access
42 { superclass Point’s
43 return Math.PI * getDiameter();
private instance
44 }
45
variables x and y
46 // calculate and return area results in syntax
47 public double getArea() errors.
48 {
49 return Math.PI * radius * radius;
50 }
51 Attempting to access superclass
52 // return String representation of Circle object
Point’s private instance
53 public String toString()
54 { variables x and y results in
55 // use of x and y not allowed: x and y privatesyntax errors.
in Point
56 return "Center = [" + x + ", " + y + "]; Radius = " + radius;
57 }
58
59 } // end class Circle2

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 Outline
Circle2.java:17: x has private access in Point
x = xValue; // not allowed: x private in Point
Circle2.java
^ output
Circle2.java:18: y has private access in Point
y = yValue; // not allowed: y private in Point Attempting to access
^ superclass Point’s
Circle2.java:56: x has private access in Point private instance
return "Center = [" + x + ", " + y + "]; Radius = " + radius; variables x and y
^
results in syntax
Circle2.java:56: y has private access in Point
errors.
return "Center = [" + x + ", " + y + "]; Radius = " + radius;
^
4 errors

Attempting to access
superclass Point’s
private instance variables
x and y results in syntax
errors.

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1 // Fig. 9.9: Point2.java
2 // Point2 class declaration represents an x-y coordinate pair.
Maintain x- and y- Outline
3
4 public class Point2 { coordinates as protected
5 protected int x; // x part of instancepair
coordinate variables, accessible Point2.java
6 protected int y; // y part of to subclasses.
coordinate pair
7 Lines 5-6
8 // no-argument constructor Maintain x- and y-
9 public Point2()
coordinates as
10 {
11 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
protected instance
12 } variables, accessible to
13 subclasses.
14 // constructor
15 public Point2( int xValue, int yValue )
16 {
17 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
18 x = xValue; // no need for validation
19 y = yValue; // no need for validation
20 }
21
22 // set x in coordinate pair
23 public void setX( int xValue )
24 {
25 x = xValue; // no need for validation
26 }
27

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28 // return x from coordinate pair
29 public int getX() Outline
30 {
31 return x;
32 } Point2.java
33
34 // set y in coordinate pair
35 public void setY( int yValue )
36 {
37 y = yValue; // no need for validation
38 }
39
40 // return y from coordinate pair
41 public int getY()
42 {
43 return y;
44 }
45
46 // return String representation of Point2 object
47 public String toString()
48 {
49 return "[" + x + ", " + y + "]";
50 }
51
52 } // end class Point2

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1 // Fig. 9.10: Circle3.java
2 // Circle3 class inherits from Point2 and has Class
accessCircle3 inherits from
to Point2 Outline
3 // protected members x and y. class Point2.
Maintain private instance
4 variables radius.
5 public class Circle3 extends Point2 { Circle3.java
6 private double radius; // Circle3's radius Line 5
7 Class Circle3
8 // no-argument constructor inherits from class
9 public Circle3()
Point2.
10 {
11 // implicit call to Point2 constructor occurs here
12 } Line 6
13
Implicitly calls superclass’s Maintain private
14 // constructor default constructor. instance variables
15 public Circle3( int xValue, int Modify
yValue,inherited instance
double radiusValue ) radius.
16 { variables x and y, declared
17 // implicit call to Point2 constructor
protected occurs here
in superclass Lines 11 and 17
18 x = xValue; // no need for validation Implicitly call
Point2.
19 y = yValue; // no need for validation
superclass’s default
20 setRadius( radiusValue );
constructor.
21 }
22
23 // set radius Lines 18-19
24 public void setRadius( double radiusValue ) Modify inherited
25 { instance variables x
26 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue ); and y, declared
27 } protected in
28 superclass Point2.
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29 // return radius
30 public double getRadius() Outline
31 {
32 return radius;
33 }
Circle3.java
34
35 // calculate and return diameter
36 public double getDiameter() Line 56
37 { Access inherited
38 return 2 * radius; instance variables x
39 }
and y, declared
40
41 // calculate and return circumference protected in
42 public double getCircumference() superclass Point2.
43 {
44 return Math.PI * getDiameter();
45 }
46
47 // calculate and return area
48 public double getArea()
49 {
50 return Math.PI * radius * radius;
Access inherited instance
51 }
52 variables x and y, declared
53 // return String representation of Circle3 object protected in superclass
54 public String toString() Point2.
55 {
56 return "Center = [" + x + ", " + y + "]; Radius = " + radius;
57 }
58
59 } // end class Circle3

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1 // Fig. 9.11: CircleTest3.java
2 // Testing class Circle3. Outline
3 import java.text.DecimalFormat;
4 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
5 Circletest3.java
6 public class CircleTest3 { Line 11
7 Create Circle3 object.
8 public static void main( String[] args ) Create Circle3 object. Lines 14-15
9 { Use inherited get methods
10 // instantiate Circle object to access inherited
11 Circle3 circle = new Circle3( 37, 43, 2.5 ); protected instance
12 variables
Use inherited x and y.to
get methods
13 // get Circle3's initial x-y coordinates and radius Useaccess
Circle3 get method
variables
inherited x andtoy.
protected
access private Lineinstance
16
14 String output = "X coordinate is " + circle.getX() + instance variables x and y.
Use Circle3 get
15 "\nY coordinate is " + circle.getY() + variables.
method to access
16 "\nRadius is " + circle.getRadius();
private instance
17
variables.
18 circle.setX( 35 ); // set new x-coordinate
Lines 18-19
19 circle.setY( 20 ); // set new y-coordinate
Use inherited set methods
20 circle.setRadius( 4.25 ); // set new radiusUse inherited set methods to
to modify inherited
21 modify inherited protected data x and y.
22 // get String representation of new circle protected
value data
Use Circle3 set method to x and y. Line 20
23 output += "\n\nThe new location and radius of circle are\n" + Use Circle3 set
modify private data
24 circle.toString(); method to modify
25
radius.
private data radius.

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26 // format floating-point values with 2 digits of precision Outline
27 DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" );
28
29 // get Circle's diameter Circletest3.jav
30 output += "\nDiameter is " + a
31 twoDigits.format( circle.getDiameter() );
32
33 // get Circle's circumference
34 output += "\nCircumference is " +
35 twoDigits.format( circle.getCircumference() );
36
37 // get Circle's area
38 output += "\nArea is " + twoDigits.format( circle.getArea() );
39
40 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output ); // display output
41
42 System.exit( 0 );
43
44 } // end method main
45
46 } // end class CircleTest3

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 29
9.4 Relationship between Superclasses and
Subclasses (Cont.)
• Using protected instance variables
– Advantages
• subclasses can modify values directly
• Slight increase in performance
– Avoid set/get function call overhead
– Disadvantages
• No validity checking
– subclass can assign illegal value
• Implementation dependent
– subclass methods more likely dependent on superclass
implementation
– superclass implementation changes may result in subclass
modifications
• Fragile (brittle) software
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1 // Fig. 9.12: Point3.java
2 // Point class declaration represents an x-y coordinate pair.
Better software-engineering
Outline
3
4 public class Point3 { practice: private over
5 private int x; // x part of coordinate pair when possible.
protected Point3.java
6 private int y; // y part of coordinate pair
7 Lines 5-6
8 // no-argument constructor Better software-
9 public Point3()
engineering practice:
10 {
11 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
private over
12 } protected when
13 possible.
14 // constructor
15 public Point3( int xValue, int yValue )
16 {
17 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
18 x = xValue; // no need for validation
19 y = yValue; // no need for validation
20 }
21
22 // set x in coordinate pair
23 public void setX( int xValue )
24 {
25 x = xValue; // no need for validation
26 }
27

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28 // return x from coordinate pair
29 public int getX() Outline
30 {
31 return x;
32 } Point3.java
33
34 // set y in coordinate pair Line 49
35 public void setY( int yValue ) Invoke public
36 {
methods to access
37 y = yValue; // no need for validation
38 }
private instance
39 variables.
40 // return y from coordinate pair
41 public int getY()
42 {
43 return y;
44 }
45 Invoke public methods to access
46 // return String representation of Point3 private instance variables.
object
47 public String toString()
48 {
49 return "[" + getX() + ", " + getY() + "]";
50 }
51
52 } // end class Point3

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1 // Fig. 9.13: Circle4.java
Class Circle4 inherits from
2 // Circle4 class inherits from Point3 and accesses Point3's
class Point3.
Outline
3 // private x and y via Point3's public methods.
4 Maintain private instance
5 public class Circle4 extends Point3 { variable radius. Circle4.java
6
7 private double radius; // Circle4's radius Line 5
8 Class Circle4
9 // no-argument constructor
inherits from class
10 public Circle4()
11 {
Point3.
12 // implicit call to Point3 constructor occurs here
13 } Line 7
14 Maintain private
15 // constructor instance variable
16 public Circle4( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue ) radius.
17 {
18 super( xValue, yValue ); // call Point3 constructor explicitly
19 setRadius( radiusValue );
20 }
21
22 // set radius
23 public void setRadius( double radiusValue )
24 {
25 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue );
26 }
27

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28 // return radius
29 public double getRadius() Outline
30 {
31 return radius;
32 }
Circle4.java
33
34 // calculate and return diameter
35 public double getDiameter() Line 37, 49 and 55
36 { Invoke method
37 return 2 * getRadius(); getRadius rather
38 }
than directly accessing
39
40 // calculate and return circumference instance variable
41 public double getCircumference() Invoke method getRadius radius.
42 { rather than directly accessing
43 return Math.PI * getDiameter();
instance variable radius. Lines 53-56
44 }
Redefine class
45
46 // calculate and return area Point3’s method
47 public double getArea() toString.
48 {
49 return Math.PI * getRadius() * getRadius();
50 } Redefineclass Point3’s
51 method toString.
52 // return String representation of Circle4 object
53 public String toString()
54 {
55 return "Center = " + super.toString() + "; Radius = " + getRadius();
56 }
57
58 } // end class Circle4

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1 // Fig. 9.14: CircleTest4.java
2 // Testing class Circle4. Outline
3 import java.text.DecimalFormat;
4 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
5 Circletest4.java
6 public class CircleTest4 { Line 11
7 Create Circle4 object.
Create Circle4 object. Lines 14 and 15
8 public static void main( String[] args )
9 { Use inherited get methods
10 // instantiate Circle object to access inherited
11 Circle4 circle = new Circle4( 37, 43, 2.5 ); Use inherited get methods
private to
instance
12 access inheritedvariables
privatex and y.
instance Linex16
variables and y. to
13 // get Circle4's initial x-y coordinates and radius Use Circle4 get method
14
Use Circle4 get
String output = "X coordinate is " + circle.getX() + access private instance
method to access
15 "\nY coordinate is " + circle.getY() +
variable radius.private instance
16 "\nRadius is " + circle.getRadius();
variable radius.
17
Lines 18-19
18 circle.setX( 35 ); // set new x-coordinate
Use inherited seta
19 circle.setY( 20 ); // set new y-coordinate
Use inherited seta methods to methods to modify
20 circle.setRadius( 4.25 ); // set new radius
21
modify inherited private inherited private
22 instance
// get String representation of new circleUse variables
Circle4
value x and y.to instance variables x and
set method y.
23 output += "\n\nThe new location and radiusmodify private
of circle are\n" instance
+ Line 20
24 circle.toString(); variable radius. Use Circle4 set
25 method to modify
private instance
variable radius.

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26 // format floating-point values with 2 digits of precision Outline
27 DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" );
28
29 // get Circle's diameter Circletest4.jav
30 output += "\nDiameter is " + a
31 twoDigits.format( circle.getDiameter() );
32
33 // get Circle's circumference
34 output += "\nCircumference is " +
35 twoDigits.format( circle.getCircumference() );
36
37 // get Circle's area
38 output += "\nArea is " + twoDigits.format( circle.getArea() );
39
40 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output ); // display output
41
42 System.exit( 0 );
43
44 } // end main
45
46 } // end class CircleTest4

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 36
9.5 Case Study: Three-Level Inheritance
Hierarchy
• Three level point/circle/cylinder hierarchy
– Point
• x-y coordinate pair
– Circle
• x-y coordinate pair
• Radius
– Cylinder
• x-y coordinate pair
• Radius
• Height

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1 // Fig. 9.15: Cylinder.java Maintain private instance Outline
2 // Cylinder class inherits from Circle4. variable height.
3
4 public class Cylinder extends Circle4 { Cylinder.java
5 private double height; // Cylinder's height
6
Class Cylinder extends Line 4
7 // no-argument constructor
8 public Cylinder()
class Circle4. Class Cylinder
9 { extends class
10 // implicit call to Circle4 constructor occurs here
Circle4.
11 }
12
13 // constructor Line 5
14 public Cylinder( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue, Maintain private
15 double heightValue ) instance variable
16 {
height.
17 super( xValue, yValue, radiusValue ); // call Circle4 constructor
18 setHeight( heightValue );
19 }
20
21 // set Cylinder's height
22 public void setHeight( double heightValue )
23 {
24 height = ( heightValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : heightValue );
25 }
26

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27 // get Cylinder's height
28 public double getHeight() Outline
29 {
30 return height;
31 } Redefine superclass Cylinder.java
32 Circle4’s method
33 Invoke superclass Line 34 and 42
// override Circle4 method getArea tocalculate to return
Cylinder
getArea area
34 public double getArea() Circle4’s getArea Redefine superclass
Cylinder surface area. Circle4’s method
35 { method using keyword super.
36 return 2 * super.getArea() + getCircumference() * getHeight(); getArea to return
37 } Cylinder surface area.
38
39 // calculate Cylinder volume Line 36
40 public double getVolume()
Invoke superclass
41 {
Circle4’s getArea
method using keyword
42 return super.getArea() * getHeight();
Redefine class Circle4’s super.
43 }
44 method toString. Lines 46-49
45 // return String representation ofCylinder Invoke
object superclass
Redefine class
46 public String toString() Circle4’s toString
Circle4’s method
47 { method using keyword super. toString.
48 return super.toString() + "; Height = " + getHeight();
49 } Line 48
50 Invoke superclass
51 } // end class Cylinder Circle4’s toString
method using keyword
super.

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1 // Fig. 9.16: CylinderTest.java
2 // Testing class Cylinder. Outline
3 import java.text.DecimalFormat;
4 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
5 CylinderTest.java
6 public class CylinderTest { Lines 14 and 15
7 Invoke indirectly
8 public static void main( String[] args ) inherited Point3 get
9 { methods.
10 // create Cylinder object Line 16
11 Cylinder cylinder = new Cylinder( 12, 23, 2.5, 5.7 ); Invoke indirectlyInvoke directly inherited
inherited
12 Circle4 get method.
Point3 get methods.
13 Invoke
// get Cylinder's initial x-y coordinates, directly
radius inherited
and height Line 16get method.
Invoke Cylinder
Invoke Cylinder get
14 Circle4 get+method.
String output = "X coordinate is " + cylinder.getX()
15 "\nY coordinate is " + cylinder.getY() + "\nRadius is " +
method.
Lines 18-19
16 cylinder.getRadius() + "\nHeight is " + cylinder.getHeight();
Invoke indirectly
17
inherited Point3 set
18 cylinder.setX( 35 ); // set new x-coordinate
Invoke indirectly inherited methods.
19 cylinder.setY( 20 ); // set new y-coordinate
Point3 set methods. Line 20
20 cylinder.setRadius( 4.25 ); // set new radius
Invoke directly inherited
21 cylinder.setHeight( 10.75 ); // set new Invoke
height directly inherited
Circle4 set method.
22 Circle4 set method. Line 21
Invoke Cylinder set
23 // get String representation of new cylinder value Invoke Cylinder set
24 output +=
method.
method.
25 "\n\nThe new location, radius and height of cylinder are\n" + Line 26
26 cylinder.toString(); Invoke overridden
27 Invoke overridden toString method.
toString method. method.

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28 // format floating-point values with 2 digits of precision Outline
29 DecimalFormat twoDigits = new DecimalFormat( "0.00" );
30
31 // get Cylinder's diameter CylinderTest.ja
32 output += "\n\nDiameter is " +
33 twoDigits.format( cylinder.getDiameter() );
va
34
35 // get Cylinder's circumference Line 40
36 output += "\nCircumference is " + Invoke overridden
37 twoDigits.format( cylinder.getCircumference() );
getArea method.
38
39 // get Cylinder's area
40 output += "\nArea is " + twoDigits.format( cylinder.getArea() );
41
42 // get Cylinder's volume Invoke overridden getArea
43 output += "\nVolume is " + twoDigits.format( cylinder.getVolume()method.
);
44
45 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output ); // display output
46
47 System.exit( 0 );
48
49 } // end main
50
51 } // end class CylinderTest

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 41

9.6 Constructors and Finalizers in Subclasses

• Instantiating subclass object

– Chain of constructor calls
• subclass constructor invokes superclass constructor
– Implicitly or explicitly
• Base of inheritance hierarchy
– Last constructor called in chain is Object’s constructor
– Original subclass constructor’s body finishes executing
last
– Example: Point3/Circle4/Cylinder hierarchy
• Point3 constructor called second last (last is
Object constructor)
• Point3 constructor’s body finishes execution
second (first is Object constructor’s body)

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 42
9.6 Constructors and Destructors in Derived
Classes
• Garbage collecting subclass object
– Chain of finalize method calls
• Reverse order of constructor chain
• Finalizer of subclass called first
• Finalizer of next superclass up hierarchy next
– Continue up hierarchy until final superreached
• After final superclass (Object) finalizer, object
removed from memory

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1 // Fig. 9.17: Point.java
2 // Point class declaration represents an x-y coordinate pair. Outline
3
4 public class Point {
5 private int x; // x part of coordinate pair
Point.java
6 private int y; // y part of coordinate pair
7
8 // no-argument constructor Lines 12, 22 and 28
9 public Point() Constructor and
10 { finalizer output
11 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
messages to
12 System.out.println( "Point no-argument constructor: " + this );
13 } demonstrate method
14 call order.
15 // constructor Constructor and finalizer
16 public Point( int xValue, int yValue )
output messages to
17 {
18 // implicit call to Object constructor occurs here
demonstrate method call order.
19 x = xValue; // no need for validation
20 y = yValue; // no need for validation
21
22 System.out.println( "Point constructor: " + this );
23 }
24
25 // finalizer
26 protected void finalize()
27 {
28 System.out.println( "Point finalizer: " + this );
29 }
30

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31 // set x in coordinate pair
32 public void setX( int xValue ) Outline
33 {
34 x = xValue; // no need for validation
35 }
Point.java
36
37 // return x from coordinate pair
38 public int getX()
39 {
40 return x;
41 }
42
43 // set y in coordinate pair
44 public void setY( int yValue )
45 {
46 y = yValue; // no need for validation
47 }
48
49 // return y from coordinate pair
50 public int getY()
51 {
52 return y;
53 }
54
55 // return String representation of Point4 object
56 public String toString()
57 {
58 return "[" + getX() + ", " + getY() + "]";
59 }
60
61 } // end class Point

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1 // Fig. 9.18: Circle.java
2 // Circle5 class declaration. Outline
3
4 public class Circle extends Point {
5
Circle.java
6 private double radius; // Circle's radius
7
8 // no-argument constructor
9 public Circle() Lines 12, 21 and 29
10 { Constructor and
11 // implicit call to Point constructor occurs here
finalizer output
12 System.out.println( "Circle no-argument constructor: " + this );
13 } messages to
14 demonstrate method
Constructor and finalizer
15 // constructor call order.
16 public Circle( int xValue, int yValue, double radiusValue ) output messages to
17 { demonstrate method call order.
18 super( xValue, yValue ); // call Point constructor
19 setRadius( radiusValue );
20
21 System.out.println( "Circle constructor: " + this );
22 }
23
24 // finalizer
25 protected void finalize()
26 {
27 System.out.println( "Circle finalizer: " + this );
28
29 super.finalize(); // call superclass finalize method
30 }
31

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32 // set radius Outline
33 public void setRadius( double radiusValue )
34 {
35 radius = ( radiusValue < 0.0 ? 0.0 : radiusValue ); Circle.java
36 }
37
38 // return radius
39 public double getRadius()
40 {
41 return radius;
42 }
43
44 // calculate and return diameter
45 public double getDiameter()
46 {
47 return 2 * getRadius();
48 }
49
50 // calculate and return circumference
51 public double getCircumference()
52 {
53 return Math.PI * getDiameter();
54 }

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55 Outline
56 // calculate and return area
57 public double getArea()
58 { Circle.java
59 return Math.PI * getRadius() * getRadius();
60 }
61
62 // return String representation of Circle5 object
63 public String toString()
64 {
65 return "Center = " + super.toString() + "; Radius = " + getRadius();
66 }
67
68 } // end class Circle

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1 // Fig. 9.19: ConstructorFinalizerTest.java Outline
2 // Display order in which superclass and subclass
3 // constructors and finalizers are called.
4 ConstructorFina
5 public class ConstructorFinalizerTest { lizerTest.java
6
7 public static void main( String args[] ) Line 12
8 {
Point object goes in and out
of scope immediately. Point object goes in
9 Point point;
and out of scope
10 Circle circle1, circle2;
11
immediately.
Instantiate two Circle
12 point = new Point( 11, 22 );
13
objects to demonstrate order
Lines 15 and 18
14 System.out.println(); of subclass and superclass
Instantiate two
15 circle1 = new Circle( 72, 29, 4.5 ); constructor/finalizer
Circlemethod
objects to
16 calls. demonstrate order of
17 System.out.println(); subclass and
18 circle2 = new Circle( 5, 7, 10.67 );
superclass
19
constructor/finalizer
20 point = null; // mark for garbage collection
21 circle1 = null; // mark for garbage collection
method calls.
22 circle2 = null; // mark for garbage collection
23
24 System.out.println();
25

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26 System.gc(); // call the garbage collector Outline
27
28 } // end main
29 ConstructorFina
30 } // end class ConstructorFinalizerTest lizerTest.java
Subclass Circle constructor
Point constructor: [11, 22]
 
body executes after superclass
Point constructor: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 0.0
Point4’s constructor
Circle constructor: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 4.5 finishes execution.
 
Point constructor: Center = [5, 7]; Radius = 0.0
Circle constructor: Center = [5, 7]; Radius = 10.67 Finalizer for Circle object
  called in reverse order of
Point finalizer: [11, 22] constructors.
Circle finalizer: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 4.5
Point finalizer: Center = [72, 29]; Radius = 4.5
Circle finalizer: Center = [5, 7]; Radius = 10.67
Point finalizer: Center = [5, 7]; Radius = 10.67

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 50

9.9 Software Engineering with Inheritance

• Customizing existing software

– Inherit from existing classes
• Include additional members
• Redefine superclass members
• No direct access to superclass’s source code
– Link to object code
– Independent software vendors (ISVs)
• Develop proprietary code for sale/license
– Available in object-code format
• Users derive new classes
– Without accessing ISV proprietary source code

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